Pasi pemutemo weDutch, zvikumbiro zvakawanda zvinova zvisingachashandiswi (verjaard) mushure memakore mashanu kana makumi maviri. Chikumbiro chekubhadhara pasi pechibvumirano, chekubhadhara nguva nenguva kana chekukuvadzwa chinowanzopera makore mashanu mushure mekunge chavepo kana mushure mekunge waziva zvakakwana zvekuita. Chinhu chikuru: chikumbiro chakagadzwa mudare chinogona kusimbiswa kwemakore makumi maviri. Kunyoreswa kwechiremba (verjaring) hakusi kwega. Munhu ane chikwereti anofanira kuchikumbira, uye unogona kumisa wachi nenguva nekunyora chiyeuchidzo kana nekutanga nyaya.
Pazasi tinotsanangura zvinorehwa nekuganhurira, kuti nguva yacho inotanga riini, kuti inotora nguva yakareba sei uye kuti ungaimisa sei kana kuiwedzera. Mitemo iri muBhuku 3, Musoro 11 weDutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW), zvinyorwa 3:306 kusvika 3:325 BW.
Zvinorevei kana chikumbiro chikarambidzwa nenguva?
Chikumbiro chisina nguva ichiripo, asi hauchakwanise kuchisimbisa kuburikidza nedare. Kana nguva yekuganhurirwa yapera uye mukwereti achichikumbira, chikumbiro chinoshanduka kuita chisungo chechisikigo (natuurlijke verbintenis), sezvinotaurwa nechikamu 6:3 BW.
Chisungo chechisikigo hachigone kumanikidzwa, asi chinogona kugadziriswa. Izvozvo zvinogoneka nenzira mbiri:
- Nekubhadhara nekuzvidira. Kana munhu ane chikwereti akabhadhara chikwereti chisina nguva, kunyangwe nekukanganisa, haakwanise kungodzosa mari yacho: akabhadhara chikwereti chichiripo.
- Nekuiswa kwechikwereti (verrekening). Pasi pechinyorwa 6:131 BW, kodzero yekudzima chikumbiro haigumi nekuti chikumbiro chinopera nguva yakatarwa, chero bedzi kodzero yekudzima chibvumirano yatovapo nguva yakatarwa isati yapera. Chikumbiro chekupokana chakamuka chete mushure mezuva iroro hachigone kushandiswa.
Dare harizoshandisi muganho waro roga (chinyorwa 3:322 ndima 1 BW). Mukwereti anofanira kuzvidzivirira ega. Kana akasadaro, dare rinogona kuramba richipa chikumbiro, kunyangwe nguva yacho yakapera kare kare.
Munhu ane chikwereti anogonawo kubvisa muganho watopedzwa (chinyorwa 3:322 ndima 2 ne3 BW). Kubvisa mari pachine nguva, nguva isati yapera, hazvigoneki. Kungava kuti gadziriro yekubhadhara kana chikumbiro chekunonoka mushure mekupera kwemari chinoreva kuregererwa zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Usafunge kuti danho rakadaro rinomutsazve chikumbiro chapera.
Nguva yekugumira inotanga riini?
Kazhinji, nguva yacho inotanga pazuva rinotevera nguva yekuti chikumbiro chibhadharwe uye chibhadharwe (opeisbaar). Ndiyo nguva yaunogona kuda kuti chikwereti chibhadharwe. Kune zvimwe zvikumbiro, kutanga kunoenderana nezvaunoziva, sezvatinotsanangura pazasi.
Muenzaniso unoratidza: chibvumirano chechikwereti chinoti chikwereti che€10,000 chichabhadharwa muzvikamu zvina zve€2,500 pamwedzi. €2,500 yekutanga inotanga kubhadharwa mushure memwedzi mumwe chete. Chero bedzi zvikamu nemubereko zvabhadharwa nenguva, mari yasara haisati yabhadharwa, saka hapana nguva yemuganhu inoenderera. Mari yega yega inotanga kubhadharwa pazuva rayo rekubhadhara, uye kubva pazuva iroro nguva yemuganhu yakasiyana inotanga kubhadharwa muzvikamu izvozvo.
Pasi pechinyorwa 3:307 ndima 2 BW, mutemo wakasiyana unoshanda kune chisungo chisina zuva rakatarwa rekubhadhara, senge chikwereti chinodzoserwa kana chakumbirwa. Nguva yemakore mashanu inotanga chete pazuva rinotevera zuva rawakazivisa kuti uchakumbira kudzoserwa. Chero zvazvingava, chikumbiro chinorambidzwa makore makumi maviri mushure mezuva rawaigona kutanga wakumbira, mushure mekuziviswa kwekugumisa kana zvichidikanwa.
Yakareba sei nguva yekumisa?
Nguva yacho imakore makumi maviri; zvikumbiro zvakawanda zvinowanzoitwa zvine nguva pfupi yemakore mashanu. Kutenga kwevatengi kune mitemo yavo pfupi.
Ndezvipi zvikumbiro zvine nguva yekuganhurirwa kwemakore makumi maviri?
Pasi pechinyorwa 3:306 BW, nguva yekuganhurira ndeyemakore makumi maviri, kunze kwekunge mutemo uchipa zvimwe. Muchokwadi, nguva pfupi dziri pazasi dzinofukidza zvichemo zvakawanda zvekutengeserana nepachivande. Nguva yemakore makumi maviri inoshandawo pakumanikidza mutongo wedare kana mutongo wedare (chinyorwa 3:324 BW), kunyangwe chikumbiro chiripo chaive nenguva pfupi yekuganhurira.
Ndezvipi zvikumbiro zvine nguva yekuganhurirwa kwemakore mashanu?
Zvikumbiro zvinotevera zvinopera mushure memakore mashanu, kunze kwekunge zvasimbiswa mukutongwa:
- Chikumbiro chekuitwa kwechibvumirano chekupa kana kuita chimwe chinhu, zvakaita sekubhadharwa kwechikwereti kana kubhadhara invoice (chinyorwa 3:307 BW). Nguva yacho inotanga kubva pazuva rakatevera zuva rekubhadharwa kwechikumbiro.
- Chikumbiro chekubhadhara nguva nenguva, senge mubereko, rendi, migove nezvimwe zvese zvinobhadharwa gore rega rega kana kakawanda (chinyorwa 3:308 BW). Funga nezvemihoro kana muripo wekuchengetedza (kudya). Nguva yakatarwa yakasiyana inomirira muripo wega wega.
- Chikumbiro chekubhadharwa kwemari isina kukodzera (onverschuldigde betaling), semuenzaniso kana wakaendesa mari kune munhu wausingazive netsaona (chinyorwa 3:309 BW). Nguva yacho inotanga kubva pazuva rawakatanga kuziva chikumbiro chako uye kuzivikanwa kwemugamuchiri, uye inomira kwenguva refu yemakore makumi maviri mushure mekunge chikumbiro chabuda.
- Chikumbiro chekukuvadzwa kana kubhadharwa kwechirango chakabvumiranwa (chinyorwa 3:310 ndima 1 BW). Nguva yacho inotanga kubva pazuva rakatevera apo munhu akakuvadzwa aziva nezvekukuvadzwa (kana chirango chinofanira kupiwa) uye munhu ane mhosva. Chero zvazvingava, chikumbiro chinomiswa makore makumi maviri mushure mechiitiko chakakonzera kukuvara.
Ndeipi mitemo yekutenga kwemutengi?
Kutenga kwemutengi (consumentenkoop) kutengeswa kwechinhu chinofambiswa nemutengesi wehunyanzvi kumutengi, zvichireva mutengi asingaite basa rake kana bhizinesi. Mabasa akadai sekosi kana kugadzirisa bindu haaverengerwi, kunze kwekunge chinhu chapihwawo.
Pasi pechinyorwa 7:23 BW, mutengi ane chinhu chaakatenga chisingaenderane nechibvumirano anofanira kuzivisa mutengesi mukati menguva yakakodzera mushure mekuona chikanganiso chacho. Pakutenga kwemutengi, chiziviso mukati memwedzi miviri yekuwanikwa kwechinhu chinowanikwa chinogara chiri panguva. Zvikumbiro zvemutengi nekudzivirira kwake zvichibva pane chikanganiso zvinozopedzisira zvarambidzwa makore maviri mushure mekuzivisa ikoko.
Panewo nguva pfupi iri kutevera. Pasi pechinyorwa 7:28 BW, chikumbiro chemutengesi chekubhadhara mutengo wekutenga mukutenga kwemutengi chinopera mushure memakore maviri.
Cherechedza: nguva iyi yemakore maviri inogona kushandawo kune chikwereti chinotorwa nemutengi kuti abhadhare kutenga ikoko, senge chibvumirano chechikwereti chekutenga mota yekushandisa wega. Muna 2012 Dare Repamusorosoro (Hoge Raad) rakatonga kuti dziviriro yemutengi inogona kusvika kune chikumbiro chekubhadhara pasi pechibvumirano chechikwereti, kana kutenga nechikwereti zvakabatana zvakakwana (HR 10 Nyamavhuvhu 2012, LJN BW4992). Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti mutengesi akabatanidzwa here mukubhadhara mari.
Nguva yacho inopera yoga here?
Kwete. Chikumbiro hachingonyangarike chega kana nguva yacho yapera. Chikumbiro chinoramba chiripo uye chinogona kuunganidzwa kusvika mukwereti ataura pachena kuti muganho wacho wasvika.
Nguva isati yapera, mukwereti anogonawo kuidzima iye pachake nekubvuma chikumbiro. Pasi pechinyorwa 3:318 BW, kubvuma (kubvuma) kodzero kunodzima nguva yakatarwa kumunhu anoibvuma. Kubhadhara chikamu chechikwereti, kukumbira kuti chimbomira kana kubvumirana pane purogiramu yekubhadhara zvinogona kuverengwa sekubvuma.
Kana munhu ane chikwereti akabvumidza muganho wechikwereti, chikumbiro hachichakwanisi kutungamira kudare. Kana watova nemutongo, hauchakwanise kuita kuti usimbiswe nemuchengeti wemari (gerechtsdeurwaarder) kana makore makumi maviri ekushanda kwechikwereti apera.
Unopindira sei nguva yekuganhurirwa?
Unovhara nguva yacho nekutumira munhu ane chikwereti chiyeuchidzo chakanyorwa, kana chiziviso chakanyorwa chaunochengetedza kodzero yako yekuita basa, nguva yacho isati yapera. Kutanga matanho emutemo kunovharawo nguva yacho.
Pakukumbira kuzadzisa chisungo, chikamu 3:317 ndima 1 BW chinobvumira chiyeuchidzo chakanyorwa (aanmaning) kana chiziviso chakanyorwa (schriftelijke mededeling) umo munochengetedza kodzero yenyu yekuita basa. Chiyeuchidzo chakajeka chekubhadhara netsamba yakanyoreswa, kana kukumbira ruregerero, chinowanzoita. Zvinodiwa zvacho zvakaoma: chiziviso chinofanira kunge chakanyorwa, uye chinofanira kujeka kune ane chikwereti kuti muri kuchengetedza kodzero yenyu yekubhadhara.
Kune zvimwe zvichemo, zvakaita sekukumbira muripo, chiyeuchidzo chakanyorwa chete hachina kukwana. Pasi pechinyorwa 3:317 ndima 2 BW, chiyeuchidzo chinongokanganisa nguva yacho chete kana chikateverwa mukati memwedzi mitanhatu nedanho repamutemo kana chimwe chiito chekusimbisa mutemo, sezvakatsanangurwa muchinyorwa 3:316 BW. Kuunza chikumbiro pamberi pedare kunovhiringidzawo nguva yacho, asi chete kana chikumbiro chikazopihwa; kana chikasapihwa, une mwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekupera kwenyaya yekuunza chikumbiro chitsva (chinyorwa 3:316 ndima 2 BW).
Kana kero yemunhu ane chikwereti isingazivikanwe, kuendesa chiziviso chakakodzera kunonetsa. Bvunza gweta kana muchengeti wemari kuti ungasvika sei kune ane chikwereti kana zvakadaro. Nekuti mitemo yacho ndeyehunyanzvi, kuchenjera kuva negweta rakanyatsodzidziswa mumutemo wechibvumirano kuti riongorore chiziviso chako usati wachitumira.
Semukweretesi, unofanira kukwanisa kuratidza kuti wakakanganisa nguva yacho kana mukweretesi akakumbira muganho. Chengeta kopi yeyeuchidzo yega yega nehumbowo hwekuti yakatumirwa uye yakagamuchirwa. Pasina humbowo ihwohwo, unogona kuisa chikumbiro chako panjodzi yekunonoka kwenguva.
Nguva itsva inguva yakareba sei mushure mekukanganiswa?
Mushure mekumbomira, nguva itsva yekuganhurira inotanga pazuva rinotevera. Pasi pechinyorwa 3:319 ndima 2 BW, nguva itsva yakaenzana nenguva yekutanga, asi haimbopfuuri makore mashanu. Muganho hauzombofi wakaitika kare kupfuura zvawaizove usina kumbomira.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana ukamisa makore makumi maviri, semuenzaniso nguva yekumanikidza mutongo, nguva itsva inongova makore mashanu chete. Kumisazve mukati memakore mashanu iwayo kunoita kuti nyaya yacho irambe iripo.
Nguva yekuganhurira inogona kuwedzerwa here?
Ehe. Pasi pechinyorwa 3:320 BW, kana nguva ikaguma nepo nzvimbo yekuwedzera iripo, kana mukati memwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekunge yapera, nguva yacho inoramba ichienderera mberi kusvika mwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekunge nzvimbo iyoyo yapera.
Chinyorwa 3:321 BW chinonyora zvikonzero zvekuwedzerwa kwechikwereti. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvirevo pakati pevakaroorana kana vakaroorana vakanyoreswa vasina kuparadzaniswa, pakati pekambani nevatungamiriri vayo, uye pamusoro pemukwereti anovanza nemaune kuvapo kwechikwereti kana kuti chokwadi chekuti chikwereti chacho chinofanira kubhadharwa.
Kubhuroka kwemukwereti kunowedzerawo nguva yacho. Mutemo weBankruptcy Act (Faillissementswet) unoti kana nguva yekuganhurirwa ikapera panguva yekubhuroka, kana mukati memwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekunge yapera, nguva yacho inoramba iripo kusvika mwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekupera kwekubhuroka. Chikonzero ndechekuti vanokweretesa havagone kutora matanho ekudzivirira ega ega kumukwereti panguva yekubhuroka. Nyatsoteerera tsamba dzinobva kumutariri (mutariri): mukweretesi akaendesa chikumbiro mubhuroka achaziviswa kana kubhuroka kwapera.
Chii chinoshanda kune chikumbiro chakasimbiswa mukutongwa kwedare?
Pasi pechikamu 3:324 ndima 1 BW, kodzero yekusimbisa mutongo kana mutongo wedare inodzimwa makore makumi maviri mushure mezuva rinotevera mutongo. Izvi zvinoshanda pasinei nenguva yakatarwa yechikumbiro chekutanga.
Pamari iyo, pasi pemutongo, inobhadharwa gore rega rega kana kakawanda, nguva yacho makore mashanu (chinyorwa 3:324 ndima 3 BW). Chikamu 3:324 ndima 4 BW chinowedzera kuti mubereko, zvirango, muripo wezvirango nezvimwe zvikumbiro zvekuwedzera zvinova nenguva isina kunonoka kupfuura odha huru, kunze kwekunge nguva yacho yakanganiswa kana kuwedzerwa.
Muenzaniso unoratidza: mumwe munhu anorayirwa kubhadhara €1,000 pamwe chete nemubereko wepamutemo. Unogona kusimbisa murairo wekubhadhara mari yekutanga kwemakore makumi maviri. Zvisinei, mubereko wakawedzerwa unowanzoonekwa semubhadharo wenguva nenguva zvichienderana nenguva yemakore mashanu. Kana ukasimbisa mutongo mushure memakore gumi chete uye usina kukanganisa nguva yacho, mubereko wemakore mashanu ekutanga unogona kurambidzwa.
Cherechedza: sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, kana ukakanganisa makore makumi maviri ekumanikidzwa kwemutemo nguva pfupi isati yapera, nguva itsva yemakore mashanu chete inotanga kupera. Ramba uchitevera mazuva aya kana uine mutongo wekare.
Muchidimbu
- Zvikumbiro zvakawanda zvechibvumirano, kubhadhara nguva nenguva uye kukuvara zvinopera mushure memakore mashanu; nguva yacho makore makumi maviri (zvinyorwa 3:306 kusvika 3:310 BW).
- Mutongo unogona kumanikidzwa kwemakore makumi maviri; mari inobhadharwa gore rega rega kana kupfuura pasi pemutongo kwemakore mashanu (chinyorwa 3:324 BW).
- Muganho hausi wega: munhu ane chikwereti anofanira kuushandisa, uye chikwereti chisina nguva chinogona kubhadharwa nekuzvidira kana kubhadharwa mune zvimwe zviitiko.
- Unovhara nguva yacho nekunyora chiyeuchidzo kana kunyora pachena kodzero dzako, kana nekutanga nyaya yacho; mushure mekuvharwa, nguva itsva inosvika makore mashanu chete inotanga.
- Kubhuroka kwemari uye hukama hwakati wandei, hwakaita sehwevakaroorana, hunowedzera nguva yacho kusvika mwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekunge chibvumirano chapera.
Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa
Chikwereti chisina nguva chinopera here?
Kwete. Zvinova mutoro wekuzvarwa nawo. Hauchakwanisi kumanikidza izvi kuburikidza nedare kana mukwereti akakumbira muganho, asi mukwereti achiri kukwanisa kuzvibhadhara nekuzvidira.
Email yakakwana here kukanganisa nguva yekugumira?
Mutemo unoda chiyeuchidzo chakanyorwa kana chiziviso. Kana email ichizadzisa zvinodiwa izvozvo zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, saka tsamba yakanyoreswa, kana tsamba ne email pamwe chete, ndiyo sarudzo yakachengeteka. Unofanirawo kukwanisa kuratidza kuti munhu ane chikwereti akaigamuchira.
Munhu ane chikwereti angakwanisa here kudzima muganho wechikwereti mushure mekuita hurongwa hwekubhadhara?
Kana gadziriro yacho yakaitwa nguva isati yapera, inoverengwa sekubvuma uye nguva itsva inotanga. Kana yakaitwa mushure mekupera, haidzokeri pakarepo chikumbiro chacho; kana chiri chekuregeredza muganho zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
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