Mutemo weDutch Bankruptcy: kubhuroka, kumiswa kwemutemo uye kugadzirisa zvikwereti

Mutemo weDutch Bankruptcy Act (Faillissementswet, kana Fw) unotsanangura maitiro makuru ekukundikana kubhadhara muNetherlands. Kukundikana kubhadhara (faillissement) chinhu chinobatanidza zvinhu zvese zvemukwereti kuti zvibatsire vese vanokweretesa: mutariri (mutariri) anowana pfuma uye anogovera mari yacho zvichienderana nehukuru. Kumiswa kwekubhadhara (surseance van betaling) kunopa kambani ine mukana wekugadzirisa kwenguva pfupi. Chirongwa chepamutemo chekugadzirisa zvikwereti zvevanhu (schuldsaneringsregeling natuurlijke personen, kana Wsnp) chinopera, kana mukwereti akazadzisa zvisungo, mukubvisirwa kwezvikwereti zvasara. Kubva 1 Ndira 2021, Mutemo uyu unewo nzira yechina yemabhizinesi: mubatanidzwa wakasimbiswa nedare kunze kwekubhuroka (WHOA).

Dare rinozivisa kuti mukwereti abhuroka kana mukwereti arega kubhadhara (chinyorwa 1 Fw). Mumutemo, izvi zvinoda kuti pave nevakweretesi vaviri, mumwe wavo ane chikumbiro chinofanira kubhadharwa uye chinofanira kubhadharwa. Muganho iwoyo wakaderera kupfuura zvinotarisirwa nevazhinji vane chikwereti. Chikumbiro chemukweretesi mumwe chete, chine chikumbiro chechipiri shure kwacho, saka injodzi chaiyo kwete yekufungidzira.

Kubhuroka kunorevei kwauri nevanokukweretesa?

Kubhuroka inzira inoshanda pamwe chete: midziyo yese yemukwereti inobatirwa panguva imwe chete kuti vabatsirwe vese vanokweretesa. Kunze kwekubhuroka, mukweretesi wega wega anogona kuedza kudzoreredza chikumbiro chake ega, achishandisa mitemo yeCode of Civil Procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvording, kana Rv). Nzira iyoyo haidiwi nguva dzose, nekuti vanokweretesa vanobva vakwikwidzana kuti vawane midziyo yakafanana.

Maitiro ekubatana anochengetedza nyaya dzakawanda dzedare dzakasiyana kuti vawane gwaro rekodzero uye kuti risimbiswe. Anogovanisawo midziyo yemukwereti zvakaenzana pakati pevanokweretesa. Nekudzorerwa kwemunhu mumwe nemumwe hapana kurongeka kwakadaro kwezvinzvimbo: mukweretesi anokurumidza anobhadharwa kutanga.

Chii chinoitika kana kubhuroka kwaziviswa?

Mukwereti anorasikirwa nekutonga kwepfuma nekukasika. Mutemo weKubhuroka une mitemo yakati wandei yemaitiro aya ekubatana. Kubva pazuva rekuzivisa, mukwereti anorasikirwa nesimba remutemo rekubvisa nekutarisira midziyo yepfuma yakabhuroka (chinyorwa 23 Fw). Vakweretesi havachakwanisi kusimbisa zvikumbiro zvavo vega vega: matanho ekumanikidza akatanga kubhuroka kusati kwapera panguva imwe chete (chinyorwa 33 Fw), uye zvisungo zvinopera.

Vanokweretesa vanobhadharwa sei?

Vakweretesi vanogona chete kudzosa zvichemo zvavo nekuzvitumira kuti zviongororwe (chinyorwa 26 Fw). Dare rinogadza mutariri wepfuma, ane basa rekutarisira nekudzima pfuma yakabhuroka kuti zvibatsire vakweretesi vemari pamwe chete (chinyorwa 68 Fw). Mutariri wepfuma anoongorora zvichemo zvinotumirwa uye, pakupera kwemaitiro, anogovera chero chibereko chepfuma zvichienderana nehurongwa hwezvichemo. Saka vakweretesi vakachengetedzwa uye vane rupo vanomira munzvimbo yakasimba kupfuura vakweretesi vepfuma vasina chichemo.

Ndirini paunogona kukumbira kuti mari yako imiswe?

Unogona kunyorera kana waona kuti hauzokwanisi kuramba uchibhadhara zvikwereti zvako (chinyorwa 214 Fw). Chinangwa chemaitiro aya chakasiyana nekubhuroka. Haisi kugovera midziyo yemukwereti, asi inoedza kuichengetedza. Kana bhizinesi richigona kubuda mudambudziko rekusabhuroka, rinofanira kuchengetedza midziyo yaro. Ndosaka kumiswa kwekubhadhara kuchiitirwa munhu ane chikwereti asati arega kubhadhara, asi anoona kuti izvi zvichaitika.

Chii chinochinja kana kumiswa kwekubhadhara?

Kana dare rikabvumidza kumiswa kwemutemo, munhu ane chikwereti haafanirwe kumanikidzwa kubhadhara zvikwereti zviri pasi pawo. Kutevedzwa kwemutemo kunomiswa uye zvinhu zviripo, zvese zvekudzivirira nekutonga, zvinopera. Pfungwa yacho ndeyekuti, nekumanikidzwa kwapera, pane mukana wekugadzirisa bhizinesi kana kusvika pakugadzirisana nevakweretesi.

Sei kumiswa kwekubhadhara kuchiwanzokundikana?

Dambudziko guru nderekuti kumiswa kwechikwereti hakusungirire munhu wese anokweretesa. Vakweretesi vane kodzero dzekuchengetedza, dzakadai sekodzero yekuvimbisa, mortgage kana kodzero yekuchengetedza, uye vanokweretesa vane chikumbiro chakanaka pazvinhu zvakati vanogona kuramba vachisimbisa kodzero dzavo. Chikumbiro chekumiswa kwekubhadhara chinogona kutyisidzira vanokweretesa ava uye kuvakurudzira kuti vakumbire kubhadharwa kana kutora chibatiso chavo. Pamusoro pezvo, maitiro acho anopa munhu ane chikwereti mukana mudiki wekugadzirisa vashandi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kumiswa kwekubhadhara kunowanzoguma nekubhuroka.

Kugadziriswazve kwechikwereti kunoshanda sei kuvanhu?

Chirongwa chekugadzirisa zvikwereti chepamutemo ndicho chiito chechitatu muMutemo uye chakafanana nekubhuroka, asi chinopera nekutanga patsva. Kambani inobhuroka inowanzo paradzwa kana kubhuroka kwapera, saka vanokweretesa vanosara vasina chikwereti chekutevera. Hazvisizvo kune munhu mumwe chete. Pasina chirongwa, vanokweretesa vanogona kutevera munhu wega kwehupenyu hwake hwese. Chirongwa chekugadzirisa zvikwereti chinogadzirisa izvi: mushure mekupedza kubudirira, anokweretesa anogona kutangazve nekubvisa mari.

Chii chinonzi clean slate?

Chikwereti chekubvisa chikwereti chinoreva kuti zvikwereti zvasara zvisina kubhadharwa zvinova zvisungo zvechisikigo (chinyorwa 358 Fw). Vakweretesi havachakwanisi kuzvisimbisa kuburikidza nematare, saka zvinongova zvisungo zvetsika chete. Kuti awane chisungo ichi chekubvisa chikwereti, mukweretesi anofanira kuita zvese zvinobvira panguva yechirongwa ichi kuti awane mari yakawanda sezvinobvira. Mari iyoyo nezvinhu zvemukweretesi zvinozoshandiswa zvakanyanya kune vanokweretesa, sekunge mukubhuroka.

Sei kutenda kwakanaka kuchikosha kudaro?

Dare rinongobvumidza munhu ane chikwereti kupinda muchirongwa ichi kana munhu ane chikwereti akaita nekutenda kwakanaka mumakore mashanu chikumbiro chisati chaitwa, maererano nemafambiro akaita zvikwereti kana kuti zvakasiyiwa zvisina kubhadharwa. Dare rinoongorora mamiriro ezvinhu akawanda, kusanganisira kana zvikwereti kana kukundikana kuzvibhadhara zvine mhosva uye kuti munhu ane chikwereti akaedza sei kubhadhara. Kutenda kwakanaka kunokoshawo panguva uye mushure mechirongwa ichi. Kana munhu ane chikwereti akasaita nekutenda kwakanaka panguva yechirongwa ichi, dare rinogona kuchigumisa nekukurumidza (chinyorwa 350 ndima 3 Fw). Kutenda kwakanaka pakupera kwechirongwa ichi zvakare chinodiwa kuti munhu abvumire, uye achengetedze, gwaro rakachena.

Pane sarudzo here kumabhizinesi asina kubhuroka?

Ehe. Kubva musi wa1 Ndira 2021, bhizinesi rinotarisana nekusakwanisa kubhadhara mari rinogona kupa vanokweretesa mari nevanogovana mari kunze kwekusakwanisa kubhadhara mari zviri pamutemo pasi peMutemo weDare reKusimbisa Mapurani Ekugadzirisa Zvinhu Zvisiri Zvepamutemo (Wet homologatie onderhands akkoord, kana WHOA). Kana dare rasimbisa mari yacho, rinosungawo vanokweretesa mari vakavhotera vachiramba. Chinangwa ndechekuchengetedza makambani anoshanda kuti asabhadhare mari. Kunyangwe WHOA, kumiswa kwemari yekubhadhara kana imwe nzira inokodzera bhizinesi rako zvinoenderana nevanokweretesa mari yako, gadziriro dzako dzekuchengetedza uye mamiriro ako emari.

Muchidimbu

Mutemo weKubhuroka une nzira dzekubvisa mari uye nzira dzekuchengetedza:

• Kubhuroka inyaya yekubatana pamidziyo yese yemunhu ane chikwereti; mutariri anotenga pfuma yevanokweretesa pamwe chete, uye vanokweretesa vanogona chete kukumbira mari kuburikidza nekusimbisa.
• Munhu ane chikwereti anogona kunzi haana mari kana arega kubhadhara; muchokwadi vanhu vaviri vane chikwereti, mumwe ane chikwereti chakafanira, vanokwana.
• Kumiswa kwekubhadhara kunomisa mitoro yekubhadhara kune vane chikwereti vasina kuchengetedzwa, asi vane chikwereti chakachengetedzwa uye vanosarudzwa vanogona kuramba vachisimbisa kodzero dzavo.
• Chirongwa chekugadzirisa zvikwereti chakavhurirwa chete vanhu vanoita zvinhu nekutenda uye chinogona kuguma nemhedzisiro yakanaka.
• Mabhizinesi ari kutarisana nekusakwanisa kubhadhara mari anogonawo kugadzirisa matambudziko ekunze kuburikidza nehurongwa hwakasimbiswa nedare pasi peWHOA.

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