Chibvumirano chemaitiro (procesafspraak) chibvumirano pakati pePublic Prosecution Service nevanorwira kodzero dzekuti nyaya yemhosva ichaitwa sei kana kupedzwa sei: vanorwira kodzero vanorega matanho akatarwa ekuita uye vanorwira kodzero vanodzikisa mhosva kana kuderedza chikumbiro chavo chemutongo. Hapana hwaro hwepamutemo hwechibvumirano chakadaro mumutemo wemhosva wekuDutch . Kubvumidzwa kwacho kuri pamutongo weDare Repamusorosoro ra27 Gunyana 2022 (ECLI:NL:HR:2022:1252), uye dare redzimhosva harimbofi rakasungwa nezvakabvumiranwa nemapato.
Pfungwa yekupedzisira iyoyo ndiyo inosiyanisa chibvumirano cheDutch nechibvumirano chekubvuma. Mapato anogona kubvumirana zvavachakumbira; dare chete ndiro rinosarudza zvinoitika. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura zvinodiwa neDare Repamusorosoro dare risati rafunga nezvechibvumirano, mashandiro azvo mukuita, zvinogona kuitwa nemunhu anenge abatwa nemhosva, uye zvinoramba zvakavhurika kana dare rikabva pachibvumirano.
Chibvumirano chemaitiro chii, uye chisiri chii
Chinonyanya kukosha pakuronga uku ndechekuwirirana. Dziviriro inovimbisa kuti haizotevedzere maitiro akatarwa: chikumbiro chekunzwa zvimwe zvapupu, dziviriro yekutanga, kupikiswa kwehumbowo hwakati, kana kukwidza nyaya pamusoro pechisarudzo chatopihwa. Mukupindura, muchuchisi anopfupisa kupomerwa mhosva, anodzima mhosva, kana kutaura pachine nguva kuti achada mutongo upi. Mativi ese ari maviri anowana mukana wekufanotaura nyaya yacho mumatare aizotora makore.
Chibvumirano ichi hachigone kuita kugadzirisa nyaya yacho. Dare richiri kufanira kupindura mibvunzo yeZvikamu 348 ne350 zveMutemo weMaitiro Emhosva (Sv) pachayo: kana kushevedzwa kwemhosva kuri kushanda uye kupomerwa mhosva kuchibvumidzwa, kana mhosva yacho yakasimbiswa neuchapupu hwepamutemo, kana mufambiro wakaratidzwa uri mhosva, kana mupomerwi ane mhosva uye mutongo upi unofanira kuteverwa. Maonero emapato ari pamwe chete iruzivo, kwete mutongo, uye dare risingangozvigamuchire rinenge richikundikana kuita basa raro.
Mufananidzo wepamutemo: chapupu chinobatirana chete ndicho chakanyorwa
Mutemo weDutch unotonga imwe nzira yekutaurirana zvakadzama. Pasi peZvikamu 226g uye zvinotevera zveMutemo weMaitiro Emhosva, kupomerwa mhosva kunogona kuvimbisa munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva kuti mutongo wakaderera uchakumbirwa kuti pave neuchapupu munyaya yemumwe munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva. Hurongwa ihwohwo hunofanira kuongororwa nedare remagweta risati rashandiswa, uye hwakaganhurirwa: hunofukidza vimbiso pamusoro pechikumbiro chemutongo kwete chimwezve. Chinyorwa chedu pamusoro pehurongwa hweuchapupu hwekorona muNetherlands chinotsanangura kuti maitiro iwayo anofamba sei.
Kunze kwechirongwa ichocho hapana hurongwa hwemutemo. Kusavapo kwemunhu hakurevi kuti zvibvumirano zvemaitiro hazvibvumirwi; muchuchisi ane simba rekusarudza kuti angaunza sei nyaya, uye mupomerwi anogona kurega kodzero dzemaitiro. Zvinoreva kusavapo kwenyaya iyi ndezvokuti dziviriro dzaifanira kubva kumutemo wenyaya, uye kuti dare ndiro rinozvitakura.
Zvinodiwa neDare Repamusorosoro
Mumutongo wayo wemusi wa27 Gunyana 2022, Dare Repamusorosoro rakaramba kuisa mitemo mikuru yezvibvumirano zvemaitiro, iyo rakaona senyaya yedare reparamende, asi panzvimbo pezvo rakaisa pfungwa dzedare dzinofanira kubata nechimwe chezvinhu izvi. Izvi zvinosvika pazvinhu zvina zvinofanira kutariswa nemutongo.
Chekutanga inyaya yekuregeredza mhosva pachayo. Kana mupomerwi akarega kodzero dzekudzivirira, kuregeredza mhosva ikoko kunofanira kusimbiswa pasina mubvunzo uye kwakakomberedzwa nedziviriro dzinoenderana nezviri kuregeredzwa. Mupomerwi anofanira kunge aine ruzivo rwakajeka nezvemhedzisiro yacho uye anofanira kunge akasarudza achinyatsoziva nezvazvo. Semutemo, izvi zvinoda kuti mupomerwi avepo pakutongwa kwenyaya; Dare Repamusorosoro rakati dare harina kufunga zvakakwana parakavimba negweta richisimbisa, mupomerwi asipo, kuti chibvumirano chakagamuchirwa.
Chechipiri rubatsiro rwemutemo. Mupomerwi anofanira kunge akabatsirwa negweta kuti asvike pachibvumirano, chinova ndicho chivimbiso chinoshanda chiri shure kwechinodiwa chekutanga. Kodzero yekuva gweta inobva muChikamu 28 Sv uye kubva muChikamu 6 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights.
Chechitatu ndechekuzvimirira kwedare. Mutongi anoongorora pafaira renyaya uye kunzwa kana mhedzisiro inopiwa nemapoka ine hukama hwakakodzera nekukomba kwemhosva uye munhu wemupomerwi, uye kana akasununguka kumanikidza chimwe chinhu. Chechina chinzvimbo chevanhu vechitatu, kunyanya munhu akatapukirwa, ane zvido zvinofanira kunge zvakayerwa.
Matare epasi agara achishandisa hurongwa ihwohwo. Dare reArnhem-Leeuwarden rakabvuma chibvumirano munyaya yekutora chikamu musangano rematsotsi, kutengesa zvinodhaka uye kushambidza mari, umo varwiri vakabvisa zvipikiso zvavo pamusoro pemutongo wakaderera zvakanyanya (ECLI:NL:GHARL:2025:7005). Dare reDunhu reZeeland-West-Brabant rakaita zvimwe chetezvo munyaya yekubvisa mari, yekunyepedzera uye yembanje, richisimbisa kuti iro pacharo harisi bato rechibvumirano uye kuti rakazvigutsa kuti kutora chikamu kwaive kwekuzvidira uye kwakaziviswa (ECLI:NL:RBZWB:2025:6733).
Nyaya yeDrents Museum: zvibvumirano zviri kuitwa
Mufananidzo wakajeka wechangobva kuitika ndewekuba paDrents Museum muAssen. Mumaawa ekutanga emusi wa25 Ndira 2025, Ngowani yeCotofenesti, ngowani yegoridhe ine makore angangoita 2,500, uye zvishongo zvegoridhe zvitatu zveDacian zvakakweretwa kubva kuRomania zvakabiwa. Musi wa2 Kubvumbi 2026, Public Prosecution Service yakazivisa kuti ngowani nezvishongo zviviri zvezvishongo zvitatu zvakanga zvawanikwa, zvichitevera zvibvumirano zvakaitwa nevanofungidzirwa kuti vari mujeri zvaive zvakanangana nekudzosa zvinhu zvacho. Ngowani yechitatu haisati yawanikwa.
Dare reNorth Netherlands District rakapa mutongo musi wa5 Chikumi 2026 ndokupa mutongo wekugara mujeri kwemwedzi makumi mana nemanomwe kune mumwe nemumwe wevatatu ava. Rakati zvibvumirano izvi zvaizadzisa zvinodiwa uye hazvina kupesana nekodzero yekutongwa zvakanaka, uye rakazvifunga mukutonga kwaro. Rakabva raderedza mutongo wevatatu vese nechetatu, nekuda kwezvikonzero zviviri: kudzoserwa kwezvinhu, uye zvikanganiso mukuferefeta, kusanganisira kuburitswa kwemifananidzo nemazita akazara evapomerwa munhau vasati vapedza dzimwe nzira dzisina kunyanya kukosha.
Chinhu chakakosha pakushanda ndechekuti kudzikiswa kwemhosva kwakaenda kune vese vatatu, kusanganisira mupomerwi asina kuita chibvumirano. Izvi zvinoratidza zvese kusvika uye miganhu yechibvumirano: dare rakashandisa zvibvumirano senzira yekuwana mhedzisiro yarakafunga kuti yakarurama, asi rakagovera mubairo zvichienderana nekuongorora kwaro kwete zvichienderana nebvumirano. Mupomerwi anopinda muchibvumirano anotenga chinzvimbo chekupomera mhosva, kwete mhedzisiro.
Nzvimbo yemunhu akabatwa
Munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva haasi chikamu chechibvumirano chemaitiro uye haana veto pamusoro pacho. Izvi hazviregi munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva kunze kwenyaya yacho. Pasi peChikamu 51a Sv, muchuchisi anofanira kubata munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva nemazvo uye kufunga nezvemaonero emunhu anenge abatwa nemhosva, Chikamu 51b Sv chinopa mukana wekuwana magwaro kubva mufaira uye kodzero yekuwedzera magwaro, uye kodzero yekutaura pakutongwa kwenyaya inochengetedzwa zvisinei nezvakabvumiranwa nemapoka. Munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva anogonawo kupinda mukutongwa kwenyaya semunhu akakuvara kuti akumbire muripo.
Kana chibvumirano ichi chikaita kuti kupomerwa mhosva kuregedze kupomerwa zvachose, munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva anogona kunyunyuta kudare repamusoro pasi peChikamu 12 Sv nezvechisarudzo chekusapomerwa mhosva. Uye nekuti kuyerwa kwezvido zvemunhu anenge abatwa nemhosva ndeimwe yepfungwa dzinofanira kutaurwa nedare, munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva ane pfungwa dzakaipa dzinoenda kuchokwadi chechibvumirano pachacho kwete kungoenda kumutongo chete.
Kana dare risingatevedzere chibvumirano
Dare rikaona kuti kuregererwa kwemhosva hakuna kuitwa nekuzvidira kana kuti neruzivo rwakazara, kana kuti mupomerwi haana rubatsiro rwakakwana rwemutemo, richasiya chibvumirano chisina kufungwa nezvacho robata nyaya yacho pasi pemitemo yakajairika. Kodzero dzekudzivirira dzakasiyiwa dzinomukazve, ndicho chikonzero chekuongorora kunoitwa chibvumirano chisati chashandiswa pane kuti chishandiswe mushure mezvo. Dare rinoita kuongorora ikoko kwega; harimiriri kuti bato ritaure nezvazvo.
Dare rinogonawo kugamuchira chibvumirano chakaitwa zvine musoro asi richingoisa chimwe chinhu chakasiyana, nekuti kuenzana ndiko kutonga kwaro. Kana izvozvo zvikaitika, nzira dzakajairika dzinoshanda. Kukwidza nyaya pamusoro pemutongo wedare redunhu kunoitwa pasi peChinyorwa 404 Sv, uye kuendeswa kuDare Repamusorosoro pamusoro pemutongo wedare rekukwirira pasi peChinyorwa 427 Sv, mukati menguva yakatarwa neChinyorwa 432 Sv. Nhaurirano pamusoro penyaya inowanzo kuve pamusoro pekufunga: kuti dare harina kupa zvikonzero zvakakwana zvekusiya chibvumirano, kana kuti rakashandisa bvunzo isiriyo pakuregeredza.
Nhaurirano inotsigira uye inopikisa
Nyaya iri kutsigirwa inyaya yekuti munhu anogona kupomerwa mhosva yakakura sei. Nyaya dzemhosva dzemhando ipi zvayo dzinotora makore, zvapupu zvinova zvakaoma kunzwa sezvo nguva ichifamba uye kukosha kwekutongwa kunoderera nekunonoka. Chibvumirano chemaitiro chinogona kupfupisa kuti nekubvisa zvikamu zvenyaya mapato asapokane zvechokwadi, uye, sezvinoratidzwa neDrents Museum, chinogona kuwana mhedzisiro iyo kutongwa kwacho kwaisazomboburitswa nedare.
Nyaya iri kupomerwa ndeyekuti mupomerwi ari mujeri, akatarisana nemutongo wakareba uye akamirira kwenguva refu, haasi panzvimbo yakasimba yekuyera kuregererwa kwemhosva zvinyoro nyoro, uye kuti kusimbisa chokwadi inyaya yeruzhinji iyo mapato ese asingakwanise kutengesa pakati pavo. Zvinonetsa zvese izvi zvinopindurwa, kana zvakadaro, nenzira imwecheteyo: dare rinoongorora kuregererwa kwemhosva nemazvo uye rinosvika pakuona kwaro faira. Ndiwo mutoro unorema wekutakura nyaya, ndosaka kodhi yemutemo ichiri kutaurwa nezvayo. Mutemo mutsva weCriminal Procedure wakagamuchirwa neSenate musi wa24 Kukadzi 2026 uye wakaburitswa muBulletin of Acts and Decreeds musi wa13 Kurume 2026, asi unotanga kushanda bhuku rimwe nerimwe nemutemo wehumambo, saka zvinyorwa zviripo zvino zvichiri kushanda panguva ino.
Kana ukapihwa chibvumirano chemaitiro
Tora chikumbiro ichi sechisarudzo cheuchapupu, kwete kureba kwemutongo. Tanga waona kuti faira racho rinoratidzei pasina matanho aungaregeredza, nekuti kukosha kwechapupu chausingazonzwi ndiko kukosha kwenyaya yausingazomhan'arire. Wobva waona zviri kuvimbiswa: chikumbiro chemutongo chinzvimbo chemuchuchisi, uye dare rakasununguka kubva kwachiri kuenda kudivi ripi zvaro.
Nyora chibvumirano nezano racho pasi, wovepo pakutongwa kwenyaya. Dare Repamusorosoro rakaita kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu anoshanda kuti dare rikwanise kuzvigutsa kuti kusunungurwa kwenyaya kwakaitwa richiziva, uye mupomerwi asipo anoita kuti chibvumirano chive nyore kurwisa gare gare, kusanganisira nemupomerwi. Zvinobvumiranwa mufaira pakutongwa kwenyaya dzemhosva ndizvo zvinogona kushandiswa nedare.
Kubatsira kwatingaita
Tinopa mazano kune vanofungirwa kuti vapihwe chibvumirano chemaitiro ekuti chii chakakosha, tinotaurirana nePublic Prosecution Service, uye tinoona kuti kuregererwa kwemhosva uye mazano ari shure kwayo zvakanyorwa kuitira kuti dare rigone kuvaongorora. Isu tinoshandawo kune vakashungurudzwa vane zvido zvavo zvinokanganiswa nechibvumirano chakadaro. Ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kutibata kuti tikurukure nyaya yako.
Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa
Ndezvipi zvigadzikiso zvemutemo zviripo kana mutongi akatsauka kubva muchibvumirano chemaitiro?
Kana mutongi akasarudza kusatevedzera zviri muchibvumirano chemaitiro, munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva pamwe nePublic Prosecution Service vanogona kushandisa nzira dzepamutemo dzakajairwa. Vanogona kukwidza nyaya vachipikisa mutongo wedare redunhu pasi peChikamu 404 Sv uye, vachipikisa mutongo wedare repamusoro, kuendesa nyaya yacho kuDare Repamusorosoro pasi peChikamu 427 Sv, mukati menguva yakatarwa neChikamu 432 Sv. Munguva yekukwidza nyaya uku, mapato anogona kutaura kuti mutongi haana kufunga zvakanaka nezvechibvumirano kana kuti haana kupa chikonzero chakakwana chekutsauka.
Munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva anogona kuramba chibvumirano chemaitiro chinokanganisa zvido zvake here?
Vakabatwa nemhosva havana kodzero yekudzivisa chibvumirano chemaitiro. Zvisinei, Public Prosecution Service inosungirwa nemutemo kuti iongorore zvido zvemunhu anenge abatwa nemhosva panguva yekutaurirana. Vakabatwa nemhosva vanogona kushandisa kodzero yavo yekutaura mudare, kubatana semunhu akakuvara kuti vape mari yekuripa, uye kuwana mafaira enyaya. Kana kupomerwa mhosva kukanzura mhosva sechikamu chechibvumirano, munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva anogona kuendesa kunyunyuta pasi peChinyorwa 12 WvSv kuDare Repamusorosoro.
Ndezvipi zvinozoitika kana chinodiwa chekuzvipira chikatyorwa?
Kana mutongi akaona kuti munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva haana kubvuma nekuzvidira uye achiziva zviri mumutemo, kana kuti haana rubatsiro rwakakwana rwemutemo, chibvumirano chemaitiro acho chinoonekwa sechisina basa. Mutongi haazoteereri chibvumirano zvachose, uye nyaya yemhosva ichaenderera mberi pasi pemitemo yemaitiro, ichivimbisa kuti munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva anoramba aine kodzero dzake dzese dzekudzivirira.
Mutongi anogona here kudzima chibvumirano chemaitiro enyaya yake ega?
Ehe. Mutongi wedare ane basa rakazvimirira rekuona kuti nyaya dzacho dzasangana nezvinodiwa zvekutongwa kwakarurama. Mutongi anofanira kuongorora ex officio kana chibvumirano chemaitiro chakaitwa nekuzvidira uye negweta rakakodzera. Kana izvi zvikasazadzikiswa, mutongi anogona uye anofanira kushayisa chibvumirano simba pasina kumirira chikumbiro kubva kumapato.
VePublic Prosecution Service vanoratidza sei kuti rubatsiro rwepamutemo rwakapihwa?
VePublic Prosecution Service vanogona kudzivirira zvichemo zvemagweta asina kukwana nekupa magwaro akajeka. Izvi zvinosanganisira kunyora mishumo yepamutemo yemapurisa (proces-verbalen), kushevedzwa, kunyorerana tsamba neLegal Aid Board, uye zvinyorwa zvine ruzivo zvinoratidza kuedza kuri kuita kuti munhu ari kupomerwa aziviswe nezvekodzero dzake uye apiwe gweta.
Chibvumirano chemaitiro chingaramba chichishanda zvishoma here kana chimwe chikamu chikasashanda?
Dare rinoongorora chibvumirano chose. Kana chimwe chinhu chisingazadzise zvinodiwa, semuenzaniso nekuda kwekuti hapana chakaitwa neruzivo rwakazara nezvemhedzisiro yacho, dare rinogona kusiya chinhu ichocho kunze kwenyaya asi richitora zvimwe zvasara, chero bedzi zvikamu zvacho zvichigona kupatsanurwa. Kana zvisingakwanise, chibvumirano chinoregeredzwa zvachose uye nyaya yacho inoenderera mberi pasi pemitemo yakajairika.
Chii chinonzi chibvumirano chemaitiro mumutemo wemhosva weDutch?
Isungano iri pakati pePublic Prosecution Service negweta rekudzivirira, semuenzaniso nezvekupfupisa kupomerwa mhosva kana kugadzira chikumbiro chemutongo une mwero, vachichinjana nekudzivirira kusiya matanho akatarwa ekuita zvinhu. Dare harisungirwe nazvo.
Pane mutemo chaiwo unodzora zvibvumirano zvemaitiro here?
Mutemo wakajeka wepamutemo wakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Mutemo wega wakanyorwa unobata hurongwa hwevapupuri vehumambo muZvikamu 226g uye zvinotevera zveMutemo weMaitiro Emhosva, umo munhu anenge apomerwa mhosva anopupura achitsinhana nechikumbiro chemutongo wakaderera, zvichitevera kuongororwa kwemutemo nemutongi anoongorora.
Zvibvumirano zvemaitiro asina gadziriro yezvapupu zvichiri kubvumidzwa here?
Ehe. Kunyangwe pasina hwaro hwepamutemo muMutemo weMaitiro Emhosva hwezvibvumirano zvakakura zvemaitiro zvisingasanganisire munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye chapupu, kusavapo kwemutemo wakanyorwa hakuiti kuti zvisabvumidzwe, uye matare eDutch akagadzira hurongwa hwekuzvigamuchira.
Ndeupi mutongo weDare Repamusoro wakaisa hurongwa hwezvibvumirano zvemaitiro?
Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch rakapa hurongwa hwekuongorora hwakakwana hwezvibvumirano zvemaitiro mukutonga kwaro HR 2022:1252.
