Mukwereti wako apedza maitiro ekugadzirisa chikwereti cheWSNP uye dare ravapa 'clear slate' (schone lei). Izvi zvinorevei kwauri semukweretesi? Kazhinji: zvishoma. Asi kwete nguva dzose. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura mashandiro anoita hurongwa uhu, kuti ndeapi mamwe matanho aunogona kutora.
Mutemo weWet Schulsanering Natuurlijke Personen (WSNP) — Mutemo weDutch Natural Persons Debt Restructuring Act — wakabatanidzwa muBankruptcy Act (Faillissementswet, Fw) uye unoshanda kana munhu wega asingachakwanise kuzadzisa zvaanosungirwa nemari. Chinangwa chakajeka chemutemo uyu ndechekupa vane chikwereti kutanga patsva kwemari mushure menguva yekugadzirisa. Mutengo unobhadharwa nevanokweretesa nekuda kweizvi unokosha: kana dare rapa gwaro idzva, zvikumbiro zvakawanda hazvichashandiswi.
1. Maitiro eWSNP anotora nguva yakareba sei?
Pasi peChinyorwa 349a Fw, nguva yekugadzirisa chikwereti inotora mwedzi gumi nemisere kana munhu asina kutadza kubhadhara chikwereti. Dare rinogona kuwedzera izvi kusvika kumakore mashanu, semuenzaniso kana munhu ane chikwereti akakundikana kutevedzera zvaanosungirwa kana kana paine mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Munguva yemaitiro acho, maneja akagadzwa nedare (bewindvoerder) anotarisira pfuma: kuunganidza mari, kutarisira munhu ane chikwereti, uye kuzivisa nguva nenguva kumutongi anotarisira chikwereti (rechter-commissaris).
Semunhu anokweretesa, simba rako panguva ino harina kukwana. Unogona kutumira chikumbiro chako kuti chisimbiswe (Art. 349aa Fw) woisa chipikiso kumutongi anotarisira kana uchitenda kuti mutariri haasi kuita mabasa ake nemazvo (Art. 317 Fw). Zvisinei, kutonga kuri kudare nemutongi - kwete kwauri.
2. Kuchenesa dombo: zvinorevei mukuita?
Chinyorwa 358 Fw chinotaura kuti kana gwaro redziviriro rabvumidzwa, vanokweretesa havachakwanise kusimbisa zvikumbiro zvakawira mukati mehurongwa hwekugadziriswazve kwechikwereti. Chikumbiro ichi chinoramba chiripo sechinonzi 'chisungo chechisikigo' (natuurlijke verbintenis) — asi hachichashandiswi kuburikidza nematare edzimhosva, magweta ekudzivirira, kana matanho ekubatanidza. Matanho ekuunganidza zvikwereti haana simba repamutemo.
Izvi zvinoshandawo kune zvichemo zvakamuka panguva yeWSNP procedure , chero bedzi zvisiri muchikamu chezvikwereti zvenhaka (boedelschulden). Dare Repamusorosoro (Hoge Raad) rakasimbisa izvi muna 2024 (ECLI:NL:HR:2024:1913). Invoice isina kubhadharwa yakanyorwa mushure mekutanga kweWSNP asi isati yasvika nguva yekubviswa kwechikwereti, muchirevo, ichawirawo mukati mehurongwa hweprocedure.
Saka hurongwa uhwu hwakagadzirirwa kudzivirira zvakanyanya munhu ane chikwereti. Uku kwaive kusarudzwa nemaune nedare reparamende: pasina gwara rechokwadi, kugadzirisa zvikwereti kwaizokundikana chinangwa chayo.
3. Zvisizvo: ungapora rini?
Mutemo unopa huwandu hushoma hwemamiriro ezvinhu apo zvichemo zvinowira kunze kwemutemo wekuchenesa. Aya ndiwo anonyanya kukosha:
a) Zvikumbiro zvemuripo wemhosva
Zvikumbiro zvinobva pakupomerwa mhosva hazvibviswi mumutemo pasi peChikamu 358(4) Fw. Dare Repamusorosoro rakasimbisa izvi muna 2022 (ECLI:NL:HR:2022:1252). Kana wakakuvadzwa nekuda kwemhosva yawakapara mhosva, unogona kuramba uchitsvaga mari yekudzoserwa mushure mekunge WSNP yapera.
b) Zvikumbiro zvechikwereti chemba
Kana uine kodzero yechikwereti chemba yakanyoreswa (senge imba yekugara) isina kutorwa panguva yeWSNP, unoramba uine kodzero yako yekumanikidza mushure mekunge maitiro apera. Kana zvakadaro, gwaro rechikwereti harishande kune chikumbiro chako chero bedzi chibatiso chisati chatengeswa. Izvi zvinotevera kubva muChinyorwa 358(5) Fw uye zvasimbiswa neDare Repamusorosoro (ECLI:NL:HR:2009:BG7996 naECLI:NL:HR:2016:1135).
Kana imba ikatengeswa mushure meWSNP uye chikwereti chasara chikasara, unogona kudzosa chikwereti ichocho chasara chose. Zvisinei, kana kutengeswa kwacho kukaitika panguva yeWSNP, chikwereti chasara chinowira mukati memutemo wakachena.
c) Zvikwereti zvepfuma
Zvikwereti zvakamuka panguva yeWSNP procedure uye zvinokodzera sezvikwereti zvepfuma (boedelschulden) hazvibatanidzwi muchirongwa chekugadziriswazve. Izvi zvinowanzo sanganisira mari inoshandiswa nemutungamiriri mukutarisira pfuma. Kana uine chikwereti chepfuma semukweretesi, unogona kuchiwana mushure mekunge maitiro acho apera.
d) Zvikwereti zvevadzidzi
Pasi peChinyorwa 299a Fw, zvikwereti zvevadzidzi hazvibatanidzwi muWSNP. Izvi zvinoreva kuti Dutch student finance authority (DUO) inogona, mune dzimwe nguva, kuramba ichidzosa mari mushure mekunge yapihwa. Ziva kuti ichi chinhu chakasiyana chinoshanda chete kune chikamu ichi chechikwereti.
4. Ko kana munhu ane chikwereti akaita zvechitsotsi kana kuti akatadza kuzadzisa zvaanosungirwa kuita?
Kubhadhara chikwereti hakusi kodzero yakakwana. Kana munhu ane chikwereti akatadza kutevedzera zvaanosungirwa panguva yeWSNP, chikwereti chinogona kurambwa kana kubviswa.
Kugumisa nguva isati yakwana pasina mutsetse wakachena
Chinyorwa 350(3)(e) Fw inopa simba kudare rekugumisa WSNP nekukurumidza kana mukwereti akatadza kuzadzisa zvaanosungirwa. Muchiitiko ichocho, zvikwereti zvese zvekare zvinotanga kushanda zvizere zvakare. Mutemo wenyaya dzazvino uno (ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2025:9670 uye ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2026:1711) unosimbisa kuti matare anoshandisa nzira iyi zvakanyanya kana paine kusatevedzera mitemo, zvakaita sekuvanza mari inowanikwa kana maakaundi ebhangi.
Kubviswa kwemutemo mushure meizvozvo
Chinyorwa 358a Fw chinopa vanokweretesa mukana wekuti bhangi ribviswe mushure mekunge WSNP yapera, kana zvikazoonekwa kuti munhu ane chikwereti akapa ruzivo rwenhema kana kuti akaita zvakakanganisa vanokweretesa. Zvisarudzo zvazvino zvakaitwa neArnhem-Leeuwarden Court of Appeal (ECLI:NL:GHARL:2025:4351) ne's-Hertogenbosch Court of Appeal (ECLI:NL:GHSHE:2025:1444) zvinoratidza kuti matare anotora mushonga uyu zvakakomba.
Kana uchifungidzira kuti pane hutsotsi, ita chimwe chinhu nekukurumidza. Munguva yeWSNP unogona kuendesa chikumbiro kumutongi anotarisira pasi peChikamu 317 Fw, kana kukumbira maneja kuti ape mvumo yekuferefeta. Kuendesa nyaya yekupomerwa mhosva kunogara kuri sarudzo: Zvikamu 341 ne194 zveDutch Criminal Code zvinoita kuti kusarura kwevakweretesi kuve mhosva.
5. Chenjerera nguva dzekuganhurirwa: kodzero dzako dzinogona kupera
Kunyangwe chikumbiro chikasabuda mumutemo, hazvirevi kuti unogona kumirira kwenguva isingaperi. Nguva dzemiganhu dzinoramba dzichienderera mberi. Mutemo mukuru ndewekuti zvikumbiro zvechibvumirano zvinova zvisingabvumirwi nemutemo mushure memakore mashanu (Art. 3:307 Civil Code), nenguva yakakwana yemakore makumi maviri (Art. 3:311 Civil Code).
Kana uine chikumbiro chechikwereti chakavimbiswa nechikwereti chemba uye wozononotsa kusimbiswa kwemutemo mushure meWSNP, iva nechokwadi chekuti wamisa nguva yekuganhurirwa kwechikwereti. Mushure mekunge imba yatengeswa, nguva yekuganhurirwa kwechikwereti chasara inotanga kushanda patsva (ECLI:NL:HR:2026:231) — asi kunyangwe nguva iyoyo inozoguma yapera.
Muchidimbu: kana WSNP yapera, musakanganwa nezvezvikumbiro zvenyu. Tarisai nguva dzekudzikisira uye torai matanho panguva yakakodzera kuti mudzimise kana zvichidikanwa.
6. Kutanga mushure mekucheneswa kweslate: hazvichadiwi zvachose
Mubvunzo unowanzo bvunzwa nevanokweretesa ndewekuti: ndinogona here kubhadhara chikwereti changu pamari yandinofanira kubhadhara kune ane chikwereti ini pachangu? Mhinduro yacho, musimboti, kwete. Dare Repamusorosoro rakatonga muna 2019 (ECLI:NL:HR:2019:377) kuti chikumbiro chiri pasi pemutemo wekuchenesa chinongova chisungo chechisikigo. Nekuti hachishandiswi, kodzero yekurega chikwereti pasi peChinyorwa 6:127(2) Civil Code haipo.
Kugadziriswa kwenyaya kuchiri kungogoneka chete kana zvikumbiro zvese zvakamuka WSNP isati yatanga uye zvimwe zviri muChikamu 307 Fw zvazadzikiswa.
7. Vakweretesi vepasi rose: ko mutemo wekubvisa chikwereti unoshanda here muEU yese?
Kana uri mukweretesi wekune imwe nyika, kana kuti kana mukweretesi achigara mune imwe nyika iri nhengo yeEU, EU Insolvency Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2015/848) inoshanda. Pasi pemutemo uyu, WSNP inozivikanwa senzira huru yekusabhadhara zvikwereti munyika dzese dziri nhengo dzeEU, chero bedzi nzvimbo huru yemukweretesi iri muNetherlands.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti gwaro rekubvisa chikwereti, muchimiro, rinoshandawo kune vanokweretesa vekunze uye rinozivikanwa mune dzimwe nyika dziri nhengo dzeEU. Kana ukatadza kuendesa chikumbiro chako muDutch WSNP procedure nenguva, hauzokwanisi kutsvaga mari mushure megwaro rekubvisa chikwereti — kwete muNetherlands uye kwete kune dzimwe nzvimbo muEU.
8. Chii chaunogona kuita semunhu anokweretesa?
Muchidimbu: sarudzo dzako semukweretesi mumamiriro ezvinhu eWSNP dzakaganhurirwa asi hazvirevi kuti hazvinyanyi kukosha. Matanho akakosha ndeaya:
- Tumira chikumbiro chako kuti chisimbiswe nenguva uye nemazvo (Art. 349aa Fw). Chikumbiro chisina kutumirwa chichave chakachena.
- Tarisa maitiro acho nemazvo. Kana uchifungidzira kuti munhu ane chikwereti haasi kutevedzera zvaanosungirwa kana kuti ari kuita zvehutsotsi, tora matanho nekukasika kuburikidza nemutongi anotarisira (Art. 317 Fw).
- Tarisa kana paine chimwe chinhu chisina kukodzera pamutemo wekubvisa chikwereti: chikumbiro chekuripwa nemhosva, chikumbiro chechikwereti chemba, chikwereti chepfuma, kana chikwereti chemudzidzi.
- Kumisa nguva dzekudzikisa mabasa munguva yakakodzera, kusanganisira mushure mekunge WSNP yapera.
- Kana paine hutsotsi, funga nezvekuisa nyaya yekumhan'arira mhosva uye kukumbira kubviswa kwemutemo pasi peArt. 358a Fw.
- Bata gweta nekukurumidza. Maitiro acho ndeehunyanzvi uye nguva yekupedzisira yakaoma.
mhedziso
Sisitimu yeWSNP yakagadzirirwa kupa vane chikwereti zororo. Semukweretesi, unowanzo takura migumisiro yemari. Zvisinei, mutemo unopa zvisizvo zvechokwadi, uye kana paine hutsotsi kana kusatevedzera mitemo, une sarudzo dzekudzivirira zororo kuti risapihwe kana kuti ribviswe mushure mezvo. Kuziva mitemo uye kutora matanho nenguva kwakakosha.
Ungada here kuziva kuti ndeapi masarudzo ako ekupora mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo? Law & More inofara kubatsira. Tinopa mazano kune vanokweretesa mari panguva yekutevera maitiro eWSNP uye mukati mehurongwa hwese uye mushure mehurongwa hwese.
