Chikumbiro cheWoo muNetherlands

Zvinenge zvese zvine chekuita nesangano reveruzhinji reDutch zvinosiya gwara rekunyora: mishumo yekuongorora, mafaira emvumo, tsamba nevanokwikwidza, memoranda yemukati. Zvakawanda zvacho zvinogona kuwanikwa nemunhu wese anobvunza, kuburikidza neWoo -verzoek - chikumbiro chiri pasi peWet open overheid. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura mashandiro anoita hurongwa, maitiro ekuita chikumbiro chinoburitsa magwaro, uye zvekuita kana sangano richikuudza kuti ruzivo rwako rwava kuda kuburitswa.

Chii chinonzi Wet open overheid

Mutemo weWet open overheid (Open Government Act) ndiwo mutemo weDutch freedom of information. Art. 1.1 Woo inotaura pokutangira: munhu wese ane kodzero yekuwana ruzivo rweveruzhinji pasina kuratidza kufarira, zvichienderana nemiganhu inoiswa neMutemo pachawo. Kuwana ruzivo ndiwo mutemo; kuramba ndicho chinhu chisina kukodzera uye chinofanira kururamiswa.

Chitsauko 3 chinotonga kuburitswa pachena kwenyaya nesangano racho pacharo, chitsauko 4 kuburitswa pachena kana chikumbiro chakumbirwa, chitsauko 5 zvisizvo. Algemene wet bestuursrecht (Awb) inoshanda pamusoro: sarudzo pachikumbiro cheWoo chisarudzo chekutonga, chine nzira dzenguva dzose dzekupikisa nekukwidza nyaya.

Woo akatsiva Wob musi wa1 Chivabvu 2022

Kusvika musi wa1 Chivabvu 2022 mutemo waitonga waive Wet openbaarheid van bestuur (Wob). Woo yakatsiva musi iwoyo pasina zvinhu zvekuchinja: zvikumbiro zvakamirira zvakasarudzwa pasi peMutemo mutsva. Shanduko nhatu dzinonyanya kukosha.

• Mabasa ekuburitsa pachena zvinhu. Art. 3.1 Woo inoita kuti kuburitswa pachena kwenyaya yacho pachayo kuve basa rekuedza, uye art. 3.3 Woo inonyora mapoka anofanira kuburitswa senyaya yechokwadi - sarudzo dzekushandiswa kwakajairika, maajenda nemaminitsi, sarudzo dzekuongorora nekusimbisa, mishumo yekutsvagisa nezvimwe. Basa rekuzivisa pachena muart. 3.3 Woo inoiswa musimba muzvikamu nemutemo wehumambo wezvikamu zveruzivo zvakanyorwa mairi, uye kuburitswa kunoiswa chiratidzo kuburikidza ne indekisi yepakati pa overheid.nl. Kune muverengi chidzidzo chiri nyore: tanga watarisa zvakatoburitswa.
• Munhu wekutaurirana naye. Art. 4.7 Woo inomanikidza munhu wese kusarudza munhu mumwe chete kana kupfuura wekutaura naye kuti apindure mibvunzo nezveruzivo rwuri mumagwaro acho. Hurukuro pfupi usati wanyora gwaro inokuudza kuti chii chiripo uye kupi - kazhinji inokosha kupfuura chikumbiro chakanyorwa zvakanaka asi chisina kujeka.
• Muripo wezvirango zvevaya vanononoka kuita zvisarudzo wapera. Pasi peWob, sangano rakafunga kunonoka rakazvipa chikwereti kune mukumbiro dwangsomChinyorwa 8.2 Woo inodzima nzira iyoyo yekusarudza Woo uye sarudzo dzekupikisa. Saka kunonoka hakuchabhadharisi muviri mari otomatiki, uye rave dambudziko rinowanzo shandiswa nezvikumbiro zveWoo. Mimwe mishonga yasara ndeyekutonga uye inofanira kushandiswa nemaune.

Ndiani angakumbira Woo

Chero ani zvake. Art. 4.1 Woo inobvumira chero munhu kutumira chikumbiro cheruzivo rweveruzhinji kusangano reveruzhinji, pasina chinodiwa cherudzi kana pekugara: makambani ekune dzimwe nyika, vatori venhau nemasangano asiri ehurumende ane kodzero dzakafanana nedzevagari vekuNetherlands.

Hapana chikonzero chekufarira chinofanira kuratidzwa: haufanirwe kutsanangura kuti sei uchida ruzivo, uye kusavapo kwechikamu chako pachako hachisi chikonzero chekuramba. Kuzivikanwa uye chinangwa hazvina basa, nekuti kuburitsa pachena pasi peWoo kuburitsa pachena pasi rose - mhinduro yacho yakafanana kune chero ani zvake anobvunza. Saka kambani inogona kuita kuti chikumbiro chiitwe nemupi wezano pasina kuideredza simba. Zvinorevawo kuti mukwikwidzi anogona kunge ari iye ari kuseri kwechikumbiro chako.

Ndeipi mitumbi yakafukidzwa - uye ipi isina

Art. 2.2 Woo inotsanangura zvese zvinodiwa: masangano ekutonga mupfungwa yeAwb - makurukota, mapurovhinzi, madhorobha, mabhodhi emvura nevamiriri vakawanda vakazvimiririra - pamwe nerondedzero yakatsanangurwa yemasangano asiri masangano ekutonga, kusanganisira makamuri eStates General, Council for the Judiciary, Court of Audit neNational Ombudsman.

Kunze kwenzvimbo dzayo kune matare ari mumabasa avo ekutonga uye Dhipatimendi reHurumende reDare reHurumende; mapato akazvimirira ega, saka kontrakita anoshandira kanzuru haasi pasi peWoo; uye ruzivo rusina chekuita nebasa reveruzhinji, sezvo tsananguro ye "gwaro" iri muchikamu. 2.1 Woo inoda kubatana ikoko. Asi magwaro akatumirwa nebato rakazvimirira kumutumbi, uye ayo mutumbi unobata, ari pedyo - izvo zvinoreva kuti zvinhu zvakawanda sei zvebazi rakazvimirira zvinozoburitswa pachena. Kana chikumbiro chikaenda kumutumbi usiri iwo, chikamu. 4.2 Woo inoda kutumirwa.

Chii chingakumbirwa

Chinangwa chechikumbiro ruzivo rweveruzhinji : ruzivo rwakanyorwa mumagwaro anochengetwa nemuviri (art. 2.1 Woo). "Gwaro" rakakura — tsamba, maemail, memoranda, maspredishiti, mameseji anotumirwa kuburikidza nemaapp anoshandiswa pabasa reveruzhinji, madhatabhesi, zvinyorwa.

• Muviri haufanirwe kugadzira ruzivo rutsva. Woo inopa mukana wekuwana zviripo; haimanikidze boka kuti riunganidze, riverenge kana kunyora chero chinhu. Dhipatimendi reHurumende reHurumende rakasimbisa izvi musi wa13 Kurume 2024 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2024:1066): hapana basa rekubudisa ruzivo rwusipo, kunyangwe paine mimwe mitemo yakati rwaifanira kunge rwakagadzirwa. Saka chikumbiro chakataurwa semubvunzo ("ongororo ngani dzakaitwa?") chinokoka kurambwa; chimwe chakataurwa sekutsvaga zvinyorwa ("mishumo yese yekuongorora panzvimbo X muna 2023 na2024") hachidaro.
• Ruzivo urwu runofanira kuchengetwa nemuviri. Kana gwaro rakaparadzwa zviri pamutemo pasi peArchiefwet, harisisipo. Art. 4.1a Woo inomanikidza sangano kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwemagwaro akafukidzwa nechikumbiro charakagamuchira - dziviriro chaiyo kana chikumbiro chapinda.

Kusiyana neWob, Woo haachadi kuti chikumbiro chive nechekuita ne "nyaya yekutonga": nyaya yacho inofanira kutsanangurwa zvakakwana.

Maitiro ekuita chikumbiro cheWoo chinoshanda

Chikumbiro chinogona kuitwa nemuromo, nekunyora kana nemagetsi nenzira yakatarwa nesangano (art. 4.1 Woo). Munyoreri anofanira kuratidza nyaya yacho, kana gwaro rine chekuita nayo. Kana chikumbiro chacho chakanyanya kuzara, sangano rinofanira kumukumbira mukati memavhiki maviri kuti achitsanangure uye amubatsire kuita izvozvo - basa chairo, uye sangano rinoramba chikumbiro chakakura risina kubatanidzwa rinogona kukwidzwa nyaya yacho padanho rekukwidza nyaya.

Unyanzvi hwekuongorora

• Taura musoro wenyaya, kwete gwaro. Kukumbira "memorandamu ya4 Kurume" hakushande kana yakanyorwa musi wa5 Kurume. Kumbira ruzivo rwese pamusoro penyaya yakatsanangurwa, wobva wawedzera mhando dzemagwaro auri kutarisira.
• Tsanangura nguva. Chikumbiro chisina mhinduro chinomanikidza muviri kutsvaga zvese, uye ndicho chikonzero chinowanzo konzera kunonoka.
• Taura mazita evatambi. Taura dhipatimendi, purojekiti, faira kana nhamba yemvumo uye makambani anotsigirana; izvi zvinoita kuti kutsvaga kuome uye zvinoita kuti kutsvaga kusina kukwana kuve kwakaoma kutsanangura.
• Dzivisa kupfava kwakanyanya. Chikumbiro chinobata magwaro zviuru gumi hachina simba, chinononoka chete. Vhoriyamu inokonzeresa art. 4.2a Woo, pasi payo mutumbi unofanirwa kubvunza mukumbiro nezvekuisa pakutanga chikumbiro chakanyatsotsanangurwa asi chakawandisa zvekuti hachina kusarudzwa nenguva. Kubvunzana ikoko kunobatsira, asi ndizvo zvinoitawo kuti chikumbiro chive chirongwa chakavhurika. Tanga wakamanikana; unogona kugara uchiisa faira zvakare.
• Kumbira fomu raunoda (art. 4.5 Woo) — mafaira anotsvakwa pane kuskena, pamwe nechinyorwa chinoratidza gwaro rega rega rine chikonzero chekurambwa kwakanyorwa pamusoro pechimwe nechimwe. Chinyorwa ndicho chinoita kuti chikamu chekurambwa chiongororwe.

Nguva yesarudzo, uye kuwedzerwa kwayo

Art. 4.4 Woo inoda sarudzo nekukurumidza uye munguva pfupi iri kutevera mukati memavhiki mana ekugamuchira. Mutumbi unogona kuwedzera nguva iyoyo kamwe chete, kwete kupfuura mavhiki maviri, kana hukuru kana kuoma kweruzivo kuchiratidza kuti runodaro; kuwedzerwa kunofanirwa kuziviswa nekunyora nezvikonzero nguva yekutanga isati yapera. Mavhiki matanhatu ndiwo muganhu wepamutemo. Wachi inomiswa apo mutumbi uchitsvaga maonero evanhu vechitatu vanobatanidzwa, uchitangazve kana vapindura kana nguva yavo yapera - maitiro ezvikumbiro zvine chekuita nemafaira ekutengeserana, uye kazhinji mavhiki akati wandei.

Zvekuita kana nguva yekupedzisira yadarika

Sezvo chikamu 8.2 cheWoo chakabvisa muripo wezvirango otomatiki, kumirira hakuna zvakunobatsira. Nzira yacho ndeiyi:

• Shandisa chiziviso chekusaita basa (ingebrekestelling) kana nguva yacho yapera — chiziviso chipfupi chakanyorwa pasi pechinyorwa. 6:12 Awb chichitaura kuti mutumbi wacho hauna kutadza uye chinopa mavhiki maviri ekusarudza.
• Kukwidza nyaya zvakananga kudare redunhu kana mavhiki maviri iwayo apfuura pasina sarudzo; kwete maitiro ekupikisa chinodiwa kutanga.
• Kumbira muripo wemutongo wedare. Kana nyaya yacho yakunda, dare rinotara nguva iyo dare rinofanira kusarudza (chinyorwa 8.4 Woo) uye rinogona kuisa chirango chezuva rega rega rekunonoka pasi pechinyorwa 8:55d. Izvi zvinotsiva kutonga kwakabviswa. dwangsom; hazviitiki otomatiki uye zvinofanira kukumbirwa.

Cherechedza zvinopikisa zviri muchikamu. 8.4 Woo: dare rinofunga nezvehukuru nekuoma kwechikumbiro uye maitiro emukumbiro pachake, uye rinogona kubvumidza nguva yakareba, kana kubvisa muripo wemari, apo akaramba kushandira pamwe pachiyero kana nguva.

Zvikonzero zvekuramba

Art. 5.1 Woo inosiyanisa mapoka maviri. Zvikonzero zvakakwana zvinobvuma kusaenzana: kana chikonzero chikashanda, ruzivo runoramba rwakavharwa. Zvikonzero zvine chekuita nazvo zvinoda kuti sangano riongorore kufarira kweveruzhinji mukuburitswa kwemashoko zvichienzaniswa nezvikonzero zvinodzivirirwa. Chinyorwa chimwe chete ichi chinobvumira kuramba muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki apo kuburitswa kwemashoko kwaizokonzera kusawirirana kukuru kune chido chisina kunyorwa - nzvimbo yakamanikana nemaune, kwete kubata zvese.

Ruzivo rwezvakatipoteredza runotariswa zvakanyanya sezvinodiwa nemunyoreri, uye chikonzero chasara hachishande zvachose pariri.

Zvikonzero zvinokosha mune zvekutengeserana

• Ruzivo rwebhizinesi nerwekugadzira rwunopihwa muchivande. Dziviriro yakasimba kwazvo iyo kambani inayo, nekuti haina mubvunzo. Asi inoverengwa zvishoma nezvishoma: inovhara data iro rinogona kutorwa kubva mariri pamusoro pekushanda kwehunyanzvi, maitiro ekugadzira kana kugoverwa kwezvinhu, kana nezvekuchinjana kwezvinhu uye purofiti - hazvisi zvese izvo kambani yaizoda kunyarara. Kuvanzika kunofanira kunge kuri kwechokwadi; data rinopihwa pasina chiratidzo charo, kana kuti ratove pachena, harizokodzeri. Chero chinhu chiri kunze kwechikamu ichocho chine mwero uye chinogona kurasikirwa nechiyero.
• Maonero emutemo wemunhu mumagwaro akanyorwa kuti afungisiswe mukati (art. 5.2 Woo). Mazano nepfungwa dzevakuru vakuru hazvibvumidzwe; chokwadi, fungidziro uye dzimwe nzira dzemitemo hazvisi maonero emunhu uye zvinofanirwa kuburitswa. Maonero akadaro anogona kuburitswa muchimiro chisingabatanidzwi, uye kune magwaro akagadzirirwa kuita sarudzo dzehutungamiriri anofanira kuburitswa, kunze kwekunge kutaurirana kwemukati kuchizokanganiswa zvakanyanya. Dhipatimendi rakaverenga pfungwa iyoyo zvakanyanya mukutonga kwaro kwa8 Gumiguru 2025 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2025:4814), richiti sangano rinofanira kuratidza zvakajeka kuti kuburitswa pachena kwaizokanganisa sei kutaurirana.
• Privacy, chikonzero chakasiyana: mazita neruzivo rwekuonana nevakuru vehurumende zvinowanzo bviswa, kunyange hazvo vakuru vakuru vanoshanda paruzhinji vasina kuchengetedzwa zvakanyanya. Kusakwana kusingaenzaniswi inowanzo shandiswa uye isingawanzo gamuchirwa; yakashandiswa, pamwe chete nepfungwa yemukati mehurukuro, musi wa19 Kurume 2025 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2025:1139).

Art. 5.3 Woo inowedzera kuti kana paine ruzivo rwakawanda kupfuura makore mashanu, muviri unofanira kuyera kufamba kwenguva: zera rinoparadza zvakavanzika.

Kugadziriswa uye kuburitswa pachena kwechikamu

Zvisizvo zvinoshanda "mune chero" - pachikamu chimwe nechimwe, kwete pagwaro rega rega. Dare harifanirwe kuramba mushumo wemapeji zana nekuti ndima mbiri dzinonetsa: rinofanira kuburitsa zvasara nendima idzodzo dzakadzimwa uye kutaura kuti ndechipi chikonzero chinoshanda pakugadziriswa kupi. Sarudzo yekuramba magwaro ese akatengwa, kana kuderedzwa pasina kuratidza chikonzero, haina kunaka nekuda kweizvozvo chete.

mari

Kukumbira Woo hakubhadharwi, uye ndizvo zvakaitawo kuziviswa kwenyaya yacho (art. 8.6 Woo). Dare rinogona kubhadharisa mari inonzwisisika yemakopi, akatarwa pamutengo wevatakuri vedata vakapihwa; harifanirwe kubhadharisa kwenguva inopedzwa richitsvaga, kuongorora kana kugadzirisa nyaya yacho. Mari dzedare dzinoshanda pakukwidza nyaya, apo mukwidzi anobudirira anowanzopihwa mupiro wemari.

Kuramba uye kukwidza

• Chinhu chinoramba (kuramba) kudare pacharo mukati memavhiki matanhatu kubva paziviswa kwechisarudzo.
• Kudzokorora (basa) kudare redunhu mukati memavhiki matanhatu kubva pakusarudzwa kwekuramba.
• Kukwidza nyaya zvakare kuDhipatimendi reHurumende yeHurumende mukati memavhiki matanhatu mushure mekutongwa.
• Rubatsiro rwechinguvana (voorlopige voorziening) inogona kutsvakwa kana paine chikonzero chekukurumidzira, pamwe chete nekuramba kana kukwidza nyaya.

Mutemo wekudzivirira kushungurudzwa

Chinyorwa 4.6 Chibvumirano chinobvumira dare kusarudza kusabata chikumbiro apo munyoreri ane chinangwa chisiri chekuwana ruzivo rweveruzhinji, kana kuti chikumbiro chacho chisiri chekutonga; chisarudzo ichocho chinofanira kuitwa mukati memavhiki maviri kubva pakugamuchirwa, kana pakarepo kana chinangwa chisina kunaka chaonekwa. Muganho wacho wakakwira: chikamu ichi chinonangana neavo vanonyorera kuti vavharidzire kana kubvisa mari, kwete avo vane mibvunzo isingagamuchirwi. Kusawirirana nechiremera hakusi kushungurudzwa.

Nhungamiro inoshanda

Kana uri kuita chikumbiro

• Tarisa zvakatoburitswa, uye fonera munhu waunosangana naye pasi pechinyorwa. 4.7 Woo, usati waisa chikumbiro.
• Tsanangura musoro wenyaya, nguva, dhipatimendi uye makambani akabatana; kumbira runyorwa rwezvinhu uye chikonzero chekuramba pakugadzirisa kwega kwega.
• Nyora pasi mazuva emavhiki mana nematanhatu paunoisa chikumbiro chako, uye zivisa kuti hausi kuzobhadhara kana nguva yacho yapera.
• Tora kuramba zvishoma senzvimbo yekutanga: kuramba kwacho kwakasununguka, uye sarudzo yacho inowanzo ratidza ruzivo rwakakura.

Kana wakaudzwa kuti ruzivo rwako runogona kuburitswa pachena

Apa ndipo panonyanya kukosha kumhanya, uye panonyanya kurasika kukosha nekusaita chinhu.

• Tora kukokwa kuti upe maonero ako zvakakomba. Mutumbi unofanira kunzwa mapato echitatu ane chekuita nedambudziko usati wasarudza (art. 4:8 Awb, inoshandiswa kuburikidza neart. 4.4 Woo). zienswijze ndiyo mukana wako wakachipa: ndipo apo muviri unoumba nzvimbo yawo, uye zvese mushure mezvo zvinenge zvakwira.
• Taura zvakananga, taura chikamu nechikamu. Kutaura kwakazara kwekuti zvese zvakavanzika hakuzobvumirwi. Taura ndima dzacho, taura kuti ndedzipi dzinoshanda, uye tsanangura zvakajeka kuti kuburitswa kwemashoko ekutengeserana kungakonzera kukuvara kupi. Ipa shanduro yakagadziriswa yaunogona kurarama nayo - masangano anowanzoishandisa.
• Tarisa hwindo remavhiki maviri. Kana dare rikasarudza kuburitsa pachena uye richitarisira kupikiswa, chitsauko 4.4 Chirevo chinoda kuti rimirire mavhiki maviri mushure mekuzivisa sarudzo risati raendesa chero chinhu; bato rechitatu rinoziviswa panguva imwe chete nemunyoreri.
• Shandisa hwindo. Isa chipikiso chako uye, zvakanyanya, nyorera kumutongi wenguva pfupi mukati memavhiki maviri iwayo: pasi pechinyorwa. 4.4 Kuti chikumbiro ichocho chimise kuburitswa pachena kusvika mutongi atonga. Ichi ndicho chinhu chimwe chete chinobatsira kambani chinogona kuziva nezvehurumende yeDutch - kuburitswa pachena hakusi chinhu chakaitwa, asi chete kana ukapinda mukati mehwindo. Kana magwaro aburitswa pachena, anova pachena, uye hapana kukwidzwa kwenyaya kunochinja izvozvo.
• Funga nezvekumusoro. Dziviriro yakanakisisa inoshandiswa kana ruzivo rwapihwa, kwete kana rwakumbirwa: isa chiratidzo chechokwadi cheruzivo rwebhizinesi nerwekugadzira sezvakatumirwa, ruchengetedze rwakaparadzana netsamba dzeruzhinji, uye usape zvinopfuura zvinodiwa. Mutemo mumwe chete uyu unodzivirira zvinhu zvinofanirwawo kuva zvepamutemo. trade secret, nekuti kana gwaro raburitswa pasi peWoo zvakavanzika zvaro hazvichaonekwi zvachose.