Munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye ari mumutemo wemhosva weDutch: riini uye chii chinotevera

Uri munhu anofungirwa mhosva mumutemo weDutch kana chokwadi nemamiriro ezvinhu zvikaita kuti pave nekufungirwa kuti wakapara mhosva. Bvunzo iyoyo inotsanangurwa muchikamu 27 cheMutemo weMaitiro Emhosva (Wetboek van Strafvordering) uye haina chekuita nepfungwa: fungidziro, makuhwa kana kupomerwa kusina kuzivikanwa hazvina kukwana, asi chirevo chechapupu, mifananidzo yekamera kana mhedzisiro yebvunzo yakanaka inogona kukwana. Kubva panguva iyo mapurisa anokubata semunhu anofungirwa mhosva kwete sechapupu, kodzero dzakasiyana dzinoshanda, kutanga nekodzero yekunyarara uye kodzero yekubvunza gweta usati wabvunzwa.

Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura kuti zita racho rinonamirwa riini, zvingaitwa nemapurisa nePublic Prosecution Service (Openbaar Ministerie) kana zvangoitika, kuti ungasungwa kwenguva yakareba sei, kuti ndeapi masarudzo anotevera kuferefeta uye kuti kupiwa mhosva kunorevei mukuita. Chinotsanangurawo kuti unorega riini kuva munhu anofungirwa mhosva, inova mubvunzo une mhinduro dzinopfuura imwe chete.

Mutemo unokuona semunhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye ane mhosva riini?

Munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ane mhosva yemhosva anobva pachokwadi nemamiriro ezvinhu. Zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha. Kufungira kunofanira kunge kwakavakirwa pachokwadi chaicho, uye chokwadi ichocho chinofanira kuratidza mhosva chaiyo. Saka mupurisa anofanira kukwanisa kutsanangura, mushure mezvo uye nekunyora, chakakuita kuti uve munhu anofungidzirwa: zvakaonekwa, zvakayerwa, zvakawanikwa kana zvakataurwa. Tsananguro iyoyo haisi yepamutemo, nekuti ndiyo nguva iyo gweta rekudzivirira rinotanga kutarisa kana masimba akashandiswa pauri akashandiswa zviri pamutemo.

Musiyano uripo pakati pechapupu nemunhu ari kupomerwa mhosva ndiwo unonyanya kukosha. Chapupu chinosungirwa kupindura mibvunzo kana chanzwiwa nemutongi wedare repamusoro (rechter-commissaris); munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva haasungirwi kupindura zvachose. Munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva asati abvunzwa, chenjedzo inofanira kupiwa: chirevo chekuti haufanirwe kupindura. Kana mapurisa akatanga kubvunzurudza sechapupu uye fungidziro ikatendeukira kwauri panguva iyoyo, vanofanira kumira, kukuyambira uye kukupa mukana wekuwana gweta. Mashoko akatorwa pasina chenjedzo iyoyo anogona kupikiswa gare gare.

Kuva munhu anofungirwa mhosva hakusi kuwanikwa uine mhosva uye hazviiti kuti munhu anzi ane mhosva. Kusvikira dare rakupa mhosva uye mutongo wacho wava wekupedzisira, unoonekwa seusina mhosva, vimbiso inotevera kubva mumitemo yemhosva yekuNetherlands uye kubva muchikamu chechitanhatu cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights.

Zvingaitwa nemapurisa kana wangove munhu anofungirwa kuti ndiye ari kupomerwa mhosva

Kufungirwa kunovhura masimba ekuferefeta. Unogona kusungwa uri mumutemo (op heterdaad) nechero mugari wobva waendeswa kumapurisa, uye kunze kwemutemo nemupurisa anoferefeta apo mhosva yacho inobvumirwa kuchengetwa usati watongwa. Unogona kuendeswa kukamba yemapurisa wochengetwa ikoko kuti ubvunzurudzwe, uye zvichienderana nemhosva iyo imba yako inogona kusechwa, foni yako yakatorwa yoongororwa, mota yako yamiswa kana kuti mweya wako kana ropa zvakarairwa. Simba rega rega rine hwaro hwaro hwemutemo uye miganhu yaro.

Nguva yekutanga pachiteshi ndeye ophouden voor onderzoek. Inotora maawa mapfumbamwe pamhosva dzinobvumira kuvharirwa kwemunhu asati asvika kutongwa uye maawa matanhatu padzimwe mhosva, uye maawa ari pakati pehusiku neawa mapfumbamwe mangwanani haaverengerwi. Kana kuferefeta kuchida nguva yakawanda, mubatsiri wemuchuchisi wehurumende anogona kuraira kuchengetwa kwemapurisa (inverzekeringstelling) kwemazuva anosvika matatu, ayo muchuchisi wehurumende anogona kuwedzera kamwe chete nemamwe mazuva matatu kana paine chikonzero chekukurumidzira. Mukati memazuva matatu nemaawa gumi nemashanu kubva pakusungwa unofanira kuunzwa pamberi pemutongi wedare, uyo anoongorora kana kuchengetwa kwemunhu kuri pamutemo uye anogona kuraira kusunungurwa kwako nekukasika.

Haasi munhu wese anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye anosungwa. Vanhu vazhinji vanokokwa kuti vapinde mubvunzurudzo vachizvidira, kana kugamuchira tsamba inovadana kuti ndivo vanopomerwa mhosva. Ichocho hachisi chikonzero chekuzorodzwa: kubvunzurudzwa kwevanhu vanozvidira kunoburitsa gwaro rakanyorwa rine humbowo hwakafanana nehwemunhu anotorwa muchitokisi. Nyaya yedu pamusoro pekusungwa nekuchengetwa kwemapurisa inotsanangura zvinoitika awa neawa.

Kodzero dzako semunhu anofungirwa

Mutemo weMaitiro Emhosva unopa munhu wese ari kupomerwa mhosva kodzero huru, uye dzinoshanda kubva pakutanga kusangana nemapurisa kwete kubva pakutanga kudare. Zvinotevera ndezvekuunganidzwa: hapana kana imwe chete inotsiva imwe, uye haufanirwe kusarudza pakati pavo.

• Kodzero yekunyarara. Haumbosungirwi kupindura mibvunzo, kukamba yemapurisa, pamberi pemutongi wedare repamusoro kana pakutongwa kwemhosva. Kunyarara hakugone kushandiswa sehumbowo hwemhosva pachayo.
• Kodzero yekuva negweta usati wabvunzwa. Munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye ane kodzero yekubvunza gweta (gweta) asati abvunzurudzwa kekutanga uye kuva negweta riripo panguva yekubvunzurudzwa nemapurisa. Munhu anofungidzirwa kuti akasungwa anopihwa gweta rebasa mahara.
• Kodzero yekuudzwa. Unofanira kuudzwa mhosva yauri kupomerwa uye kupihwa ruzivo rwakanyorwa nezvekodzero dzako, usati watanga kubvunzurudzwa.
• Kodzero yekududzira nekushandura. Kana usinganyatsozivi chiDutch, muturikiri anopiwa uye magwaro akakosha anoshandurwa.
• Kodzero yekuwana faira renyaya. Gweta renyu rine kodzero yekuongorora magwaro enyaya; mukana wekupinda munyaya yacho unogona kurambidzwa kwenguva pfupi nekuda kwekuferefeta, uye kuramba kwacho kunogona kupikiswa.

Kuramba wakanyarara ikodzero, kwete zano pacharo. Kune zviitiko apo chirevo chakagadzirira zvakanaka chinodzivirira murairo wekusungwa; kune zviitiko apo chero chirevo chipi zvacho chinoderedza dziviriro zvisingachinjiki. Mutongo iwoyo unoenderana nezviri mufaira, ndicho chikonzero chaicho nei kubvunzana negweta kuchiitwa kusati kwaitwa kubvunzurudzwa kwete mushure mazvo. Ona hurukuro yedu yekodzero yekuramba wakanyarara kuti uone zvinhu zvinobatanidzwa.

Kuvharirwa mujeri nguva isati yasvika: riini uye kwenguva yakareba sei

Kuvharirwa kwemunhu asati apomerwa mhosva (voorlopige hechtenis) kunogoneka chete pamhosva dzinotaurwa neMutemo, idzo dzine makore mana kana kupfuura, pamwe chete nerunyorwa rwemhosva dzakanyorwa. Pamusoro pezvo, kupomerwa kunofanirwa kuratidza chikonzero chimwe chete chepamutemo: njodzi huru yekutiza, kana chikonzero chikuru chekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu, icho chinofukidza njodzi yekudzokorodza mhosva, njodzi yekupindira mukuferefeta kana zvapupu, uye, pamhosva dzakakomba, kushamisika kunokonzerwa nemutemo. Kufungira kwakawanda, kunyangwe kwakasimba sei, hakuna kukwana kuti munhu avharirwe.

Mutongi wedare repamusoro anogona kuraira kuvharirwa kwemunhu kwemazuva anosvika gumi nemana. Kana muchuchisi achida kuramba achienderera mberi mushure meizvozvo, dare rine vatongi vatatu (raadkamer) rinosarudza kuvharirwa kwemunhu zvakare (gevangenhouding) kwemazuva anosvika makumi matatu, ayo anogona kuwedzerwa kaviri nemazuva makumi matatu. Kuvharirwa kunogona kumiswa (schorsing) chero nguva, kazhinji pasi pemamiriro akadai sebasa rekuzivisa, chinodiwa chekero kana kurambidzwa kuonana, uye gweta rekudzivirira rinowanzo manikidza kumiswa kwemunhu nekukurumidza kana zvikonzero zvaderera. Nguva inopedzerwa muhusungwa husati hwatongwa inobviswa kubva mutongo wejeri unozopedzisira waiswa. Gwaro redu rematanho nematanho rekuvharirwa husati hwatongwa muNetherlands rinotevera chimwe nechimwe chezvisarudzo izvi.

Zvinosarudzwa nemuchuchisi wehurumende mushure mekuferefeta

Kana kuferefeta kwapera, muchuchisi wehurumende ndiye anosarudza kuti chii chinoitika kunyaya yacho, uye kupomerwa mhosva kunongova imwe yesarudzo. Faira rinogona kuraswa (sepot), kungave pasina zvirevo nekuti pane humbowo hushoma kana pasina chiito chekurangwa, kana pasina zvirevo, semuenzaniso kana uchibhadhara muripo, uchitevera nzira kana kuti ugare kure nemunhu kana nzvimbo. Kudzingwa basa pasina zvirevo hakusi mhosva, asi kwakanyoreswa uye zvinodiwa zvinomanikidzwa.

Kune boka guru remhosva dzisina kunyanya kukomba, muchuchisi anogona kupa mutongo wechirango (strafbeschikking) pasina kunzwa kwedare. Mutongo iwoyo unogona kusanganisira faindi, mutongo webasa remunharaunda kana kurambidzwa kutyaira, asi kwete kusungwa. Kuugamuchira, kana kungoubhadhara, zvinoreva kugamuchira mutongo wemhosva uye kunyoreswa kwawo. Kana usingabvumirani, unofanira kuisa chirambidzo (verzet) mukati memazuva gumi nemana, mushure mezvo nyaya yacho inoenda kudare remhosva. Nguva iyoyo yekupedzisira ipfupi uye inorambwa nguva nenguva.

Kana muchuchisi akasarudza kupomera mhosva, unogamuchira masamanisi (dagvaarding) achitaura mhosva, dare nezuva. Masamanisi ndiwo gwaro rinotanga kunzwikwa nyaya yese: dare rinogona kungopa mhosva chete pane zvakanyorwa mariri. Kuverenga nokungwarira, negweta, ndiko kutanga kwekudzivirira kwete kungotevedzera mutemo. Nyaya yedu pamusoro pesamamanisi nekutongwa kwenyaya inotsanangura kuti zuva iroro rakarongwa sei.

Kunzwiwa kwenyaya uye migumisiro yekutongwa

Pakunzwa kwenyaya, dare rinoongorora mhosva yacho, humbowo nemamiriro ako ezvinhu. Nyaya diki dzinotongwa nemutongi mumwe chete (politierechter); nyaya dzakakomba zvikuru nedare rine vatongi vatatu. Hausungirwi kupinda, asi kupinda kunowanzova kwakanakira iwe, nekuti dare rinoumba mufananidzo wako ipapo. Dare rinogona kusunungura, kupa mhosva, kana kuwana chokwadi chakasimbiswa asi rinokuona seusina mhosva. Kukwidza nyaya pamusoro pemutongo kunofanirwa kuitwa mukati memazuva gumi nemana.

Kutongwa kunotungamira kuchirango: faindi, murairo webasa remunharaunda, mutongo wejeri wakamiswa kana usina miganhu, kana chiyero chakadai sekurambidzwa kutyaira kana murairo wekuripa munhu anenge abatwa. Migumisiro yacho haigumiri pamutongo. Kutongwa kwacho kunonyorwa mubhuku remagwaro edare, izvo zvinoongororwa paunonyorera Chitupa Chekuzvibata (Verklaring Omtrent het Gedrag), uye izvo zvinogona kukanganisa mukana wekuwana mabasa chaiwo, zvombo kana maitiro ekugara. Pamhosva dzinotenderwa kuchengetwa kwemunhu asati apomerwa mhosva, zvinhu zveDNA zvinotorwa kubva kuvanhu vakawanikwa mhosva zvochengetwa. Kukuvadzwa kwemukurumbira, kunyanya apo nyaya yacho inokwezva kuziviswa, ndekwechokwadi uye hakugadziriswi nekusunungurwa pakukwidza nyaya.

Unorega rini kuva munhu anofungirwa?

Unorega kuva munhu anofungirwa mhosva kana nyaya yauri kupomerwa yapera. Izvi zvinoitika kana muchuchisi akasiya nyaya yacho, kana dare rikakusunungura, kana dare rikakuona usina mhosva, kana kana mutongo wava wekupedzisira uye mutongo waiswa. Kusvika panguva imwe chete iyoyo, mamiriro acho anoramba aripo kunyangwe pasina chiri kuitika mufaira, uye muchuchisi achiri kugona kusarudza kupomera mhosva mukati menguva yakatarwa yemhosva yacho.

Kuguma uri munhu anofungidzirwa hazvibvisi zviratidzo zvacho zvoga. Zvinyorwa zvemapurisa zvekuferefeta zvinochengetwa kwenguva yakatarwa nemutemo, uye kudzingwa basa hakubvisi izvozvo pazuva razvinopiwa. Kana nyaya ikaguma pasina chirango chakapihwa, aimbofungidzirwa anogona kukumbira dare muripo wenguva yaakapedza ari mujeri uye mari yegweta; chikumbiro ichocho chinofanira kuendeswa mukati memwedzi mitatu mushure mekunge nyaya yapera. Danho iri nyore kufuratira, uye nguva yekupedzisira yakaoma.

Ndiani anoita chii mumhosva

Mabasa mana anosarudza mafambiro enyaya yemhosva, uye kuisanganisa kunotora nguva. Mapurisa anoferefeta: anounganidza humbowo, anobvunza zvapupu nevanofungidzirwa kuti vari kupomerwa mhosva uye anozivisa kudare redzimhosva. Muchuchisi wehurumende (mukuru wehurumende) ndiye anotungamira kuferefeta, anosarudza kana achizopomera mhosva uye anoda mutongo pakunzwa nyaya; muchuchisi ibato renyaya yacho, kwete mupi wezano asina rusaruro. Mutongi wedare anoongorora anotarisira zvikamu zvinopindira mukuferefeta, anonzwa zvapupu uye mitemo yekudzoserwa kwemhosva. Dare redzimhosva rinosarudza humbowo nemutongo.

Pamwe chete navo pane gweta rekudzivirira, iro riri iro rega riri kushanda nekuda kwezvido zvako chete. Gweta rekudzivirira rinoongorora kana fungidziro yacho yaive yechokwadi, kana masimba akashandiswa aive epamutemo, kana faira racho rakazara, uye kana humbowo hunotsigira mhosva yacho; vanogona kukumbira kuferefetwa kwakawedzerwa, kubvunza zvapupu uye kutaura kuti kuvharirwa kumiswe. Zvikumbiro zvekuferefeta zvakaitwa nekukurumidza zvine huremu hwakakura kupfuura zvikumbiro zvakafanana zvakaunzwa kekutanga pakunzwiwa kwenyaya.

Mitemo yauchasangana nayo

• Kufungira zvine musoro (redelijk vermoeden): chokwadi chaicho nemamiriro ezvinhu anoratidza kubatanidzwa kwako mumhosva; hushoma pane humbowo, kupfuura kungofungidzira.
• Ophouden voor onderzoek: nguva yekutanga yekuvharirwa pakamba yemapurisa kuti vabvunzurudzwe, maawa mapfumbamwe chete pamhosva dzinobvumira kuvharirwa vasati vatongwa uye maawa matanhatu padzimwe nguva.
• Inverzekeringstelling (kuchengetwa nemapurisa): kuramba wakachengetwa kwakarairwa nemubatsiri wemuchuchisi wehurumende kwemazuva anosvika matatu, zvichiwedzerwa kamwe chete pamazuva matatu.
• Voorlopige hechtenis (kuvharirwa kusati kwatongwa): kuvharirwa kwedare richimirira kutongwa, kunosanganisira kungwarira kwemazuva anosvika gumi nemana uye kugara kwenguva refu kwemazuva anosvika makumi mapfumbamwe.
• Strafbeschikking (chirango): chirango chakapihwa nemuchuchisi pasina kunzwa kwedare; kuramba kunofanira kuitwa mukati memazuva gumi nemana.
• Sepot (kudzingwa): chisarudzo chekusatonga, kungave pasina mirawo kana kuti pasi pemitemo.
• Kukumbira ruregerero (kukumbira ruregerero): gwaro rinoendesa nyaya yacho kudare uye rinotsanangura mhosva iyo dare rinogona kutonga pamusoro payo.

Zvekuita kana ukanzi uri munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye ari kupomerwa mhosva

Taura zvishoma sezvinobvira kusvika wataura negweta, uye taura izvozvo zvakajeka uye zvine hunhu pane kuramba kushandira pamwe nekuzvizivisa. Usadzima mameseji, usabata zvapupu kana mumhan'ari uye usataure nezvenyaya yacho pasocial media; danho rimwe nerimwe rinogona kugadzira kufungira kutsva kana kupa nzvimbo yekusungwa. Nyora pasi iwe pachako zvakaitika, rini, uye kuti ndiani aivepo, ndangariro yako ichiri itsva, uye tumira tsamba iyoyo kugweta rako kwete kumapurisa.

Nguva yekupedzisira inoenderana kana wakagadzirira kana kwete: mazuva gumi nemana ekuramba gwaro rechirango, mazuva gumi nemana ekukwidza nyaya, mwedzi mitatu yekukumbirwa muripo. Kana wakabvunzwa ukasunungurwa, bvunza kuti mamiriro ako akaita sei uye kumbira kusimbiswa kwakanyorwa kwemhosva yauri kufungidzirwa kuti wakaita. Uye tora zano repamutemo panguva iyo richiri kuchinja mhedzisiro, izvo zvinoitika pamberi pekubvunzurudzwa kwekutanga kwete mushure mekunge kushevedzwa kwasvika padanho repamusoro. Mabhuku edu emutemo wemhosva anofukidza matanho ega ega zvakadzama.

Law & More anobatsira vanhu vanofungirwa mhosva kubva pakubvunzurudzwa kwekutanga kwemapurisa kusvika pakunzwa nyaya yacho, uye kana zvichidikanwa, pakukwidza nyaya yacho. Tinoongorora kana kufungirwa kwacho kuripo, kana kuferefeta kwacho kwaive pamutemo uye kuti mhedzisiro yacho ndeyei, uye tinokurumidza kuita chimwe chinhu kana paine mukana wekusungwa. Ndapota taura nesu kana wakataurwa semunhu anofungirwa mhosva kana kuti wakakokwa kuti ubvunzurudzwe.

Kuva munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ari mumhosva