Kumiswa kwekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vasati vatongwa muNetherlands

Kumiswa kwekuvharirwa kwemunhu asati asvika kudare (schorsing van de voorlopige hechtenis) kusunungurwa kwemunhu asati avharirwa mujeri nyaya yemhosva isati yatongwa. Pasi pechikamu 80 cheDutch Code of Criminal Procedure, dare rinogona kumisa gwaro rekuvharirwa, pachikumbiro charo, kana munhu wacho akumbirwa kana pachikumbiro chemuchuchisi wehurumende, kana munhu wacho angotaura kuti achatevedzera zvinodiwa. Zvikonzero zvekuvharirwa zvinoramba zviripo; kusimbiswa kwazvo chete ndiko kunombomiswa, uye munhu wacho anodzoserwa mujeri kana paine chikonzero chakatyorwa.

Zvinorevei kumisa, uye zvazvisingarevi

Kumiswa kwemhosva hakurevi chinhu nezvemhosva. Hakusi kusunungurwa, hakusi kuwanikwa kwekuti fungidziro yaderera, uye hakusi kufanoona mutongo. Chisarudzo chekuti kukuvara kunokonzerwa nekuramba uchichengetwa, kwakayerwa nemamiriro chaiwo emupomerwi uyu, kunodarika kufarira kwakapihwa nekuvachengeta mukati apo nyaya yacho ichiri kuenderera mberi.

Musiyano iwoyo unokosha nekuti unotsanangura kuti sei dare richigona kuisa mitemo inosvika kure uye richigona kugumisa kumiswa kwemhosva chero nguva. Mutemo wekuvharirwa hauna kuenda chero kupi. Unotsigira kumiswa kwemhosva, wakagadzirira kushandiswa zvakare, ndosaka kutevedzera mitemo kusingakurukurwe mukuita.

Kumiswa kwemuchina hakuna kufanana nekusimudza chibatiso

Maitiro emhosva ekuDutch anosiyanisa zvakanyanya pakati pezvisarudzo zviviri zvinoita kuti munhu afungirwe mhosva abude muchitokisi. Kubvisa kusungwa (opheffing) zvinoreva kuti murairo wacho unobviswa nekuti zvikonzero zvepamutemo zvemutemo hazvichapo kana kuti hazvina kumbokwana. Hapana chasara chinogona kudzoserwa, uye hapana mamiriro ezvinhu anobatanidzwa.

Kumiswa (schorsing) kunosiya murairo wacho usina kukanganiswa uye kunongomisa kuitwa kwawo. Mamiriro ezvinhu anobatanidzwa, kutyorwa kwemutemo kunotungamira pakudzoserwa kwemutemo, uye munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye anodzoserwa mujeri pasina kudiwa kwesarudzo itsva yekusungwa. Gweta rinowanzo taura nezvekubviswa kwemutemo panzvimbo pekumiswa, nekuti zviviri izvi zvine chikonzero chakasiyana: kubviswa kwemutemo kunorwisa zvikonzero, kubviswa kwemutemo kunozvigamuchira uye kunorwisa kuenzana kwekumanikidzwa kwawo.

Kana kuvharirwa kwevanhu vasati vatongwa kuchibvumidzwa zvachose

Kumiswa kwemhosva kunotanga kushanda chete kana kusungwa kwatongwa zviri pamutemo, uye mamiriro acho akaomarara. Kusungwa kwemhosva dzisati dzatongwa kunowanikwa chete kumhosva dzakanyorwa muchikamu 67 cheDutch Code of Criminal Procedure, mhosva dzine makore mana kana kupfuura zviri pamutemo, pamwe chete nerondedzero yemhosva dzakataurwa zvakananga. Panofanirawo kuve nekufungira kwakakomba (ernstige bezwaren) pamusoro pemufungirwa, mwero wakakura kupfuura kufungira kunonzwisisika kunodiwa pakusungwa.

Pamusoro pezvo, chimwe chezvikonzero zviri muchikamu 67a cheDutch Code of Criminal Procedure chinofanira kushanda. Zvikonzero izvozvo injodzi huru yekuti munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva abve, kana kuti chikonzero chikuru chekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu. Chekupedzisira chinofukidza mamiriro matatu anozivikanwa: mhosva ine makore gumi nemaviri kana kupfuura iyo mutemo wepamutemo wakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nayo, njodzi huru yekuti munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva achaita mamwe manyepo erudzi rwakatsanangurwa, uye njodzi yekuti kuferefeta kuchakanganiswa, semuenzaniso nekufurira zvapupu kana kubvisa humbowo.

Chinyorwa 67a chinewo muganho unowanzo shandiswa nemagweta ekudzivirira uye unokosha kuziva: kuvharirwa hakufanirwe kurairwa kana zvichionekwa kuti hapana mutongo wekugara mujeri usina miganhu uchapihwa, kana kuti mutongo wacho uchava mupfupi pane kuvharirwa pachako. Kana nharo iyoyo ichishanda, mushonga wakakodzera ndewokubvisa pane kumiswa. Kuti uwane zvinodiwa pakutanga, ona chinyorwa chedu pamusoro pekuti kuvharirwa kwekudzivirira kunobvumirwa riini.

Nguva yakatarwa: kuti kugara mujeri kunogona kutora nguva yakareba sei kutongwa kusati kwaitwa

Kuziva nguva yekushanda ndicho chinoita kuti chikumbiro chekumbomiswa basa chive nenguva chaiyo pane kungotarisira, nekuti danho rega rega inguva iyo mutongi anoongorora nyaya yacho zvakare.

Mushure mekusungwa, mapurisa anogona kusunga munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva kuti abvunzurudzwe kwemaawa mapfumbamwe, nguva iri pakati pehusiku nehusiku hwepfumbamwe isingaverengeki. Mubatsiri wemuchuchisi wehurumende anogona kuraira kuti mapurisa achengete (inverzekeringstelling) kwemazuva matatu, ayo anogona kuwedzerwa kamwe chete nemamwe mazuva matatu, zvichipa mazuva matanhatu. Mukati menguva iyoyo munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva anofanira kuunzwa pamberi pemutongi ari kuferefeta (rechter-commissaris), uyo anoongorora pamutemo wekuchengetedzwa kwemhosva.

Mutongi ari kuferefeta anogona kuraira kuti munhu agare mujeri kwemazuva anosvika gumi nemana. Mushure meizvozvo, dare riri mumakamuri (raadkamer) rinogona kuraira kuti munhu arambe ari mujeri kwemazuva anosvika makumi mapfumbamwe, kungave panguva imwe chete kana kuti munguva pfupi dzinotevedzana. Kana tikabatanidza matanho aya, munhu anofungidzirwa anogona kugara mujeri kwemazuva angangoita zana negumi nyaya yacho isati yaendeswa kudare rekutanga, izvo zvinoitwa mukuferefeta kwakaoma kuburikidza nekunzwa kwemutemo (pro-formazitting) apo kusungwa kunoongororwazve uye kutenderera kwemazuva makumi mapfumbamwe kunogona kutanga patsva.

Zvinhu zviviri zvinotevera. Chekutanga, nguva inopedzerwa mujeri risati rasvika kutongwa inobviswa kubva mutongo wekuti munhu apihwe mujeri, izvo zvinofungwa chaizvo asi kwete chikonzero chekubvuma kusungwa kusina kuenzana pari zvino. Chechipiri, nguva yega yega yekuongorora inguva, uye mubvunzo wekuti kwete chete kukumbira kumiswa kwejeri asi kuti riini.

Bvunzo rinoshandiswa nedare

Chisarudzo chinotanga nepfungwa huru: zvido zvemunhu ari kupomerwa mhosva pakusunungurwa zvinodarika here zvido zvekuramba ari mujeri? Dare rinotanga nepfungwa yekuti zvikonzero zvekusungwa zvichiripo. Rinobva rabvunza kana kutevedzera mutemo uyu kuchiramba kwakaenzana nezviri kuitwa nekusungwa kwemunhu uyu.

Mubereko uri kune rimwe divi rechikamu hausi wekufungidzira. Unotsanangurwa nechikonzero icho kusungwa kwacho kwakavakirwa, uye chikumbiro chakanaka chinogadzirisa chikonzero ichocho zvakananga. Kana kusungwa kwakavakirwa panjodzi yekutiza, mamiriro ezvinhu anodzivisa njodzi iyoyo ane huremu: kudzoserwa kwepasipoti, chisungo chekushuma, kutarisa kwemagetsi, kuchengetedza. Kana kwakavakirwa panjodzi yekupindira mukuferefeta, chikumbiro chacho chakasimba zvikuru kana zvapupu zvanzwikwa nemutongi ari kuferefeta, nekuti njodzi yacho yakanyanya kukundwa nezviitiko. Kana kwakavakirwa panjodzi yekudzokorodza mhosva, mhinduro yacho ihurongwa hwekutarisira nekurapa hunotsigirwa nebazi rezvekuongororwa.

Ndosaka chikumbiro chekumbomiswa basa chine matambudziko chete chisingawanzobudirira. Dambudziko racho rinosimbisa huremu kudivi remunhu anofungidzirwa; mamiriro ezvinhu anopiwa ndiwo anoderedza huremu kune rimwe. Mahafu ese ari maviri anodiwa.

Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinofadza munhu pachake zvine huremu?

Mamiriro ezvinhu anotorwa nematare zvakakomba ndeaya akajeka, akanyorwa pasi uye asingachinjiki, kwete kungofadza chete. Anowanzo itika ndeaya:

• Kurasikirwa nebasa: mushandirwi anosimbisa nekunyora kuti basa racho rinongoitwa kusvika zuva rataurwa, kana kuti kudzingwa basa kuchatevera.
• Mabasa ekutarisira: humbowo hwekuti munhu anofungidzirwa ndiye ega anochengeta mwana, mudiwa kana mubereki, uye kuti hapana imwe nzira iripo.
• Zvikonzero zvekurapa: kurapwa kana maitiro asingakwanise kupihwa zvakanaka munzvimbo yekuchengetera varwere, zvichitsigirwa nemashoko anobva kuna chiremba ari kurapa.
• Housing: chiziviso chemuridzi wemba kana purogiramu yekusabhadhara mari inoratidza kuti kuramba wakavharirwa kuchaita kuti munhu ari kupomerwa atore mari yemba yake.
• Dzidzo: bvunzo kana nzvimbo icharasika, pamwe nekusimbiswa nesangano uye chiratidzo chekunonoka kuri kukonzera izvi.
• Kuenderera mberi kwebhizinesi: kune munhu anozvishandira, humbowo hwekuti bhizinesi richakundikana vasina ivo, zvichikanganisawo vashandi.

Kusimbisa nyaya hakuna kukwana. Chimwe nechimwe chezvizvi chine gwaro riri shure kwaro, uye chikumbiro chinofanira kuabatanidza. Mutongi anotonga mumakamuri ane nguva shoma uye achapa huremu kune zvinogona kusimbiswa pamapepa.

Chikumbiro chinoitwa sei uye rini

Hapana muganho wepamutemo wekuti chikumbiro chekumbomiswa chingaitwa riini. Chinowanzo nyorwa negweta rekudzivirira uye chinobatwa nechero boka revatongi rine nyaya yacho parizvino: mutongi ari kuferefeta apo munhu ari mujeri, dare riri mumakamuri kana aramba ari mujeri, uye dare redzimhosva kana nyaya yacho yasvika. Muchuchisi wehurumende anonzwikwa, uye munhu ari mujeri anowanzo nzwikwawo.

Nguva yakatarwa inyaya yekutongwa. Nguva nhatu dzinodzokororwa. Yekutanga inyaya yekuramba uchivharirwa, uko dare rave kutoongorora zvikonzero uye zvinhu zviri zvitsva. Yechipiri inyaya yekuongorora kuvharirwa mushure mekuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu, kungave munyaya, sekupedzwa kwebvunzo dzezvapupu, kana muhupenyu hwemunhu anofungidzirwa, sekurwara kwemhuri kana kupihwa basa rakasimba. Yechitatu inyaya yekunzwa kwemutemo, apo dare rinoongorora mamiriro ekuferefeta uye apo kufamba kwenguva pachayo kwave nharo.

Chikumbiro chinokundikana hachisi mugumo. Chikumbiro chitsva chinogona kuitwa kana mamiriro ezvinhu achinja, uye shanduko ndiyo nharo. Kuisa chikumbiro chakafanana mwedzi mumwe chete gare gare pasina chokwadi chitsva kunotadzisa kuvimbika kwaizodiwa nechikumbiro chinotevera, chiri nani.

Mamiriro ezvinhu akabatanidzwa pakumisikidzwa

Kumiswa kwemhosva hakuna miganhu. Dare rinoisa zvimiro zvakajairika munyaya dzese, nechinangwa chekuona kuti munhu ari kupomerwa anowanikwa: kuti munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva aite zvinoenderana nekukumbira kwake mhosva kana chiziviso chaakapihwa, kuti haazomboregi kumanikidzwa kwemutongo wekusungwa kana akatongerwa mhosva, uye kuti achazvipira kana kumiswa kwemhosva kwapera. Muchokwadi, dare rinowanzo wedzera kuti munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva haafanire kupara mhosva panguva yekumiswa kwake.

Kupfuura izvozvo, dare rinogadzirisa mamiriro chaiwo anoenderana nechikonzero chekusungwa. Akajairika ndeekuti munhu anofanira kushuma pachiteshi chemapurisa chine zita rake, kudzosa pasipoti nemagwaro ekuzivikanwa, kurambidzwa kubva kuNetherlands, kurambidzwa kwekufamba kwenguva kana chinodiwa kuti munhu ave pakero yakatarwa panguva dzakatarwa, kurambidzwa kwenzvimbo, kurambidzwa kusangana nemunhu anofungidzirwa kuti akakuvadzwa nezvapupu zvatakapihwa, kutarisana nemagetsi, kusangana nevashandi vekuongorora, uye kutora chikamu muchirongwa chekurapa kana chekutarisira uko kupindwa muropa kana hutsinye zviri chikamu chemufananidzo.

Mutemo uyu unobvumidzawo dare kuti ride chibatiso (zekerheidstelling), chinogona kupihwa nemufungiri kana nemumwe munhu wechitatu uye chinoraswa kana mufungiri akatiza. Hachishandiswi kakawanda semune mamwe masisitimu, asi chinowanikwa uye chinogona kuva chinhu chinoita kuti pave nenjodzi yekutiza.

Zvinhu zviviri zvinoshanda. Mitemo yakataurwa pamwe chete neyakaiswa: chikumbiro chinouya nehurongwa hwekutarisira hwakagadzirwa uye hwechokwadi, zviri nani icho dare rekuongorora rakatotaura nezvacho, chinogona kubudirira kupfuura chinobva kudare kuti rigadzire dziviriro. Uye mamiriro ezvinhu anofanira kugara, nekuti mamiriro ezvinhu asingagone kuteverwa, akadai sechisungo chekushuma chinopesana nemaawa ekushanda ebasa iro kusunungurwa kwacho kwaifanira kuchengetedzwa, achaguma nekubviswa.

Kubviswa kwemutemo, uye kuti kutyorwa kwemutemo kunodhura zvakadii

Dare rinogona kugumisa kumiswa kwemhosva chero nguva, kana paine chikumbiro chemuchuchisi wehurumende kana kuti richizvida, uye zvinhu zvinowanzokonzera kutyorwa kwemutemo, mhosva itsva, kana shanduko munyaya inowedzera njodzi. Kudzoserwa kwemhosva kunoita kuti gwaro rekutanga rekuvharirwa rishande zvakare nekukasika; hapana chisarudzo chitsva chekuvharirwa chinodiwa uye munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye anodzoserwa mujeri.

Mugumisiro wacho unopfuura kungodzoserwa kwemunhu muchitokisi nekukasika. Kutyora mutemo kunokanganisa kuvimbika kwechero chikumbiro chinotevera, nekuti dare rakatoedza kana munhu uyu ari kupomerwa mhosva anogona kuvimbwa naye nemitemo uye rine mhinduro yaro. Kana kutevedzera mutemo kukava kusingabviri nechikonzero chakanaka, semuenzaniso kuchinja kero kana kusangana nachiremba kunopesana nechisungo chekushuma, mhinduro ndeyekukumbira kuti mamiriro acho ezvinhu achinjwe pachine nguva pane kutyora mutemo wacho wozotsanangura mushure mezvo.

Kukwidza nyaya yekuramba

Kuramba hakusi iko kwekupedzisira. Mutemo weMaitiro Emhosva unobvumidza munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva kudare repamusoro achipikisa kurambwa kwechikumbiro chekumiswa, uye nzira iyoyo inogona kushandiswa kamwe chete. Nekuti kodzero yacho ine muganho, zvakakodzera kuishandisa pane imwe nyaya yakasimba pane pane yekutanga kuramba, uye chikumbiro chitsva chakavakirwa pamamiriro ezvinhu akachinja kazhinji ndiyo nzira inoshanda zvakanyanya.

Mutemo mutsva weMaitiro Emhosva

Mitemo inotsanangurwa pano ndeiya yeMutemo weMatongerwo Emhosva uripo iye zvino. Mutemo mutsva chose wakagamuchirwa neEerste Kamer musi wa24 Kukadzi 2026. Hausati washanda: kutanga kushanda kuchaitwa nemutemo wehumambo, uye hurumende yakati iri kushanda kusvika musi wa1 Kubvumbi 2029, nenguva yakawedzerwa yekugadzirira matare, mapurisa nevatongi. Kusvika musi iwoyo Mutemo uripo unotonga kusungwa kwevanhu vasati vatongwa uye kumiswa kwavo, uye chero zano raunowana rinofanira kunge rakavakirwa pairi.

Zvirambidzo panguva yekuvharirwa, uye kuti nei zvichikosha pachikumbiro

Kusungwa hakusi kwemutemo mumwe chete. Munhu anofungidzirwa kuti asungwa anogona kuchengetwa pasi pemitemo (beperkingen), mutemo unorayirwa nekuda kwekuferefeta uko kunoganhurira kusangana nenyika yekunze. Pasi pemitemo, munhu anofungidzirwa kuti asungwa anogona kutaura chete negweta rake: hapana kushanya kwemhuri, hapana kufona, hapana tsamba, uye kazhinji hapana mukana wekutaura nenhau. Mutemo uyu unoiswa nekuda kwenjodzi yekubatana uye unofanirwa kuva wenguva pfupi.

Zvirambidzo zvinokosha pachikumbiro chekumbomiswa kwechikoro nenzira mbiri. Zvinowedzera zvakanyanya kukanganisa kwemunhu kusungwa, izvo zvine chekuita zvakananga nechirongwa chekuyera, uye zvinogona kuongororwa pachazvo. Vadziviriri vanogona kukumbira kuti zvirambidzo zvibviswe kana kuderedzwa, semuenzaniso kuti vabvumire kusangana nemudiwa kana nevana, uye dzimwe nguva kuregererwa zvishoma kunogona kuitika kana kusingadzoserwe zvachose. Kana vana vakabatanidzwa, mhedzisiro yekurambidzwa zvachose kusangana inyaya iyo matare anotora zvakakomba uye iyo inofanira kuratidzwa pane kusimbiswa.

Zvirambidzo zvinowanzopera kana zviito zvekuferefeta zvavanodzivirira zvaitwa. Nguva iyoyo, kazhinji mushure mekunge zvapupu zvanzwikwa nemutongi ari kuferefeta, inowanzova nguva yekuisa kana kuendesazve chikumbiro chekumbomiswa, nekuti chikonzero chaitsigira zvirambidzo nechikamu chekusungwa chakundwa.

Kana nyaya yacho ikaguma pasina chirango

Nguva inopedzerwa mujeri risati rasvika kutongwa iyo inozoonekwa kuti haina kuteverwa nechirango haisi kungodzimwa chete. Chinyorwa 533 cheDutch Code of Criminal Procedure chinobvumira aimbove musungwa ane nyaya yapera pasina chirango kana chiyero chakaiswa kukumbira dare muripo wenguva inopedzerwa mujeri remapurisa uye mujeri risati rasvika kutongwa. Dare rinopa muripo nekuda kweruramisiro, uye mari yezuva nezuva yarinoshanda nayo yakanyorwa mumirayiridzo inoshandiswa nematare kwete mumutemo, nemutengo wakasiyana unozivikanwa wenguva inopedzerwa pasi pemirau.

Chisungo chakafanana chinobvumira kukumbirwa kwemari yegweta rekudzivirira uye mari yekufambisa nemari yekurarama ine chekuita nekutongwa kwenyaya. Zvikumbiro zvese zviri zviviri zvinoitwa nechikumbiro kudare rakabata nyaya yacho, uye zvese zviri zviviri zvinotarisirwa kuti zviitwe kubva panguva iyo nyaya yapera, saka chinhu chekurangarira ndechekuti izvi zvinogadziriswa pakarepo mushure mekunge nyaya yapera kwete mwedzi yakati wandei mushure mezvo. Kumbira gweta rako kuti rinyore dhayari panguva iyo nyaya yapera.

Hapana chimwe cheizvi chinoita kuti nguva isina kukodzera mujeri igamuchirike, uye hachisi chikonzero chekubvuma kusungwa nepo chikumbiro chekumiswa chichiripo. Zvinoreva kuti kana kusungwa kusina kusimbiswa nemhedzisiro, kurasikirwa kunoonekwa nenzira yakatarwa pane kusiiwa pakwakawira.

Zvekuita kana hama yako iri mujeri isati yatongwa

Danho rekutanga nderekuona kuti gweta rekudzivirira mhosva radzidziswa, nekuti gweta rekudzivirira mhosva chete ndiro rinogona kuwana faira renyaya uye ndiro rinogona kuendesa chikumbiro chacho. Munhu wese akasungwa muNetherlands ane kodzero yekuwana gweta, uye gweta rebasa rinopihwa kana pasina akasarudzwa; munhu anofungidzirwa kana mhuri yake inogona kuraira gweta ravo chero nguva.

Danho rechipiri nderekuunganidza magwaro nyaya ichiri kutanga: chibvumirano chebasa netsamba kubva kumushandirwi, magwaro ekurapwa, chibvumirano chekugara, kusimbiswa kwechikoro kana yunivhesiti, uye ruzivo rwekuti ndiani mumwe munhu anovimba nemunhu ari kupomerwa. Izvi zvinotora mazuva kuti zviwanikwe uye ndizvo zviri muchikumbiro, kwete kufunga nezveramangwana.

Chechitatu ndechekuva nechokwadi chekuti kusunungurwa kuchataridzika sei. Kumiswa basa kusunungurwa kunotariswa kune zvirambidzo chaizvo, uye hurongwa hwaunoisa pamberi pedare hunofanira kushanda nemazvo: kero, chimiro chezuva nezuva, munhu anogona kutaurwa semunhu wekutaurirana naye, uye kuda kugamuchira kutariswa. Matare anopindura kurongwa kwakasimba. Kuti uwane mufananidzo wakafara wekuti maitiro acho anofamba sei, ona pfupiso yedu yenyaya yemhosva muNetherlands , uye kuti uwane mari yekuraira gweta rekudzivirira chinyorwa chedu pamusoro pemutengo wegweta remhosva muNetherlands.

Law & More mabasa evanofungidzirwa nemhuri dzavo munyaya dzekuvharirwa vasati vatongwa: kupikisa gwaro rekuvharirwa, kugadzirira nekukurukura zvikumbiro zvekumbomiswa, kutaurirana mamiriro ezvinhu anoshanda nevanopomera mhosva nevashandi veprobation, uye kukwidza nyaya yekuramba kana iriyo danho rakakodzera. Unogona kuverenga zvakawanda nezvebasa redu pa peji rekudzidzira kudzivirira mhosva uye mugwaro redu rekuti Dutch mhosva yemutemoTiudzei nezvemamiriro enyu ezvinhu. Tichakuzivisai sarudzo dzenyu mukati mezuva rimwe chete rebasa.

Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa nezvekumiswa kwechikoro

Kumiswa kwenguva yakareba sei?

Muchokwadi kusvika mutongo wenyaya yacho wava wekupedzisira. Haisi nguva yakatarwa. Dare rinogona kugumisa nyaya yacho nekukurumidza chero nguva kana mamiriro ezvinhu akatyorwa kana mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja, uye kuvharirwa kwacho kuchiramba kuchiongororwa nguva nenguva, saka mamiriro acho anotariswa zvakare pakuongorora kwega kwega.

Musiyano uripi pakati pekumisa basa nekusimudza mutoro?

Kusimudza (opheffing) kunodzima murairo wekuvharirwa nekuti chikonzero chacho hachichipo; hapana chasara chinogona kudzoserwa. Kumiswa (schorsing) kunosiya murairo uripo uye kunongomisa kumanikidzwa kwawo, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Kutyorwa kwemutemo kunoita kuti murairo wekutanga ushande zvakare pasina sarudzo itsva.

Chikumbiro chinogona kubvumidzwa here mushure mekunge charambwa kamwe chete?

Ehe. Hapana muganho pahuwandu hwezvikumbiro, asi chikumbiro chinodzokororwa chinoda ruzivo rutsva. Shanduko inowanzo chinja kurambwa kuita mari yerubatsiro ndeyekupedzwa kwebvunzo dzezvapupu, izvo zvinobvisa njodzi yekukanganiswa nekuferefeta. Shanduko mumamiriro ezvinhu emunhu, akadai sechirwere chakakomba mumhuri kana kurasikirwa nebasa, inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakafanana.

Kumiswa kwedare kunotaura here nezvemhedzisiro yenyaya yacho?

Kwete. Zvisarudzo zviviri izvi zvinotsamira pamibvunzo yakasiyana. Munhu akamiswa basa anogona kutongerwa mhosva, uye munhu anoramba ari mujeri kusvika nyaya yacho yanzwikwa anogona kusunungurwa. Chisarudzo chekumiswa basa chine chekuita nekuenzana kwenyaya iye zvino, kwete mhosva gare gare.

Mhuri inogona here kubhadhara mari kuti iwane kusunungurwa?

Mutemo unobvumidza dare kuti ride chibatiso sechibvumirano chekumbomiswa, uye chinogona kupihwa nemumwe munhu asiri mufungidziri. Haisi nzira yekubvisa mari yechibatiso mupfungwa yeAnglo-America: mari chete haitenge kusunungurwa, uye chibatiso chimwe chezvizhinji, chinoshandiswa apo chikonzero chekuvharirwa chiri mukana wekutiza.

Kumiswa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemunhu asati asvika pakutongwa