Vachuchisi pavanoedza kubvisa mhosva dzakakomba dzakarongwa, vanowanzo sangana nemadziro ekunyarara. Zvapupu zvinoramba kutaura, humbowo hunoshomeka, uye vanhu vakakosha vanoita sevasingabatwi. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, Public Prosecution Service (Openbaar Ministerie, OM) inogona kushandisa chishandiso chine simba: chapupu chekorona - munhu anoda kupupura kubva mukati kuti aderedzwe mutongo wake. Asi hurongwa uhwu hunoshanda sei chaizvo, uye hune njodzi dzipi dzahunotakura?

Chii chinonzi Chapupu cheCrown?

Chapupu chekorona (kroongetuige) munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva munyaya yemhosva anoda kupa mhosva kune vamwe vanhu vanopomerwa mhosva, achitsinhana nechisungo chakaitwa neOM. Chisungo ichocho chinowanzo sanganisira kudzikiswa kwemutongo, asi mune dzimwe nguva chinogonawo kusanganisira kuregererwa kana chapupu chacho chatowanikwa nemhosva.

Sisitimu iyi yakachengeterwa mhosva dzakakomba dzakarongwa: kuuraya vanhu vachishandisa zvibvumirano, kutengesa zvinodhaka zvakanyanya, nedzimwe mhosva dzakakomba dzinoitwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akarongwa. Haimboshandiswi kumhosva diki - mwero wacho wakagadzirwa nemaune.

Sisitimu yeuchapupu hwekorona chishandiso chine simba asi chinokakavadzana zvikuru. Muchokwadi, inoshandiswa chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana.

Hwaro hweMutemo: Zvinyorwa 226g–226l zveMutemo weMaitiro Emhosva

Mutemo uyu wakanyorwa muDutch Code of Criminal Procedure (Wetboek van Strafvordering, WvSv). Mitemo mikuru ndeiyi inotevera:

Chibvumirano (Art. 226g WvSv)

Muchuchisi wehurumende anogona kupinda muchibvumirano chakanyorwa nemunhu ari kupomerwa mhosva anoda kupupura. Chibvumirano ichocho chinotsanangura: chokwadi chichapihwa humbowo nechapupu, mamiriro anofanira kuzadzisa chapupu chehumambo, uye zviri muchibvumirano (chiito chemuchuchisi). Zvese zvinofanirwa kunyorwa pasi — zvibvumirano zvemuromo hazvitenderwe.

Ongororo yakaitwa neMutongi weDare reKuongorora (Art. 226h WvSv)

Mutongi wedare anoongorora (rechter-commissaris) anoita basa guru. Haangotarisi chete kuti chibvumirano chiri pamutemo here, asiwo zvakajeka kuenzana kwacho uye kuenzana kwacho: chibvumirano nechapupu chekorona chinodiwa here, uye kuderedzwa kwemutongo kwakavimbiswa kune hukama hwakakodzera nekushandira pamwe kwakapihwa here? Pamusoro pezvo, mutongi anoongorora anoongorora kuvimbika kwechapupu chekorona pachake (Art. 226h WvSv). Chinokosha ndechekuti, kudzivirira kune kodzero pasi pemutemo iwoyo yekuburitsa pachena mabhenefiti ese anopiwa chapupu chekorona - kusanganisira zvibvumirano zvisina kurongeka - uye kunofanirwa kupihwa mukana wekuapikisa. Chete mushure memutongo wakanaka ndipo chibvumirano chinova chekupedzisira. Kana mutongi anoongorora akatonga zvinopesana nechibvumirano, OM anogona kukwidza nyaya kudare (Art. 226i WvSv).

Dziviriro (Art. 226l WvSv)

Munhu wese anoshanda sechapupu chekorona anotarisana nenjodzi huru dzekuchengetedza. mutemo saka inopa matanho ekudzivirira. Kuitwa kwavo kunoitwa pasi pebasa reGurukota rezveMutemo neKuchengetedzwa, zvichibva pakuongorora njodzi. Matanho anogona kusanganisira kuvanza kuzivikanwa, kudzivirirwa panyama, kana kutotamiswa. Dziviriro inogonawo kusvika kumhuri neshamwari dzepedyo.

Kudzivirirwa kweChapupu Munyaya Dzisina Kuzivikanwa (Art. 226a–226f WvSv)

Pamwe chete nehurongwa hwevapupuri vehumambo, pane hurongwa hwakasiyana huripo hwevapupuri vari kutyisidzirwa. Mutongi wedare repamusoro anogona kusarudza kuti humbowo hwechapupu hurambe hwakavanzika, kuti munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva kana gweta rake risapinde mudare, uye kuti magwaro emutemo asazivikanwe. Aya matanho makuru anokanganisa kodzero dzevadziviriri uye anoshandiswa nekungwarira kukuru.

Maitiro Acho Anoshanda Sei, Danho Nedanho?

• OM inoratidza munhu anofungidzirwa kuti anoda kupupura achipikisa vamwe vake.
• Hurukuro dzinoitwa. Munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye ari kubatsirwa negweta panguva yese.
• Chibvumirano chinonyorwa mugwaro repamutemo.
• Mutongi anoongorora anoongorora pamutemo, kuenzana, kuenderana kwenyaya, uye kuvimbika kwechapupu.
• Kana zvabvumidzwa, chapupu chekorona chinopa zvachinotaura.
• Dare redzimhosva rinoongorora huremu hweuchapupu hwemashoko ari mukutongwa kukuru.
• Kana awanikwa aine mhosva, mutongo wakatarwa unoshandiswa.

Mutemo weNyaya Unotii?

Dutch kesi mutemo inogara iripo uye inoda simba kana zvasvika pakushandiswa kwehurongwa hwehufakazi hwekorona. Pfungwa huru kubva mumutemo wechangobva kuitwa dzinosanganisira:

Kuvimbika ndiko kwakakosha

Mutongi wedare anoongorora nyaya iyi nemutongi vanofanira kunyatsoongorora kuvimbika kwechapupu chekorona. Chikonzero chacho chiri pachena: chapupu chekorona chine chido chekutaura zvinhu zvinopa mhosva. Saka matare anoda kuongororwa kwakanyatsofungwa (pakati pezvimwe zvinhu ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:775 uye ECLI:NL:PHR:2023:1002).

Kusimbisa Uchapupu Kwakakosha

Mashoko echapupu chekorona haambovi ehumbowo hwega. Panofanira kugara paine humwe humbowo hunohutsigira. Ichi chinodiwa chose chinodzivirira kubva pamashoko asina musoro kana enhema (ECLI:NL:PHR:2023:1002; ECLI:NL:GHARL:2025:586).

Kodzero dzeDziviriro

Dziviriro inofanira kupihwa mukana wakakwana wekupikisa kuvimbika kwechapupu chekorona. Mabhenefiti ese anogamuchirwa nechapupu - kusanganisira zvibvumirano zvisiri pamutemo - anofanirwa kuyerwa nedare. Kujeka hakusi kungodiwa kwemutemo chete; chinodiwa kuti kutongwa kwakarurama kuitwe.

Kubviswa kweUchapupu Zvichipesana neKusagamuchirwa kweMuchuchisi

Kana paine kusarongeka kwakakomba kwemitemo — sekunyimwa ruzivo kana kushandiswa kweuchapupu nechapupu chekorona — kusawanikwa kweuchapupu kunogona kutevera. Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch rakasimbisa izvi munguva pfupi yapfuura: kusawanikwa kweuchapupu ndiyo nzira yakakodzera yekugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvakakomba zvemitemo, kunyangwe zvikanganiso izvozvo zvichibva pakuita kwechapupu chekorona pachavo (ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:776). Zvisinei, kuziviswa kwekusagamuchirwa (niet-ontvankelijkheid) kweOM chirango chakasiyana zvachose uye chakaoma, chinoshanda chete kana paine kutyorwa kusingagadzirisiki kwekodzero yekutongwa kwakarurama — chiyero chakaiswa nemaune (ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:777; ECLI:NL:PHR:2023:604). Musiyano uyu unokosha zvikuru mukushanda: kusawanikwa kweuchapupu kunoshayisa simba chinzvimbo cheuchapupu hwemuchuchisi asi kunosiya kupomerwa kwacho kusina dambudziko; kusagamuchirwa kunogumisa nyaya yacho zvachose.

Matare anonyatsoziva nezvekunzwa kwemutemo uyu. Unoshandiswa nekungwarira kukuru - uye izvozvo isarudzo yepamutemo yakarongwa nemaune.

Njodzi uye Kutsoropodzwa kweSisitimu

Hurongwa hwehupupuri hwehumambo hahuna kupikiswa zvachose. Vatsoropodzi vanoti kune njodzi dzakawanda huru:

• Mashoko enhema: chapupu chekorona chine chido chekutaura mashoko anomupomera mhosva, pasinei nekuti ndeechokwadi here.
• Kuparara kwekuvimba nehurongwa hwekutonga mhosva: kana 'zvibvumirano' zvikaitwa nematsotsi, izvi zvinogona kuisa kodzero yekutongwa kwakarurama pasi pekumanikidzwa.
• Njodzi dzekuchengetedza: nekuti korona inopupura pachayo, pamwe chete neavo vakavapoteredza.
• Kushandiswa kwehumbowo hunoratidza kuti hwakabva kupi munyaya dzezvemitemo nedzehurumende.

Dare reparamende nematare edzimhosva vanobvuma zvizere njodzi idzi. Ndosaka mitemo yekudzivirira nyaya yacho yakasimba: magwaro akanyorwa, ongororo yedare, zvinodiwa kuti nyaya yacho isimbiswe, uye kodzero yekudzivirira kuti munhu apindure zvakakwana.

Migumisiro Yakakura: Mutemo weKutonga neMutemo weVanhu

Kutonga Matanho

Chirevo chemupupuri wekorona chinogona kuva nemigumisiro kunze kwekutongwa kwemhosva. Semuenzaniso, meya anogona kuvhara nzvimbo pasi peChikamu 13b cheOpium Act kana chirevo chacho chikabatsira pakupa humbowo hwezviito zvine chekuita nezvinodhaka. Chirevo chakadaro chekuvharwa kwemhosva chinogona kupikiswa kuburikidza nemhinduro dzemutemo wekutonga: kuramba, kukwidza nyaya kudare rekutonga, uye chikumbiro cherubatsiro rwechinguvana. Dare rekutonga rinoshandisa bvunzo yakasimba yekuenzana uye kururamisira.

Mhosva yeVanhu

Mapato echitatu — sevaridzi vedzimba — anogonawo kusangana nemigumisiro yakakura nekuda kwechirevo chemupupuri wekorona. Kana chirevo chikabatsira pakupa humbowo hwekuita zvisiri pamutemo (Art. 6:162 yeDutch Civil Code), dare redzimhosva rinogona kuwana mhosva. Chinodiwa chakakosha chinoshanda pano: matare edzimhosva needzimhosva anogara achiongorora kuvimbika kwechirevo chemupupuri wekorona akazvimiririra uye achitsoropodza. Chirevo chakadaro chine humbowo hweuchapupu chete pamwe chete nehumwe humbowo — hazvimbokwani kuti zvisimbise kuwanikwa kwemhosva kana kusateerera mutemo (ECLI:NL:GHARL:2025:365). Kutongwa kwemhosva kunoratidza humbowo hwechokwadi chakawanikwa mumutongo iwoyo; chirevo chemupupuri wekorona kunze kwemutongo iwoyo chinomira chisina kusimba chakazvimiririra. Izvi zvinoreva kuti dare rinofanira, pane imwe neimwe nguva, kuongororazve kuvimbika nemamiriro ezvinhu ayo chirevo chakaitwa.

mhedziso

Sisitimu yehufakazi hwekorona chishandiso chinodiwa asi chinopikiswa mukurwisa mhosva dzakarongwa. Inopa vachuchisi nzira yekuputsa rusvingo rwerunyararo, asi chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara uye achitarisirwa zvakanyanya nematare edzimhosva.

Dare reparamende rakasarudza nemaune hurongwa hwakarongeka, hwakarongwa: zvibvumirano zvakanyorwa, kuongororwa kwakazvimirira nedare rinoongorora, chinodiwa chekusimbisa, uye nzvimbo yakakwana yekudzivirira. Izvozvo hazvisi zvehurumende - ndiyo nzira yakakodzera.

Kune chero ani zvake anobatanidzwa munyaya iyo chapupu chehumambo chinotamba basa - kungave semunhu anofungidzirwa, mumwe munhu anofungidzirwa, muridzi wemba, kana chimwe chinhu - rubatsiro rwezvemitemo runokosha. Migumisiro yepamutemo inogona kubva pakutongwa kwemhosva kusvika kumatanho ekutonga uye mhosva yevanhu.

Uri kubatanidzwa munyaya iyo chapupu chekorona chinoita basa, kana kuti unoda kuziva zvakawanda nezvenzvimbo yako yepamutemo mukuferefeta mhosva? Bata nesu Law & More kuti uwane mazano ehunyanzvi uye emunhu pachake panyaya dzemutemo.

Manyuko Emutemo

Art. 226g–226l Kodhi yeMaitiro Emhosva (WvSv)

Chinyorwa 226a–226f WvSv (zvapupu zvakatyisidzirwa)

Mutemo weOpium weChikamu 13b | Chikamu 6:162 Dutch Civil Code (BW)

Chirevo pamusoro peChapupu Dziviriro (Besluit getuigenbescherming)

ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:775 | ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:776 | ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:777

ECLI:NL:PHR:2023:1002 | ECLI:NL:PHR:2023:604 | ECLI:NL:HR:2023:1549

ECLI:NL:GHARL:2025:586 | ECLI:NL:GHARL:2025:533 | ECLI:NL:GHARL:2025:365 | ECLI:NL:GHARL:2023:860