Munhu akakuvadzwa nechikwata chevanhu vanogona kukumbira muripo kubva kune vanopinda muchikwata chevanhu mumatare edzimhosva eDutch. Chikumbiro ichi chikumbiro chemhosva chinowanzoitwa pasi pechikamu 6:162 cheDutch Civil Code, chakasimbiswa nemitemo miviri inoita kuti zvive nyore kuunza: chisarudzo chekupedzisira chekutyora mutemo cheAuthority for Consumers and Markets kana European Commission humbowo hwekuti kutyora mutemo kwacho kwakaitika mumatare edzimhosva anotevera (chinyorwa 161a cheCode of Civil Procedure), uye kutyora mutemo wevanhu kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakakonzera kukuvara (chinyorwa 6:193l cheCivil Code).
Saka chasara kuratidza hukuru hwekurasikirwa uye kubatana kuripo pakati peboka revanhu vanopikisa nekurasikirwa ikoko, uye pane zvinhu zviviri izvi ndipo panokundwa kana kuraswa nyaya idzi. Zvikamu zviri pazasi zvinotevera kurongeka kwenyaya yacho: kusimbisa kutyorwa kwemutemo, kuyera huwandu hwemhosva dzakawandisa, kuratidza chikonzero, kusangana nemudziviriri wemhosva, kusarudza pakati pemunhu mumwe chete neboka revanhu vose, uye kuwana humbowo hune rimwe divi.
Mubvunzo unopindurwa nechinyorwa chino
Mubvunzo mukuru wepamutemo unokurukurwa muongororo iyi ndewekuti: Vanhu vakakanganiswa nekutyorwa kwemitemo yekartel vanogona sei kukumbira muripo kubva kune vanopinda mukartel pasi pemutemo wemakwikwi weDutch neEuropean uripo iye zvino?
Izvi zvinosanganisira kugadzwa kwemhosva, kuverengwa kwekukuvara, zvinodiwa nechikonzero, uye nzira dzekugadzirisa nyaya dziripo dzekugadzirisa nyaya dzemunhu mumwe nemumwe pamwe chete.
Hurongwa hwemutemo
Kodzero yekuripwa nekuda kwekutyorwa kwemitemo yemakwikwi yakasimbiswa zvakasimba mumutemo weEurope neDutch.
Nheyo yeEurope
Padanho reEurope, Chikamu 101 cheChibvumirano cheKushanda kweEuropean Union (TFEU) chinorambidza zvibvumirano zvese pakati pemakambani anorambidza makwikwi. Dare reEuropean Court of Justice (ECJ) ragara richiratidza kuti kushanda kwakazara kweChikamu 101 TFEU kunoda kuti chero munhu anogona kukumbira muripo wekurasikirwa nekuda kwekurasikirwa kunokonzerwa nechibvumirano kana maitiro anogona kukanganisa kana kukanganisa makwikwi (Courage v Crehan, Manfredi).
Kodzero iyi yakawedzerwawo neDirective 2014/104/EU pamusoro pezviito zvekuda mari yekudzvinyirirwa. Directive iyi ine chinangwa chekubvisa zvipingamupinyi zvinoshanda pakuripa, ichiisa mitemo yakakosha yeuchapupu uye nguva dzekuganhurira.
Kuitwa kweDutch
MuNetherlands, Chinyorwa 101 TFEU chinowana kuenzana kwayo nenyika muChikamu chechitanhatu cheMededingingswet (Mw) . EU Damages Directive yakaitwa mumutemo wechiDutch, ichigadzirisa zvakanyanya Dutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek - BW) uye Code of Civil Procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering - Rv).
Zvikumbiro zvakakosha zvinosanganisira:
- Chinyorwa 6:162 BW: Hwaro hwemhosva yemhosva (onrechtmatige daad). Kutora chikamu muchikwata chevatengesi zvisiri pamutemo kune vanotenga.
- Chinyorwa 6:193l BW: Inoratidza fungidziro inorambwa yekuti kutyorwa kwemitemo yesangano remagandanga kunokonzera kukuvara.
- Chinyorwa 161a Rv: Inotaura kuti sarudzo yekupedzisira yeACM kana European Commission yekuwana kutyorwa kwemutemo humbowo husingarambiki hwekutyorwa kwemutemo ikoko mumatare edzimhosva.
Uyezve, Wet Afwikkeling Massaschade in Collectiveeve Actie (WAMCA) , yakabatanidzwa muChinyorwa 3:305a BW, inopa nzira yakasimba yekugadzirisa pamwe chete, ichibvumira masangano anomiririra kukumbira muripo wemari panzvimbo yeboka revakabatwa, zvichida nekuda kwekusada kubuda.
Zvisizvo uye zvinhu zvakakosha zvinofungwa nezvazvo
Kutongwa kwemari yechikwereti chemakambani akasiyana zvakanyanya nematare edzimhosva ekutengeserana akajairika nekuda kwekusaenzana kwemashoko uye kuoma kwehupfumi.
Mutoro weuchapupu nepfungwa dzinofungidzirwa
Kunyange hazvo mutemo mukuru uri wekuti munhu anenge achikumbira mhosva anofanira kuratidza kuti pane zvakakuvara, fungidziro iri muChikamu 6:193l BW inochinja mutoro maererano nekuvapo kwekukuvara. Zvisinei, huwandu hwekukuvara ikoko hunoramba huri chipingamupinyi chakaoma cheuchapupu chinowanzoda hunyanzvi hwehupfumi.
Kumanikidza veruzhinji nevepachivande
Musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pezviito zve'kutevera', zvinotsamira pachisarudzo chekutyora mutemo chakamboitwa nechiremera chemakwikwi, uye zviito 'zvakazvimirira', uko mumhan'ari anofanira kuratidza maitiro ake ekupikisa makwikwi. Muzviitiko zvekutevera, mhedzisiro yechisarudzo chechiremera (Chinyorwa 161a Rv) inoita kuti maitiro acho ave nyore.
Maitiro ekuvaka chikumbiro
Kuti zvikwanisike kukumbira muripo wechikwereti, ongororo yepamutemo nehupfumi inodiwa nhanho nhanho.
Kusimbisa kutyorwa kwemutemo
Muzviitiko zvinotevera , munhu anomhan'arira anoshandisa Article 161a Rv. Chisarudzo cheACM kana European Commission chinoshanda sehumbowo hunosunga kuti mupomerwi akaita zvisiri pamutemo. Izvi zvinobvumira dare redzimhosva kuti risatore chikamu chemhosva maererano nekutyorwa kwemutemo uye ritarise zvakananga pazvikonzero nekukuvara.
Muzviitiko zvega , mutoro wekupa humbowo unongove pamunhu ari kupomerwa mhosva kuratidza kuti mufambiro wemupomerwi wakatyora Chinyorwa 6 Mw kana Chinyorwa 101 TFEU. Izvi zvinorema uye zvinowanzoda kuwana humbowo hunochengetwa zvakavanzika nevanhu vanonyengera.
Kuyera kukuvara
Kana kutyorwa kwemutemo kwaonekwa, huwandu hwekurasikirwa kwemari hunofanira kuyerwa. Chinyorwa 6:193l BW chinofungidzira kukuvadzwa, asi kuyerwa 'kubhadharisa zvakanyanya'—musiyano uripo pakati pemutengo chaiwo wabhadharwa nemutengo waizovepo mumusika wemakwikwi (zvinopesana)—zvinoda ongororo yehupfumi ine hungwaru.
Matare anowanzo vimba neuchapupu hwenyanzvi huchishandisa nzira dzakadai se:
- Maitiro akavakirwa pakuenzanisaKuenzanisa mitengo panguva yekutyorwa kwemutemo nemitengo isati yasvika kana yapera (yenguva pfupi), kana nemitengo iri mumusika wakasiyana wenzvimbo (wenzvimbo).
- Kuongorora kudzoreredzwa kwehupfumiKushandisa mamodheru ehuwandu hwezvinhu kuti uparadzanise mhedzisiro yesangano remagandanga kubva kune zvimwe zvinhu zvinotungamira mitengo (semuenzaniso, mitengo yezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa, kukwira kwemitengo).
Pasi peChinyorwa 6:97 BW , dare rine simba rekufungidzira mari yekukuvadzwa kana kuverenga kwakanyatsojeka kusingagoneke, zvichipa mukana wekuchengetedza kune vanokumbira kana data risina kukwana.
Kuratidza chikonzero
Munhu anonyunyuta anofanira kuratidza hukama huripo pakati pekutyorwa kwemutemo nekurasikirwa kunonzi kwakaitwa (condicio sine qua non). Muzviitiko zvecartel, bvunzo yekuti "asi nekuda" inoshandiswa: asi kune cartel, mamiriro emusika angadai akaita sei? Kunyange hazvo kufungidzira kwekukuvadzwa kuchibatsira pano, vanopomerwa vanowanzotaura kuti zvinhu zvekunze pamusika, kwete cartel, ndizvo zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwemitengo.
Kudzivirira kwekuparara
Nzira yekudzivirira inowanzo shandiswa ndeyekudzivirira vanhu kuti vasashandise mari yavo. Vadziviriri vanoti munhu anenge akumbira mari (mutengi zvakananga) haana kurasikirwa nekuti akabhadharisa mari yacho zvakanyanya kune vatengi vake (vanenge vatenga zvisina kunanga).
- Chirevo cheChinyorwa 13 2014/104/EU uye Chinyorwa 6:193p BW isa mutoro wehumbowo kumupomerwi kuratidza kuti muripo wekuwedzera wakapihwa zvechokwadi.
- Mukutaura, Chinyorwa 6:193q BW inobatsira vatengi vasina kunanga nekugadzira fungidziro yekuti kupfuudzwa kwakaitika kana vakatenga zvinhu zvakakanganiswa nekutyorwa kwemutemo.
Dziviriro iyi inodzivirira kupfuma kwemutengi zvakananga asi inoomesa nyaya yacho nekutsvaga ongororo yemaitiro emutengo wemunyoreri pamwe nekuchinja kwemusika.
Kusarudza nzira yekutevera maitiro
Vanokwidza nyaya vanofanira kusarudza pakati pematare edzimhosva emunhu mumwe nemumwe uye kutongwa pamwe chete. Kubva pakatangwa WAMCA , kutongwa pamwe chete kwave chishandiso chine simba. Pasi peChinyorwa 3:305a BW, sangano rinomiririra rinogona kukumbira muripo wemari yeboka revanhu vakakuvadzwa; gwara redu rekutongwa kweboka muNetherlands rinoisa zvinodiwa kuti sangano rigamuchire mvumo. Dare rinogona kuzivisa kuti chibvumirano chekubatana chinosunga kana kupa mutongo unopa muripo wemari yeboka rese (kazhinji nekuda kwekusada kubuda kwevagari vekuDutch).
Kutonga ndeimwe nzira yakakosha yekutonga. Pasi pemutemo weBrussels I bis Regulation, matare eDutch anowanzova nesimba kana mumwe wevatori vechikamu muboka remagandanga ('mupomerwi anotsigira') achigara muNetherlands, zvichibvumira magandanga ekune dzimwe nyika kuti aunzwewo pamberi pematare eDutch.
Kuwana humbowo
Kusawirirana kwemashoko ndicho chipingamupinyi chikuru kune vakabatwa. Mutemo weDutch unopa maturusi ekugadzirisa izvi kuburikidza neChinyorwa 843a Rv (kodzero yekukopa kana kuongorora magwaro). Munhu anonyunyuta anogona kukumbira kuwana humbowo hwakananga hwakachengetedzwa nemupomerwi kana mapato echitatu (kusanganisira faira remutungamiriri wemakwikwi, kunze kwezvirevo zvekurerukirwa pasi peChinyorwa 846 Rv).
Dare rinoongorora zvikumbiro izvi zvichibva pakuenzana uye kusimbiswa kwechikumbiro. Kusatevedzera mirairo yekuburitsa pachena kunogona kutungamira kurangwa pasi peChikamu 162 Rv , zvakaita sedare richitora fungidziro dzakaipa kune munhu ari kuramba.
Kupikisa nharo nekudzivirira
Vatori vechikamu muCartel vanoshandisa dziviriro yakasimba, kusanganisira:
- Hapana Chinongedzo Chechikonzero: Kukwidza kwemitengo kwakakonzerwa nemitengo yezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa kana zvimwe zvinhu zvisiri zvekurangana.
- Kupfuudza: Sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, tichipikisa kuti muridzi wechikwereti akapfuudza mutengo kubva kune cheni yekugovera.
- Kuganhurirwa: Kushandisa mutemo wemiganhu (verjaring). Pasi pe Chinyorwa 3:310 BW, nguva iyi inowanzova makore mashanu kubva pakuziva kwemunhu nezvekukuvadzwa uye munhu ane mhosva, asi izvi zvinomiswa panguva yekuferefeta kwevane masimba emakwikwi.
- Kuderedza: Kupokana neanopa mhosva kwakakundikana kuderedza kurasikirwa kwake (semuenzaniso, nekusachinja vatengesi).
Zvinowedzerwa nemutemo wenyaya dzechangobva kuitika
Mitsetse miviri yesimba inonyanya kukosha mukushanda. MuTenneT/ABB, Dare Repamusorosoro rakabata nyaya yekudzivirira vanhu, richiti purofiti inowanikwa nekupa vatengi mari yakawandisa inotariswa pakuongorora kurasikirwa, uye kuti munhu anotyora mutemo ndiye ane mutoro wekuisimbisa. Kukuvadzwa kweamburera, uko mabasa ari kunze kwesangano remagandanga akakwidza mitengo yawo muchivande, kunobva pamutongo weDare reJustice muKone ( C-557/12), iro rakati mutemo wenyika haugone kubvisa zvichemo zvakadaro zvachose.
Nyaya dzemakanzuru emotokari dzakaburitsa nhevedzano refu yezvisarudzo zvechinguvana zveDutch pakupihwa kwezvikumbiro kumotokari yekukumbira, pamutemo unoshanda pakutenga kunoitwa munyika dzinoverengeka, uye pahuwandu hwekuburitswa pachena. Muna 2025 Dare Repamusorosoro rakatsanangura zvinofanirwa kutaurwa nemunyoreri nyaya isati yatumirwa kune imwe nzira yekuongorora kukuvara (schadestaatprocedure), uye kuti mutoro unosvika papi muzviito zvinotevera (ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1761).
Nei zvichemo zve cartel zvichiunzwa muNetherlands
Mamiriro emutemo evakabatwa nemhosva dzechitsotsi muNetherlands akasimba uye anobatsira vanopomerwa mhosva. Kubatanidzwa kwezvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinoratidza humbowo, hunhu hwezvisarudzo zvemitemo, uye hurongwa hwakasimba hweWAMCA hwekugadzirisa nyaya pamwe chete zvinopa nzira yakasimba yekubhadhara. Zvisinei, kuoma kwehupfumi hwekuverenga kukuvara uye dziviriro dzakasimba dzinoshandiswa nevanorwisa chitsotsi zvinoda kuronga kwekutanga kwehurongwa uye mazano epamutemo nehupfumi.
Zvikamu zvakakosha uye mutemo wenyaya
- EU Mutemo: Chisungo 101 TFEU, Directive 2014/104/EU
- Mutemo weDutch: Chinyorwa 6 Mw, Chinyorwa 6:162 BW, Chinyorwa 6:193l BW, Chinyorwa 6:193q BW, Chinyorwa 3:305a BW (WAMCA)
- Mutemo weMaitiro: Chinyorwa 161a Rv, Chinyorwa 843a Rv, Chinyorwa 845-847 Rv
- Nyaya dzematare: Courage v Crehan (C-453/99), Manfredi (C-295/04), Kone (C-557/12), TenneT/ABB, uye pamusoro penyaya dzekutongwa kwenyaya mumatare anotevera ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1761
Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa nezve zvikumbiro zvekukuvara kwecartel
Ndehupi humbowo hunonyatsogutsa hunoratidza hukama huripo pakati peboka remagandanga nekukuvara kwawakaita mumatare edzimhosva?
Kugadzira chikonzero chekubatanidza ndiyo nzira iyo chikumbiro chemuripo chinotendeukira. Pasi pemutemo weDutch, mumhan'ari anobatsirwa neChinyorwa 6:193l BW , icho chinosimbisa fungidziro inorambwa yekuti kutyorwa kwemutemo wechikwata chevanhu kunokonzera kukuvara. Uyezve, muzviito zvinotevera, Chinyorwa 161a Rv chinoita kuti chisarudzo chekutyora mutemo cheACM kana European Commission chive chinosunga, zvichiratidza zvisingarambiki kuti chiito ichi hachisi pamutemo.
Zvisinei, kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti chikonzero chaicho chinokonzeresa kurasikirwa kwemunyoreri, 'data rekutengeserana' ndiro rakakosha. Izvi zvinosanganisira ma invoice, ma purchase orders, uye makondirakiti anofukidza nguva yekutyorwa kwemitemo. Iri data raw rinoumba hwaro hwemishumo yenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi. Mishumo iyi inowanzo shandisa ongororo yehupfumi, senge ongororo ye regression, kusiyanisa 'cartel effect' kubva kune dzimwe shanduko dzemusika.
Chidzidzo chekuenzanisa mitengo 'chisati chasvika uye chapera' chinogutsa zvikuru, chinoratidza kusawirirana kwemitengo pakati penguva yemakakatanwa netsika yemakwikwi. Uyezve, Chikamu 847 Rv chinobvumira vanokumbira mvumo kukumbira mukana wekuwana faira revatungamiriri vemakwikwi kuti vawane humbowo, kunyange hazvo zvirevo zvekurerukirwa zvichidzivirirwa. Mutemo wenyaya dzazvino (ona ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1761) unosimbisa kuti kunyangwe fungidziro ichi ichibatsira, mumhan'ari anofanira kupa ruzivo rwakakwana rwekutanga kuti dare rikwanise kutumira nyaya yacho kune imwe nzira yekuongorora kukuvara (schadestaatprocedure).
Chiito cheboka pasi peWAMCA chingasimbisa sei mamiriro emunhu mumwe nemumwe ari munjodzi kurwisa vanhu vari muchikwata checartel?
Mutemo weWet Afwikkeling Massaschade in Collectiveeve Actie (WAMCA) , wakatanga kushanda kubva muna 2020 uye wakanyorwa muChinyorwa 3:305a BW , wakachinja zvakanyanya mamiriro ematare. Chinhu chikuru chakanakira ndechekusarudza kusapinda mumatare edzimhosva kune vagari vekuDutch (Chinyorwa 1018f Rv). Izvi zvinosanganisira vanhu vese vari mukirasi yakatarwa kunze kwekunge vabvisa pachena, zvichigadzira kuunganidzwa kukuru kwezvikumbiro zvinowedzera simba rekudzivirira vanopomerwa mhosva.
Kune vanhu vakabatwa nemhosva, WAMCA inoderedza mari yakawanda uye njodzi dzekuendeswa kumatare. Pane kutakura mutoro wega, mari yacho inowanzo bhadharwa nevanopa mari kumatare vanobatana nesangano rinomiririra. Maitiro aya anobatanidzawo zvido zvakafanana, zvichibvumira kugadzirisa nyaya dzakajairika semhosva uye kuverenga mari yakawanda.
Uyezve, mutongo munyaya yeWAMCA—kana chibvumirano chevanhu vose chakatenderwa nedare—unosunga boka rose ( Chinyorwa 1018d Rv ). Izvi zvinogadzira kuguma uye zvinodzivisa 'kuchekwa kwesalami' kwekudzivirira nyaya dzakawanda dzemunhu mumwe nemumwe. Kunyange zvazvo zvinodiwa zvakasimba zvekubvumidzwa zvichishanda kusangano rinomiririra (maererano nehutongi nekubhadhara mari), kana zvangoitwa, sangano iri rine simba rekutaurirana iro munhu mumwe chete asingawanzoiti. Mutemo wenyaya dzechangobva kuitika unosimbisa kuti matare eDutch anoda kushandisa WAMCA zvakanyanya kunyaya dzemakwikwi, chero bedzi zvikumbiro zvacho zvakafanana zvakakwana.
Ndezvipi zvingaitwa nevatori vechikamu vekanzuru yezvemhosva maererano nekupihwa kwekukuvara, uye munhu anobvunza nezvemhosva angatarisira sei izvi?
Kudzivirira mhosva yekusaita chibvumirano kwakavakirwa paChikamu 13 cheDirective 2014/104/EU uye kunodzivisa munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva kuti abhadharwe mari yakawandisa kana akachinja mari yakawandisa yekambani kuenda kuvatengi vake. Mutoro wekupa humbowo uri pamunhu ari kupomerwa kuratidza kuti mari yakawandisa yakapihwa.
Vadziviriri vanowanzo vimba neongororo yezvehupfumi kuti varatidze kuti chinzvimbo chemusika chemumhan'ari chinobvumira kukwira kwemitengo pasina kurasikirwa nehuwandu. Kuti afungidzire izvi, mumhan'ari anofanira kugadzirira nzira yekuzvidzivirira. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuunganidza humbowo hwekuti mamiriro emusika—akadai semakwikwi akasimba epasi kana kuti mitengo yakakwira yekuderera kwekuda—akadzivirira chero kupinzwa kwemari. Humbowo hwechibvumirano hunoratidza zvibvumirano zvemitengo yakatarwa nevatengi hunogonawo kuratidza kusakwanisa kupa mari.
Uyezve, vanokumbira mvumo vanofanira kugadzirira kupikisa mamodheru ehupfumi emupomerwi. Kana kuverenga kwakarurama kusingagoneki nekuda kwekuoma kwecheni yekugovera, dare rine simba rekufungidzira mwero wekupa mvumo. Chinokosha ndechekuti, kudzivirira kupa mvumo kunosangana neChinyorwa 6:100 BW (kuderedzwa kwebhenefiti); mupomerwi anotaura kuti 'bhenefiti' yemitengo yakakwira inofanira kubviswa kubva mukukuvadzwa. Vanokumbira mvumo vanogona kupikisa izvi nekutaura kuti kunyangwe mitengo ikakwidzwa, vakatambura 'nemhedzisiro' (kurasikirwa nekutengesa) iyo inoumba musoro wakasiyana wekukuvadzwa.
Mutengi asina kunanga anogona here kukumbira kukuvadzwa ega kana mutengi asina kukumbira kukuvadzwa nekuda kwekufa?
Ehe, vatengi vasina kurongeka vane kodzero yekuzvidavirira kuti vatore mari yekukuvadzwa. Iyi ndiyo nheyo huru yeDirective 2014/104/EU (Zvikamu 12-14) yakanangana nekuona kuti muripo wakazara unobhadharwa muchikamu chese chekutengesa. Mumutemo weDutch, Chikamu 6:193q BW chinopa fungidziro inodzokororwa kunyanya kune vatengi vasina kurongeka.
Kuti vabatsirwe nepfungwa iyi, mutengi asina kunanga anofanira kuratidza zvinhu zvitatu: (a) mupomerwi akaita mhosva; (b) mhosva yacho yakakonzera kuti mutengi apihwe mari yakawandisa; uye (c) mutengi asina kunanga akatenga zvinhu kana mabasa aive pasi pekutyorwa kwemutemo. Kana izvi zvangosimbiswa, dare rinofungidzira kuti mari yakawandisa yakapihwa kwaari.
Mupomerwi anogona kuramba fungidziro iyi, kazhinji nekuratidza kuti kuburitswa kwemari kwakamiswa padanho rekutanga muchikamu chekutengesa. Chinokosha ndechekuti, mutengi asina kujeka haafanire kumirira kuti mutengi aite chimwe chinhu. Kuzvimiririra uku kunodzivirira 'mukana' mukusimbiswa kwemutemo apo mutengi asina kujeka angasada kupomera mutengesi akakosha. Zvisinei, vatengi vasina kujeka vanosangana nematambudziko akasiyana euchapupu mukutsvaga zvinhu chaizvo uye kuverenga chikamu chaicho chemari yakawandisa yakasvika kwavari.
Kushaikwa kweruzivo rwakakwana rwekutonga kubva kumumhan'ari kana mupomerwi kunopesvedzera sei kuongororwa kwehumbowo maererano nekudzivirira kwemhosva?
Pasi peChikamu 150 Rv , mutoro wekupa humbowo unowanzo kuve webato rinopa mutongo wepamutemo. Pakudzivirira kwemhosva, mutoro uyu uri wemupomerwi. Zvisinei, mupomerwi ane chisungo chekusimbisa kurasikirwa kwake uye anowanzo chengeta ruzivo rwekutengesa rwakakodzera.
Kana munhu ari kunyunyuta akatadza kupa ruzivo rwakakosha rwuri mudunhu rake (semuenzaniso, mitengo yekutengesa yekare), anogona kuita kuti dare riite fungidziro dzisina kunaka. Zvisinei, matare anoziva kuti nguva dzekuchengetedza dare dzakaganhurirwa. Kana ruzivo rukashaikwa pasina mhosva yebato (semuenzaniso, nekuda kwekufamba kwenguva kupfuura zvinosungirwa pamutemo zvekuchengetedza dare), dare rinogona kushandisa sarudzo yaro pasi peChikamu 152 Rv kuongorora humbowo huripo zvakasununguka.
Mutemo wenyaya dzeDutch uchangobva kuitika unoratidza kuti kunyange zvazvo munhu ari kunyunyuta ari iye ane basa rekuchengeta zvinyorwa zvake, 'nzvimbo yenjodzi' haigari kwenguva isingaperi. Kana kuverenga chaiko kusingabviri nekuda kwedata risipo, dare rinowanzo dzokera kusimba raro pasi peChinyorwa 6:97 BW rekufungidzira kukuvara kana mwero wekupa mhosva. Zvisinei, kushaikwa kwemagwaro zvachose nemunyunyuta kunogona kuuraya kana zvikadzivirira mupomerwi kutsigira kuzvidzivirira kwake zvine musoro, zvichigona kutungamira mukuramba chikamu ichocho chekukumbira mhosva.
Ndezvipi zvirango zvinogona kupihwa nedare kana bato rikaramba kutumira ruzivo rwehutungamiriri pasinei nemurairo wekuburitsa pachena?
Kuramba kutevedzera murayiro wedare wekuzivisa pachena (pasi peChikamu 843a Rv kana Chinyorwa 22 Rv ) kutyora kwakakomba mitemo. Pasi peChikamu 162 Rv , dare rine simba guru rekutora mhedziso yarinoona seyakakodzera kubva mukuramba kwakadaro.
Zvirango hazvina kugadziriswa asi zvinotungamirirwa nepfungwa yekuenzana kana tichienzanisa nekukomba kwekuramba. Chirango chakanyanya kuoma ndechekuti dare rinogona kugamuchira zvakataurwa nemuvengi sechokwadi chakasimbiswa, richibvisa mutoro weuchapupu hwepfungwa iyoyo chaiyo. Zvimwe zvirango zvinogona kusanganisirwa:
- Kuramba chikumbiro (kana mumiririri akaramba) kana kubvuma chikumbiro (kana mudziviriri akaramba).
- Kubvisa bato risiri remubatanidzwa pakupa humwe humbowo panyaya iyi.
- Kubhadharisa chirango nguva nenguva (dwangsom) kuti zvimanikidzwe kutevedzera mitemo.
Sarudzo yedare inoenderana nekuti kuramba kwacho kunokanganisa here kutungamirirwa kweruramisiro kwakarurama. Munyaya dzemakakatanwa ehurumende, uko kusawirirana kwemashoko kwakawanda, matare ari kuramba achida kushandisa fungidziro dzisina kunaka kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti bato harigone kubatsirwa nekunyima humbowo.
Kusvika papi apo dare risingatungamirirwi rinogona kuunganidza humbowo kana mapato ese ari maviri asina kutonga kwakakwana?
Kunyange zvazvo maitiro ehurumende yeDutch ari ekurwisana—zvichireva kuti mapato ndiwo anotsanangura divi remakakatanwa— Chikamu 22 Rv chinopa dare masimba akakosha ekutarisira nyaya. Dare rinogona kuraira mapato kuti ape rumwe ruzivo kana kutumira magwaro chaiwo kana rikaona faira risina kukwana.
Zvisinei, dare harigone kupinda munzvimbo dzemapato kuti 'riwane' chokwadi; rinosungirwa neChikamu 149 Rv kuti riise chisarudzo charo pachokwadi chakaiswa nemapato. Kana mativi ese akatadza kupa ruzivo rwakakwana, dare rinotarisana nedambudziko. Harigone kuita ongororo yaro kunze kwenyaya (semuenzaniso, tsvakiridzo yepachivande paindaneti) pasina kutyora musimboti we audi et alteram partem (kunzwa mativi ese).
Pane kudaro, dare rinowanzo gadzirisa dambudziko iri rekupa humbowo ne:
- Kugadza nyanzvi dzakazvimiririra (semuenzaniso, nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi) pasi pe Chinyorwa 194 Rv kutevedzera kukuvara kwacho zvichibva padata shoma riripo.
- Kushandisa simba rayo kufungidzira kukuvara (Chinyorwa 6:97 BW).
Dare rinoshanda semuchengeti wenyaya, kwete mubvunzurudzi. Mitemo yenyaya yazvino inoratidza kuti matare achashandisa masimba aya kudzivirira kurambwa kweruramisiro, kunyanya munyaya dzakaoma dzemakwikwi apo humbowo 'hwakakwana' husingawanikwe zvakanyanya.
Mutongi anogona here kushandisa kushandurwa kwemutoro wekupa humbowo zvichikanganisa bato risiri remubatanidzwa kana pasina ruzivo?
Kudzoserwa kwemutemo mutoro wekupa humbowo inzira inoshamisa. Mutemo weChikamu 150 Rv unogona kungobviswa chete kana zvinodiwa zvekunzwisisa uye kururamisira zvichida kuti zvidaro. Panyaya yekushaya ruzivo, matare anongwarira. "Kuoma kweuchapupu" chete hakuna kukwana kuti mutoro wacho udzoke.
Zvisinei, kana kushomeka kweuchapupu kuchikonzerwa zvakanyanya nekusanzwisisika kwebato rinopikisa—semuenzaniso, kuparadzwa kweuchapupu nemaune kana kuramba kuburitsa pachena magwaro—dare rinogona kubvisa mutoro wacho. Izvi zvakabatana zvakanyanya nezvirango zviri pasi peChikamu 162 Rv.
Munyaya dzemakanzuru, kusawirirana kwemashoko kwakatoratidza kuti kutongwa kwemhosva nemutemo kwaive kwakaipa (Chinyorwa 6:193l BW). Kuwedzera izvi kusvika pakudzoserwa kwemhosva zvachose maererano nehuwandu hwekukuvadzwa kana kudzivirira mhosva hazviwanzoitiki. Kudzoserwa kwerudzi urwu kunoda kufunga kwakajeka nedare. Kazhinji, dare rinongoshandisa humbowo hwakaderera kana kufungidzira chokwadi pamusoro pebato risiri remubatanidzwa pasina kudzoserwa kwemutemo.
Mutori wechikamu chesangano remagandanga anogona here kushandisa mukana wekuti arambe kuburitswa kwemashoko ehutungamiriri asingazvibati?
Pfungwa yekudzivirira kubva mukuzvipa mhosva, inobva muChikamu 6 cheECHR , inowanzo shandiswa nevanopomerwa kuti varambe zvikumbiro zvekuburitsa pachena pasi peChikamu 843a Rv. Vanoti kupa magwaro kunogona kuvaisa munjodzi yekubhadhariswa faindi dzehutungamiriri kana mhosva yemhosva.
Zvisinei, mumatare edzimhosva dzemari, dziviriro iyi haiwanzobudirira maererano nemagwaro aripo kare. Mitemo yeDutch neyeEurope inosiyanisa pakati pezvinhu 'zvinoenderana newill' (semashoko ekumanikidzwa) nezvinhu 'zvisingatsamiri pawill' (magwaro aripo zvisinei newill yemunhu ari kupomerwa, senge ma invoice, manejimendi, uye maemail emukati).
Zvinyorwa zvehutungamiriri zvinowira muchikamu chechipiri. Hapana kodzero yekudzivirira kuburitswa pachena kwezvinyorwa zvebhizinesi kudare redzimhosva nekuti zvinogona kuratidza mhosva. Kunyange zvazvo Chikamu 845 Rv chichibvumira kuramba nekuda kwe "zvikonzero zvikuru," kutya mhosva hakuonekwi sechikonzero chikuru mumamiriro ezvinhu aya. Chinhu chimwe chete chakasimba ndechekuti zvirevo zvekurerutsira (clementieverklaringen) zvakanyorerwa zvakananga kune vane masimba emakwikwi, izvo zvinodzivirirwa pasi peChikamu 846 Rv kuchengetedza kushanda kwemutemo weveruzhinji.
Ndeipi nguva yekuganhurira zvichemo zvekukuvara kwecartel uye inotanga kushanda riini?
Pasi pemutemo weDutch ( Chikamu 3:310 BW ), nguva yekuganhurirwa kwekukumbira muripo wechikwereti makore mashanu. Nguva iyi inotanga kubva pazuva rinotevera iro munhu akakuvara anotanga kuziva zvese (1) kukuvara uye (2) kuzivikanwa kwemunhu ane mhosva nazvo. Iyi ndiyo bvunzo 'yekuzvifungira'. Kunewo nguva yekuganhurirwa 'yechinangwa' yemakore makumi maviri kubva pachiitiko chakakonzera kukuvara ( Chikamu 3:310 BW ).
Chinokosha kune vakabatwa nemhosva dzerusaruraganda, murairo uyu pamwe nekuitwa kweDutch zvinopa kuti nguva yekuganhurirwa imiswe panguva yekuferefetwa nedare remakwikwi (ACM kana EC). Kumiswa uku kunopera gore rimwe mushure mekunge chisarudzo chekutyora mutemo chapera. Izvi zvinoita kuti vakabatwa nemhosva vagone kumirira mhedzisiro yemutemo weveruzhinji vasati vaendesa nyaya yavo kudare.
Muchokwadi, nguva yekuganhurira kazhinji haitangi kusvika vatungamiriri vemakwikwi vaburitsa sarudzo yavo, sezvo iyi kazhinji iri nguva yekutanga iyo munhu anenge abatwa anogona kuziva nezvesangano iri. Zvisinei, kupindira kwekukurumidza (kubvunzana) kuburikidza netsamba yepamutemo kana tsamba yekudana kwakakosha kuchengetedza kodzero, kunyanya mumatare ega kana kuti nguva yekuferefeta yakareba.
Kukuvadzwa kunoverengwa sei munyaya dzekukuvara kwecartel?
Kuverenga kukuvara inzira yehupfumi, kwete yepamutemo chete. Chinangwa chikuru ndechekuisa munhu anenge akuvadzwa munzvimbo yaangadai ari kudai pasina boka revanhu vakakuvadzwa (mamiriro ezvinhu asina chokwadi).
Nzira yakajairika ndeye kuverenga mari yakawandisa: (Mutengo Chaiwo - Mutengo Unopesana) x Huwandu Hwakatengwa.
Kuti vaone mutengo unopesana, nyanzvi dzinoshandisa:
- Kuenzanisa kwenguva pfupi: Kutarisa mitengo mumusika mumwe chete makambani ekutengesa zvinhu asati aumbwa kana kuti mushure mekunge adonha.
- Geographic kuenzanisa: Kutarisa mitengo mumusika wakafanana, usina kukanganiswa (semuenzaniso, nyika iri pedyo).
- Kudzokorora kudzokorora: Nzira yekuverenga inodzora zvinhu zvakaita sekudiwa, mutengo wezvinhu zvinopinda, uye inflation kuti ione mhedzisiro yemutengo wekubatana.
Vanoda kubhadhariswa mari vanogonawo kukumbira purofiti yakarasika (kana mitengo yakakwira yakaderedza huwandu hwekutengesa kwavo) uye mubereko . Chikamu chakaoma asi chinozivikanwa ndechekukuvadzwa kwemari , uko makwikwi asiri emakambani ekutengesa mari akakwidzawo mitengo muchikamu chemakambani ekutengesa mari. Kana kuverenga kwakanyatsojeka kukakundikana, dare rinoshandisa simba raro kufungidzira kukuvadzwa ( Chinyorwa 6:97 BW ), richiwanzosarudza "kufungidzira kunogoneka" zvichibva pamamodeli enyanzvi akapihwa.
Ndezvipi zvakanakira nezvakaipa zvechiito cheboka kana tichienzanisa nemaitiro emunhu mumwe nemumwe?
Kusarudza pakati peboka revanhu (WAMCA) nezviito zvemunhu mumwe nemumwe chisarudzo chine musoro.
Chiito Chemubatanidzwa (WAMCA)
- Zvakanakira: Chinhu chikuru chinobatsira ndechekushandisa mari zvakanaka uye kuderedza njodzi. Mari yekuendesa nyaya kumatare inowanzobhadhara mari dzematare. Inopa mukana mukuru mukukurukurirana kwekugadzirisa nyaya nekuda kwekukosha kwezvikumbiro. Sangano rinomiririra nyaya iyi rinoona nezvekugadzirisa nyaya yacho zvakaoma.
- Zvakaipa: Vanhu vanokumbira mhosva mumwe nemumwe vane simba shoma pamusoro pehurongwa hwematare edzimhosva uye mitemo yekugadzirisa nyaya. Nzira yekuti 'vasapinde' inoreva kuti unosanganisirwa kunze kwekunge waita chimwe chinhu, zvichikusunga kumhedzisiro ingave yakaderera pane chikumbiro chemunhu mumwe nemumwe chakagadzirirwa iwe. Maitiro acho anogona kunonoka nekuda kwekunzwa kwekugamuchirwa kwesangano rinomiririra.
Chiito Chemunhu Mumwe Nemumwe
- Zvakanakira: Kudzora zvakakwana hurongwa, nguva, uye kugadziriswa kwenyaya. Chikumbiro ichi chakagadzirirwa zvakananga kukuvara kwemunhu (semuenzaniso, mamiriro chaiwo emari yakarasika), zvingangoita kuti munhu awane mari yakawanda. Kugadzirisa nyaya zvakananga nevanopomerwa kuri nyore nyore pasina kupindira kwedare.
- Zvakaipa: Mari yakawanda yekutanga uye njodzi dzemari kana chikumbiro chikakundikana. Munhu ari kubvunza ndiye anotakura mutoro wese weuchapupu. Zvinoda nguva yakawanda yekutarisira mukati.
Kune vanyajambwa vadiki, chiito chekubatana ndicho chega chinoshanda. Kune vanyajambwa vakuru vemakambani vane zvichemo zvakakura, chiito chemunhu mumwe chete (kana chemunhu mumwe chete) chinowanzopa purofiti iri nani pakudyara mari.
Law & More mabasa emabhizinesi akabhadhariswa mari yakawandisa nesangano remagandanga, uye anopawo mazano pamusoro pe zvikumbiro zveboka zvekukuvara kwakawanda zvakajairika. Tinoongorora kana chikumbiro chinotevera chiripo, towana humbowo hunodiwa kuti husimbiswe, tinoshanda nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi pakuyera, toyera matanho emunhu oga ekusabatana nechimwe chezvibvumirano, uye totora matanho anodzivisa zvirambidzo zvisati zvapera. Kana wakatenga zvinhu kana masevhisi mumusika wave uchisarudzwa nekuda kwekutyorwa kwemutemo, danho rekutanga kudzokorora zvinyorwa zvako zvekutenga zvichienderana nenguva yekutyorwa kwemutemo.
