Maitiro eCBR mushure mekuyedzwa doro: matanho, kuramba uye kukwidza nyaya

Maitiro ekutonga eCBR mushure mekuyedzwa doro inzira yakasiyana, yekutonga umo Central Office for Motor Vehicle Driver Testing (Central Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen, CBR) inoongorora kana uchiri kukwanisa kutyaira. Inoshanda pamwe chete nechero nyaya yemhosva uye inogona kutungamira kuchiyero chedzidzo, kuferefetwa kwekukwanisa kwako kutyaira, kumiswa kwerezenisi yako uye, pakupedzisira, kuzivisa kuti rezinesi rako harisi kushanda. Kuramba CBR nekukwidza nyaya kudare rekutonga zvakavhurika kwauri, mune zvese zviri zviviri mukati memavhiki matanhatu.

Chinyorwa chino chinotevera nzira yekutonga kubva pakuzivisa kwemapurisa kusvika pamutongo wekupedzisira, uye chinoratidza kuti nzvimbo chaiyo yekudzivirira iri papi. Hachibate nyaya yemhosva inounzwa nePublic Prosecution Service, kana nekutorwa kwerezinesi pakarepo padivi pemugwagwa; izvo zvinofukidzwa muzvinyorwa zvedu pamusoro pedoro nerezinesi rako rekutyaira uye pamusoro pekukwidza nyaya yekutorwa kwerezinesi rako rekutyaira.

Nzira yeCBR nenyaya yemhosva maitiro maviri akasiyana

Kuedzwa kamwe chete kwedoro kunogona kuita kuti nzira mbiri dzifambe panguva imwe chete, uye hadzimiririrane. Public Prosecution Service inosarudza kana ichifanira kupomera mhosva yekutyaira yakadhakwa pasi pechikamu 8 cheMutemo weRoad Traffic Act 1994 (Wegenverkeerswet 1994, WVW 1994); chirango chacho chingasanganisira faindi, gwaro rebasa remunharaunda uye kusabvumidzwa kutyaira. CBR inoita chimwe chinhu chakasiyana: isangano rekutonga rine basa rekuchengetedza mugwagwa uye rinobvunza chete kana uchiri kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekugona kutyaira uye kugwinya kutyaira. Mhosva haisi nyaya yayo.

Migumisiro inoshanda yekuparadzana ikoko inowanzo shorwa. Kusunungurwa munyaya yemhosva hakuchinji mutemo weCBR, kurambwa kwemhosva hakudzose rezenisi yako, uye chokwadi chekuti watobhadhara faindi hachisi chikanganiso pamberi peCBR. Uye hachisi chirango chakapetwa kaviri pamutemo: chiyero chekutonga chakanangana nekuchengetedzwa kwemugwagwa hachisi chirango chemhosva. Nzira mbiri idzi dzinewo humbowo hwakasiyana uye nguva dzakasiyana dzekupedzisira, ndosaka imwe neimwe ichida mhinduro yayo.

Hwaro hwepamutemo hwemasimba eCBR

CBR inowana simba rayo kubva kuMutemo weRoad Traffic Act wa1994 uye kubva kuMutemo wezviyero zvekugona kutyaira uye kugwinya 2011 (Regeling maatregelen rijvaardigheid en geschiktheid 2011), uyo unoshandura kuverenga doro kuita zviyero zvakananga. Mitemo mina ine maitiro acho.

• Chinyorwa 130 Hondo Yenyika II 1994 - mapurisa anozivisa CBR kana chokwadi kana mamiriro ezvinhu achiratidza kuti muridzi wemotokari haachakwanisi kutyaira kana kusimba, uye muridzi wemotokari angangoda kuendesa rezinesi rekutyaira.
• Chinyorwa 131 Hondo Yenyika II 1994 - zvichibva pakuzivisa ikoko, CBR inosarudza kuisa danho redzidzo kana kuraira kuferefetwa kwekugona kutyaira kana kusimba kwemuviri, uye inogona kumisa kushanda kwerezinesi kwenguva yese yemaitiro acho.
• Chinyorwa 132 Hondo Yenyika II 1994 - munhu ane chekuita nemutemo uyu anofanira kushandira pamwe nemutemo wakatarwa uye kubhadhara mari yacho; kukundikana kuita izvi kunoita kuti rezenisi rinzi harina basa.
• Chinyorwa 134 Hondo Yenyika II 1994 - mushure mekuferefeta, CBR inotora sarudzo uye inofanira kuzivisa kuti rezinesi harina kushanda kana zvinodiwa pakugwinya zvisina kuzadzikiswa.

Chinyorwa 164 WVW 1994 chinoenderana nehurongwa uhu: chinobvumira mapurisa kuti akumbire kuti rezinesi ridzoserwe pakarepo parutivi pemugwagwa apo kurambidzwa kutyaira kuri mukana wakakomba. Kutorwa ikoko ndekwenzira yematsotsi, kunyangwe chiitiko chimwe chete ichi chichikonzera chiziviso cheCBR.

Kubva pakuzivisa kwemapurisa kusvika kusarudzo yeCBR, nhanho nhanho

Maitiro ekutonga anotevera kurongeka kwakatarwa. Kuziva kuti uri papi murongeka iwoyo kunosarudza zvaunogona kuita, nekuti danho rega rega rine nguva yaro yekupedzisira uye sarudzo yaro inogona kupikiswa.

Chiziviso chemapurisa

Mushure mekuongororwa mweya kana ropa kupfuura muganho, mapurisa anogadzira mushumo wepamutemo uye anotumira chiziviso kuCBR pasi pechinyorwa 130 WVW 1994. Muganho wepamutemo i0.5 pa mille, kana 220 micrograms yedoro pa litre yemhepo inoburitswa; kune vatyairi vatsva, zvichireva kuti vane rezinesi kwemakore asingasviki mashanu kana makore manomwe kune avo vakariwana pamakore gumi nemanomwe, muganho i0.2 pa mille kana 88 micrograms. Chiziviso chacho ndechekutonga uye chinotumirwa zvisinei nekuti Public Prosecution Service inosarudza here kupomera mhosva.

Kuongororwa kweCBR

CBR inoongorora zvichibva pamushumo wepamutemo kana paine fungidziro ine chikonzero chekusakwana kwemuviri kana kugona kutyaira. Haiiti ongororo yayo pachayo yechokwadi panguva ino uye haitangi yanzwa iwe. Mhedzisiro yacho chisarudzo chakanyorwa chichitaura kuti ndechipi chinotorwa, uye chisarudzo ichocho ndicho chinotanga kupera nguva yekupikisa kwemavhiki matanhatu.

Chiyero uye kumisa

Pasi pechinyorwa 131 WVW 1994, CBR inoisa chiyero chedzidzo kana kuraira kuferefetwa. Kana kuferefetwa kwekugwinya kwemotokari kwarairwa, CBR inowanzo misa kushanda kwerezinesi nekukasika, kuitira kuti usatyaira kubva panguva yawapihwa sarudzo. Kutyaira motokari panguva yekumisikidzwa imhosva yakasiyana uye ine migumisiro yayo.

Kuita chiyero

Unofanira kunyoresa mukati menguva yakatarwa muchisarudzo, kupinda musangano uye kubhadhara mari, iyo yakatarwa neCBR uye inobhadharwa pachine nguva nemutyairi. Kuferefeta kwehutano kunosanganisira kubvunzurudzwa nachiremba wepfungwa uye kuongororwa kwechiremba, kusanganisira kuongororwa kweropa kunoratidza kushandisa doro kwenguva refu. Kudaidzwa kusingateererwi kunoonekwa sekuramba kushandira pamwe.

Sarudzo mushure mekuferefeta

Chikamu 134 WVW 1994 chinoda kuti CBR iite sarudzo nekukurumidza mushure mekuferefeta. Kana mushumo ukagumisa kuti hauna kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekugwinya, semuenzaniso nekuda kwekuongororwa kwekunwa doro zvisina kunaka kana kupindwa muropa, CBR inofanira kuzivisa kuti rezinesi harina basa. Hapana sarudzo panguva ino: chisungo chinobva kumutemo pachawo. Kana ukazadzisa zvinodiwa, kumiswa kwemutemo kunobviswa uye rezinesi rinoramba riri kushanda.

Ndeipi chiyero chinotevera kubva pakuverenga kupi

Mutemo wezviyero zvekugona kutyaira uye kugwinya 2011 unobatanidza chiyero ichi nekuverenga doro uye kana uri mutyairi mutsva. Ichi ndicho chikamu chakakosha chemaitiro uye chikamu icho vatengi vanowanzo nzwisisa, nekuti zvipimo hazvina kufanana nezviri mukutongwa kwemhosva.

• Chiyero chedzidzo chakareruka pamusoro pedoro nemotokari (LEMA) - kune mutyairi ane ruzivo pakuverenga kubva ku350 micrograms per litre, kana 0.8 pa mille, asi pasi pe 435 microgrammes; kune mutyairi wekutanga kubva ku220 microgrammes, kana 0.5 pa mille, asi pasi pe350 microgrammes.
• Chiyero chedzidzo pamusoro pedoro nekufamba kwemotokari (EMA) – kune mutyairi ane ruzivo rwakakura pachiyero che435 micrograms pa litre, kana 1.0 pa mille, asi pasi pe785 micrograms; kune mutyairi mutsva kubva pa350 micrograms, kana 0.8 pa mille, asi pasi pe570 micrograms. Kuramba bvunzo yekufema kunoitawo kuti munhu awane EMA.
• Kuferefeta nezvekugwinya kwekutyaira – kune mutyairi ane ruzivo kubva pa785 micrograms pa litre, kana 1.8 pa mille; kune mutyairi mutsva kubva pa570 micrograms, kana 1.3 pa mille. Kudzokorora zviitiko mukati menguva yakatarwa uye kusanganiswa kwedoro nezvimwe zviitiko kunogonawo kutungamira mukuferefeta.

Chiyero chedzidzo inzira kwete chirango, uye kuchipedza kunogumisa nyaya yacho; kukundikana kuenda hakugumisi. Kuferefeta ndiyo nzira yakaomesesa, nekuti kunogona kuguma nekunzi rezenisi harina basa. CBR inogadza uye inoburitsa mari yezvose zviri zviviri, uye mutyairi anovabhadhara.

Chii chinoitika kana ukasabatsirana

Chinyorwa 132 WVW 1994 chinokumanikidza kuti ubatane nemutemo wakaiswa uye kuti ubhadhare mari dzawo. Kana ukasanyoresa nenguva, ukasauya, ukasabhadhara, kana kukanganisa kuferefeta, CBR inozivisa kuti rezinesi harina basa pasina kuongorora hutano hwako hwechokwadi. Uyu ndiwo mhedzisiro inogona kudzivirirwa mumaitiro ese uye zvakare ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa: nguva yekupedzisira inorasika nekuti tsamba yakaenda kukero yekare kana kuti yakasiyiwa padivi panguva yemhosva.

Kuzivisa kusashanda kwemutemo chisarudzo chayo chega uye chinogona kupikiswa, asi zvikonzero zvinobva zvangogumira pakuti CBR yaive nekodzero here yekugumisa kuti wakundikana kushandira pamwe. Kupokana mushure mezvo kuti waive wakakodzera kutyaira hakubatsiri. Kana chimwe chinhu chakakutadzisa zvechokwadi kuenda, zvakaita sechirwere chakanyorwa kana kuti kushevedzwa kusina kumbosvika kwauri, taura izvozvo nekunyora nguva isati yasvika pane kuti ipere mushure mezvo.

Kuramba, kukwidza nyaya uye kuregererwa kwenguva pfupi

Chisarudzo chega chega cheCBR chisarudzo chekutonga mukati mezvinorehwa neGeneral Administrative Law Act (Algemene wet bestuursrecht, Awb), saka nzira dzekugadzirisa nyaya dzinoshandiswa. Nguva dzekupedzisira dzakaoma: kuramba kana kukwidza nyaya kunonoka kwezuva rimwe chete hazvibvumirwi kunze kwekunge kunonoka kwacho kuchiregererwa.

Kuramba CBR

Munoisa chiziviso chakanyorwa chekuramba kuCBR mukati memavhiki matanhatu kubva pazuva ratumirwa sarudzo, pasi pechinyorwa 6:7 Awb verengai pamwe nechinyorwa 7:1 Awb. Taurai kuti chisarudzo chipi chamuri kupikisa, nei chisina kururama uye chamunoda panzvimbo pezvo. Kana musingakwanise kutsigira chirambidzo, isai chiziviso chenguva pfupi mukati menguva yakatarwa uye kumbirai nguva yekuchipedzisa. Mune kodzero yekunzwiwa musati maita chisarudzo chekuramba, uye pasi pechinyorwa 7:4 Awb munogona kuongorora faira, kusanganisira mushumo wepamutemo, kanenge vhiki imwe chete musati manzwa nyaya.

Zviyero zvinorema ndezvechokwadi: kuverenga kwakanyorwa zvisirizvo kana kuti mudziyo wekuyera hauna kuenzaniswa zvakanaka, chiziviso hachina chekuita newe, CBR yakashandisa chikamu chisina kunaka chekuyera pakuverenga, kuferefeta hakuna kutevedzera protocol yakatarwa, kana kuti mushumo wechiremba wepfungwa hauenderane mukati. CBR inoongororazve nyaya yacho zvizere asi inoramba yakasungwa nemitemo imwecheteyo.

Kukwidza nyaya kudare redunhu

Kana chirambidzo chikarambwa, unogona kukwidza nyaya yako kudare redunhu mukati memavhiki matanhatu pasi pechinyorwa 8:1 Awb. Mari dzedare dzinobhadharwa uye dzinoiswa gore rega rega nemutemo. Dare rinoongorora kana chokwadi chakasimbiswa nemazvo, kana zvirevo zvakarurama zvakashandiswa, kana sarudzo yacho yakavakirwa pazvikonzero zvakakwana, uye kana CBR yakatevedzera mitemo yekudzivirira. Haitsivi kutonga kwayo pahutano hwako nehwenyanzvi dzezvekurapa, ndosaka dziviriro inongovimba chete nekusabvumirana nechirwere isingawanzobudirira.

Kukwidza nyaya kuDare reHurumende

Chero bato ripi zvaro rinogona kukwidza nyaya iyi richipikisa mutongo wedare redunhu kuDare reHurumende (Administrative Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State) mukati memavhiki matanhatu. Ndiyo dare repamusoro-soro rekutonga panyaya idzi, uye mutemo waro wenyaya ndiwo unosarudza kuti CBR inoshandisa sei Mutemo uyu.

Rubatsiro rwechinguvana panguva iyo nzira yacho ichiitwa

Kupikisa kana kukwidza nyaya hakumisi chisarudzo cheCBR, saka kumiswa kana kusabvumidzwa kunoramba kuchishanda. Pasi pechinyorwa 8:81 Awb unogona kukumbira mutongi werubatsiro rwechinguvana kuti amise chisarudzo, chero bedzi paine chipikiso chakakosha kana kukwidza nyaya kuchimirira. Mamiriro maviri anofanira kuzadzikiswa: kufarira kwekukurumidzira uye mukana wakakura wekubudirira mukutongwa kukuru. Munyaya dzedoro, mamiriro echipiri ndiwo chipingamupinyi, nekuti mitemo iri pasi apa inoita kuti CBR isasarudze zvakanyanya; chikumbiro chacho chinoshanda zvakanyanya kana paine chikanganiso chinoratidzwa.

Kuenzana uye miganhu yekuenzana kwezvido

Chinyorwa 3:4 ndima 2 Awb inotaura kuti migumisiro yakaipa yechisarudzo inogona kunge isingaenderane nechinangwa chayo, pano kuchengetedzeka kwemugwagwa. Mundima iyi, paramende yakaita ongororo iyoyo pachine nguva nekunyora kuti ndeipi nzira inotevera kubva pakuverenga kupi, saka CBR haina nzvimbo yakawanda yasara. Dare rekutonga rinopindira chete kana kushandiswa kwemutemo kunotungamira kumigumisiro iyo paramende isingakwanise kunge yakaronga mumamiriro ezvinhu aisina kutarisira. Kuvimba nerezenisi yebasa, matambudziko emari, mabasa ekutarisira uye kutakurwa kwevanhu zvisina kunaka, mumutemo wenyaya dzakagadziriswa, hazvina kukwana pachazvo.

Muripo wesarudzo isiri pamutemo

Kana chisarudzo cheCBR chikabviswa nekuti chaive chisiri pamutemo, muripo wekurasikirwa kwakakonzerwa nawo unogona kukumbirwa. Chikumbiro chinotanga chaenda kuCBR; kana chikarambwa, dare rekutonga rinogona kukumbirwa kuti ripe muripo pasi pemitemo yemuripo weAwb. Zvinhu zvina zvinoshanda: chisarudzo chacho chaive chisiri pamutemo, kurasikirwa chaiko kwakaitika, pane hukama hwakakonzerwa nezvikonzero zviviri izvi, uye kurasikirwa kwacho kunogona kukonzerwa neCBR. Kurasikirwa nemari kunogona kudzoserwa, asi kunofanirwa kunyorwa pasi, uye mibairo muzviitiko izvi haiwanzoitiki.

Kupikisa mushumo wepamutemo wemapurisa

Mukutonga, CBR inogona kuvimba nekururama kwemushumo wepamutemo wakanyorwa nemupurisa ari pasi pemhiko, kana ichinyora zvayakaona mupurisa wacho. Saka, kupokana nazvo kunoda zvinopfuura kuramba: unofanira kugadzira zvinhu zvechokwadi, zvinosimbiswa zvinomutsa kusava nechokwadi kwechokwadi pamusoro pekururama kwawo, uye mutoro wekuita izvozvo uri pauri. Iyi nheyo yemutemo wekutonga ndiyo inoita kuti faira, kwete nyaya, ive yakakosha.

• Zvinyorwa zviri pamudziyo wekuongorora mweya, kunyanya kubvumidzwa kwawo uye zuva rekugadzirisa kwawo kwekupedzisira.
• Chinyorwa chekuyera pachacho, kusanganisira nguva yekumirira yakaonekwa bvunzo isati yaitwa uye kana bvunzo yechipiri yakatorwa.
• Chirevo chezvekurapa chinopa tsananguro yakasiyana yekuverenga kwacho, senge chirwere kana mushonga unochikanganisa.
• Mifananidzo yekamera, marekodhi enzwi kana zvirevo zvevapupuri zvinotsanangura mafambiro ezviitiko zvakasiyana.
• Mushumo wenyanzvi pamusoro pekukanganisa kwekuyera kana kududzirwa kwehuwandu hweropa hunoshandiswa mukuferefeta kwehutano.

Saka kukumbira faira pakutanga ndiyo imwe nhanho inobatsira zvikuru. Chinyorwa 7:4 Awb chinopa mukana wekuwana magwaro ari mugwara rekupikisa, uye chikamu 15 cheGeneral Data Protection Regulation chinokupa kodzero yekuwana ruzivo rwako pachako rwuri muCBR pamusoro pako. Zvichemo zvakawanda pamusoro pemaitiro emupurisa, pasina magwaro, hazvimbofi zvakabudirira.

Kudzoserwa rezinesi rako rekutyaira

Kuziviswa kwekusashanda hazvirevi kurambidzwa zvachose, asi zvinoreva kutangazve. Kana rezenisi ikanzi haishande nekuti wakatadza kushandira pamwe, rezenisi itsva inogona kukumbirwa kana zvikonzero zvepachivande zvisisipo, uye CBR inowanzoda kuti kuferefetwa kupedzwe. Kana rezenisi ikanzi haishande nekuda kwekugwinya mushure mekuonekwa kuti une doro rakawandisa kana kuti wakadhakwa, Mutemo wezvinodiwa pakugwinya 2000 (Regeling eisen geschiktheid 2000) unoda kuti munhu aratidze nguva yekurega kunwa doro asati aonekwa kuti akakodzera; mukuita izvozvo zvinoreva gore rinenge, zvichitsigirwa nehumbowo hwechiremba, zvichiteverwa neongororo itsva yekugwinya.

Zvimwe zvinhu zviviri zviri nyore kufuratira. Mari yekuferefeta kutsva, gwaro rehutano hwemuviri uye rezinesi idzva zvinotakurwa nemutyairi. Uye zvakasiyana zvachose neCBR track, rezinesi rinogona kusashanda nekushanda kwemutemo pasi pemutemo wekudzokorora mhosva muchikamu 123b WVW 1994 apo mutyairi anotongerwa mhosva kaviri mukati memakore mashanu ekutyaira aine doro rakawandisa, izvo zviri mugumisiro wemhosva usingaitwe neCBR.

Zvekuita mushure mekusarudza CBR

Ita chimwe chinhu pazuva riri mutsamba, kwete pazuva rawakavhura. Nyora pasi nguva yakatarwa yemavhiki matanhatu nekukasika, uye isa chikumbiro chekuramba kana uchida nguva yakawanda yekuunganidza humbowo. Nyorera chiyero chacho wobhadhara mukati menguva yakatarwa kunyangwe uchida kuramba, nekuti kusabatsirana kunoita kuti rezinesi rive risingashande pasinei nekuti chipingamupinyi chako chakakodzera here. Kumbira faira nekukasika, uye tarisa kuverenga, data remudziyo uye nguva yebvunzo uchienzanisa nemushumo.

Chengeta nzira mbiri idzi mumusoro mako zvakare: zvaunotaura munyaya yemhosva zviri mufaira uye zvinogona kushandiswa mukutonga. Pamusoro pezvose, usatyaira mota panguva yekumiswa kwemotokari. Kuongorora kamwe chete kunogumisa chero mukana wekuti zvinhu zviitike zvakanaka uye kunowedzera mhosva kufaira.

Law & More anobatsira vatyairi muCBR yese: kuongorora chiziviso nedanho rakatorwa, kukumbira nekuongorora faira, kupa zvipikiso nekukwidza nyaya kuCBR, dare redunhu neDare reHurumende, kukumbira rubatsiro rwechinguvana, uye kupa mazano ekudzoka kune rezinesi rinoshanda. Kana wakagamuchira tsamba kubva kuCBR mushure mekuongororwa doro, ndapota taura nesu kuitira kuti nguva yekupedzisira ichengetedzwe uye chinzvimbo chako chiongororwe.

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