Zvikumbiro zvidiki muNetherlands: dare redunhu uye nzira yeEuropean Small Claims Procedure

Kana mumwe munhu muNetherlands aine chikwereti chako chemamiriyoni mashoma emaeuro uye akarega kupindura, une nzira mbiri dzinoshanda: chikumbiro pamberi pedare reDutch subdistrict, kantonrechter , kwaunogona kuzvimiririra, kana European Small Claims Procedure, nzira yakanyorwa yekukumbira magwaro emunyika kusvika kuEUR 5,000. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura zvese, mutengo wazvo, uye maitiro ekutonga kana chikumbiro chakakodzera kuunzwa.

Dare ripi rinonzwa nyaya diki?

Zvikumbiro zvematare edzimhosva eDutch zvakakamurwa pakati pekantonrechter (chikamu chidiki chedare redunhu) nechikamu chehurumende chevanhuwo zvavo. Mutsetse wekuparadzanisa iart. 93 Rv, uye zvinhu zviviri zvinotumira nyaya kudare redunhu.

Kukosha. Mari inosvika uye inosanganisira EUR 25,000 inoenda kuKantonrechter ( art. 93 Rv), mari inosanganisira mubereko yakaunganidzwa kusvika pazuva rekushevedzwa. Pamusoro pezvo inoenda kuCivil Division, uko gweta rinosungirwa.

Nyaya dzenyaya. Mamwe mapoka anoenda kuKantonrechter zvisinei nehuwandu hwayo, nekuti inzvimbo umo rimwe bato rinowanzova risina simba uye rinoda mukana wekuonana nemutongi usingadhuri, usingabhadhariswi nemagweta:

• gakava rekurenda (kusabhadhara rendi, kugadzirisa, mari yebasa, kugumisa basa);
• nharo dzebasa (mihoro isina kubhadharwa, kudzingwa basa, mari yezororo, zvibvumirano zvinorambidza);
• zvichemo zvinobva mukutengeswa kwevatengi uye kubva muchikwereti chevatengi, zvisinei nehuwandu kana kukosha kunobatanidzwa - hapana muganho wakasiyana wezvikamu izvi (art. 93 Rv);
• zvibvumirano zvemasangano ekutengeserana.

Sei izvi zvichikosha: chikumbiro chekubhadhara rendi kana basa chine EUR 60,000 chichiri kuenda kuKantonrechter , saka hauchadi gweta uye chiyero chemari yedunhu chichiri kushanda. Kusiyana neizvi, invoice isina kubhadharwa yeEUR 30,000 haisi nyaya yedunhu diki zvachose, uye hupfumi hunochinja zvachose.

Haudi gweta — asi handiyo mhinduro yese

Ichi ndicho chinhu chinobatsira zvikuru chinogona kuzivikanwa nemunyoreri mudiki. Munyaya dzedunhu diki mapato anogona kuita nyaya yawo ega; gweta harimanikidzwe (art. 79 Rv). Unogona zvakare kushandisa mumiriri asiri gweta, senge sangano rekuunganidza mari kana mukuru wesangano. Izvi zvinobvisa mari yakawanda kubva pachikwereti chidiki, uye ndicho chikonzero nei paine muganho.

Pfungwa yechokwadi ndeyekuti "hapana gweta rinodiwa" haisi "hapana gweta rinodiwa". Kana rimwe divi rikarayira gweta, uri kupokana nezvenzira uye humbowo hunopikisa nyanzvi; mutongi haazozadzise mipata iri munyaya yako, uye chikumbiro chakanyorwa zvisina kunaka chinogona kukundikana pane chimwe chinhu chisina chekuita nepfungwa dzacho. Chokwadi chinokwikwidzana, nyaya yekupomera, chikumbiro chekupomera kana mupomerwi ari kunze kwenyika zvese zvinosimudzira dambudziko zvakanyanya. Nzira yepakati ine musoro ndeyekutora zano kamwe chete - pamusoro pekuti chikumbiro chacho chakarurama here, kuti ndiani wekupomera, uye humbowo hwaunoda - wobva wazvipa iwe pachako.

Usati watanga: tsamba yekukumbira

Tsamba yemazuva gumi nemana

Kana chikwereti chako chiri mutengi, haugone kubhadharisa mari yekutora chikwereti kunze kwekutonga kunze kwekunge watanga watumira chikumbiro chakanyorwa uchipa mazuva gumi nemana ekubhadhara mahara pasina muripo wekuwedzera, uye uchitaura chaizvo kuti mari iyoyo ichave yei (art. 6:96 BW). Nguva yacho inotanga kubva pazuva rinotevera tsamba yasvika kune ane chikwereti. Kana izvi zvikasaitika - pfupi zvakanyanya, kana kuti pasina nhamba yakanyorwa - uye mari yacho inorambwa, kunyangwe ukahwina zvimwe zvese. Tsamba iyi haidiwi kune ane chikwereti mubhizinesi, kunyangwe chikumbiro chichiri kudiwa kuti mukwereti asabhadhare.

Mari yekuunganidza uye mubereko

Mari dzinoshandiswa kunze kwemutemo dzinovharwa nechikero chinotsvedza chepamutemo pamari yekutanga, chakaiswa neBesluit vergoeding voor buitengerechtelijke incassokosten, nemutengo weEUR 40 yezvinokumbirwa nevatengi (art. 6:96 BW). Chikero chacho chinoderera: 15% paEUR 2,500 yekutanga yemari yekutanga, nezvikamu zvakaderera pachikamu chimwe nechimwe chiri pamusoro peizvozvo, uye mari yese inovharwa paEUR 6,775. Pamari inosvika zviuru zvishoma zveeuro izvi zvinosvika mazana mashoma emaeuro.

Unogona zvakare kukumbira mubereko wepamutemo kubva pazuva rekutadza kubhadhara (art. 6:119 BW), uye kune mitengo miviri. Mutero wakajairika unoshanda kune zvisiri zvekutengeserana uye unogadzwa nekuraira mukanzuru. Mutero wepamusoro wekutengeserana unoshanda pakati pemabhizinesi (art. 6:119a BW) uye kune kutengeserana nevakuru vehurumende (art. 6:119b BW); unoshanda kubva pazuva rinotevera zuva rekubhadhara rakabvumiranwa kana, kana pasina rakabvumiranwa, mazuva makumi matatu mushure me invoice, uye wakabatana nemutengo mukuru weEuropean Central Bank pamwe nemapoinzi masere muzana, zvinogadziriswazve musi wa1 Ndira na1 Chikunguru. Mitengo yese iri miviri inotarwa nehurumende uye inoburitswa pa rijksoverheid.nl. Verenga mutengo uri kushanda kwenguva yega yega pane nhamba imwe chete, nekuti chikumbiro chave nemakore akati wandei chinowanda pamitengo inotevedzana.

Chikumbiro chakanyorwa zvakanaka chinoita zvinopfuura kungotevedzera: chinodudza zita remutemo rakakodzera, chinotaura hwaro hwemutemo, chinoisa humbowo uye chinoisa nguva yekupedzisira. Ndiwo gwaro rinotanga kuverengwa nemutongi, uye rinoita sekuti chikumbiro chinowanzo kubhadharwa.

Kutanga kwenyaya: kushevedzwa kwemhosva

Chikumbiro chemari chekuNetherlands chinowanzo tanga ne dagvaarding , iyo isingatangi yaendeswa kudare: inotumirwa kumunhu ari kupomerwa, yopihwa kwaari, uye yozoendeswa kudare chete. Inofanira kuratidza mapato nedare, kutaura chikumbiro nerubatsiro rwunotsvakwa, uye kuratidza zvikonzero pamwe chete nekudzivirira uko mumhan'ari anoziva kuti kuchaburitswa uye humbowo hwakavakirwa pahuri (art. 111 Rv). Chinodiwa ichocho, icho chiri pasi pemutemo , chinobata vanozvimiririra vega: unofanira kutaura nyaya yako zvizere pakutanga, kwete kumisa nharo.

Basa rinofanira kuitwa nemumiriri weDutch ( gerechtsdeurwaarder ). Mari yacho haigone kutaurirana: mitengo yacho inogadziriswa nemutemo (Besluit tarieven ambtshandelingen gerechtsdeurwaarders), nemari yakasiyana yemutemo wega wega, saka kupa chikumbiro, kupa zita remutemo uye kupa gwaro remitemo chimwe nechimwe chine mutero wacho. Mari yacho inogadziriswa gore rega rega kubva musi wa1 Ndira uye inoburitswa muStaatscourant; mutemo wakaitwa usati wasvika zuva iroro unoramba uri pasi pemutero wekare. Basa kunze kwenyika rinodhura zvakanyanya, dzimwe nguva zvakanyanya. Bvunza mumiriri wedare nezvemutero wemazuva ano usati waraira. Zvimwe zvichemo zvedunhu, kunyanya nyaya dzakawanda dzebasa, zvinotanga nechikumbiro ( verzoekschrift ), zvakaiswa zvakananga uye hazvidi mumiriri wedare.

Kudzivirira, kunzwa uye kutonga zvisina kurongwa

Mupomerwi anoshevedzwa kuti auye uye anogona kupindura nekunyora kana nemuromo. Kana mupomerwi akasauya uye basa rake raitwa nemazvo, dare rinopa mutongo usina kubvumidzwa (art. 139 Rv) uye rinowanzo bvumidza chikumbiro kunze kwekunge chichiita sechisiri pamutemo kana chisina hwaro. Kutonga kwekutadza kubhadharwa kwakajairika muzvikumbiro zvechikwereti, uye ndizvo zvinoita kuti invoice isina kubhadharwa igadziriswe nekukurumidza.

Kana paine dziviriro, dare rinowanzo nyora kuti nyaya yacho itorwe nemuromo. Uyu ndiwo musimboti wenyaya: mutongi anobvunza mativi ese zvakananga, anoongorora zvisina kusimba uye anowanzo ongorora kugadziriswa kwenyaya. Nyaya dzinoitwa muchiDutch; kana usingataure chiDutch, ronga muturikiri pachine nguva. Nyaya isina kupikiswa inogona kusarudzwa mukati memwedzi miviri; nyaya inopikiswa inowanzo tora mwedzi mitanhatu kusvika pagore.

Zvinoita marii

Mari yedare

Mari yedare ( griffierecht ) inobhadharwa nemunyoreri pakutanga kwenyaya. Zvinhu zvitatu zvinotsanangura izvi: kukosha kwechikumbiro, kana munyoreri ari munhu wega kana sangano, uye kana munyoreri achikodzera mari shoma zvichienderana nemari yaanowana. Mabhendi nemari yacho zvakaiswa muWet griffierechten burgerlijke zaken, inonyorwa kubva musi wa1 Ndira gore rega rega, uye inoburitswa setafura yedunhu repasi pa rechtspraak.nl. Verenga muripo kubva patafura iyoyo pazuva raunoburitsa: nhamba yakataurwa muchinyorwa haichashandi kana indekisi yangofamba.

Zvinhu zviviri zvechikero ichi zvinonyanya kukosha kupfuura huwandu chaihwo. Kune munhu, muripo wacho wakaenzana pakati pehuwandu hwemari yekukumbira, saka chikumbiro chiri pedyo nepamusoro pehuwandu ihwohwo hachidhuri kupfuura chimwe chiri pedyo nepasi, uye hapana chimwe chinhu chinobatsira nekuderedza chikumbiro chiri mukati maro. Kune sangano, muripo wacho unokwira zvishoma nezvishoma nemutengo wacho, saka chikumbiro chimwe chete chinodhura zvakanyanya kukambani pane kumutengi. Vanoda mari shoma vanobhadhara bhendi rakaderera pane ese marenji emari pakugadzirwa kweuchapupu hwemari, izvo zvinogona kushandura masvomhu echikwereti chidiki zvachose.

Mutengo wekutengesa

Munhu anokundwa anowanzo rairwa kubhadhara mari yeanokunda (art. 237 Rv), asi matare eDutch haape mari chaiyo yematare. Anoshandisa chikero chemutero wakatarwa, chinonzi liquidatietarief , apo danho rega rega rekuita basa rinowana mapoinzi uye poindi yega yega inokosha mari yakatarwa yakatarwa nekukosha kwechikumbiro. Mubairo uyu unofukidza mari yedare nemari yebailiff zvizere; mupiro wemari yematare hausi wepfungwa.

Mhedzisiro chaiyo: pachikwereti chidiki, muripo wemari hauwanzo vhara zvawakashandisa. Maumbirwo echikamu chedunhu anosimbisa pfungwa yacho. Kukosha kwepoindi kunokwira nehukuru hwechikumbiro, uye huwandu hwemapoinzi anogona kukumbirwa hunoiswa zvakasiyana muchikamu chimwe nechimwe, saka pachikwereti chezviuru zvishoma zvemaeuro, mupiro wemari yemukundi unoyerwa mumazana emaeuro kwete muzviuru. Chikero chacho hachisi chepamutemo: chinonyorwa uye chinonyorwa nguva nenguva nedare redzimhosva uye chinoburitswa pa rechtspraak.nl, uye shanduro iri kushanda pazuva rekutongwa inoshanda. Rayira gweta pamusoro pechikumbiro chehukuru ihwohwo uye tarisira kuwana chikamu chemari kunyangwe pakukunda kwakakwana - nharo yakasimba yekuzvimiririra, kana murairo wekupa mazano chete, padanho iri.

Kusimbisa mutongo

Mutongo hausi mari. Kuti uunganidze mari, unorayira muchengeti wemhosva, uyo anotonga uye anogona kumanikidza, kunyanya ne:

• kusungirirwa kwemihoro kana mabhenefiti (loonbeslag) — kazhinji nzira inoshanda zvikuru yekurwisa munhu ane chikwereti anoshanda;
• kusungirirwa kweakaundi dzebhangi, vachibata chiyero panguva iyoyo uye kwete zvimwe;
• kubatanidzwa uye kutengeswa kwezvinhu, inononoka uye kazhinji isingapi mukana wekuita zvakawanda;
• kubatidzwa kwepfuma isingafambi, zvine musoro chete kana paine zvichemo zvakakura.

Mutemo weDutch unodzivirira mari shoma inowanikwa (the beslagvrije voet ), saka munhu ane chikwereti chine mari shoma anogona kunge asingatongwi. Kutevedzwa kwemutemo kunodhurawo mari: inogona kudzoserwa, asi unoiendesa mberi uye ungasaiwana zvakare.

Saka mubvunzo wekubvunza usati watanga chimwe chinhu, kwete mushure meizvozvo: ane chikwereti ane mari here? Tarisa kana kambani ichiri kunyoreswa uye ichitengeserana muCommercial Register, kana yakaisa maakaundi, uye kana munhu wacho achishanda kana kuti atove muchirongwa chekugadzirisa zvikwereti. Zvine musoro kusamhan'arira munhu ane chikwereti asingakwanise kubhadhara zviri pachena.

Kudzokorora

Kukwidza nyaya kunoitwa kuDare Repamusoro, asi kwete pazvikumbiro zvidiki: kana chikumbiro chisingapfuure EUR 1,750 hapana kukwidza nyaya kunowanikwa uye mutongo wacho uri wekupedzisira (art. 332 Rv). Kukwidza nyaya kunofanirwa kuitwa mukati memwedzi mitatu, uye gweta rinosungirwa kunyangwe risingadiwi pakutanga. Pachikumbiro chezviuru zvishoma zvemaeuro, kukwidza nyaya kunowanzova kusina kunaka.

Maitiro eEuropean small claims

Mutemo 861/2007 unogadzira nzira yakafanana yeEU yose yakagadzirirwa kuti ive yakachipa uye ishandiswe pasina gweta. Yakamanikana kupfuura zvinotarisirwa nevanhu.

Denga. Chikumbiro hachifanirwe kudarika EUR 5,000 kana fomu rekukumbira rasvika kudare, kusasanganisa mubereko, mari inoshandiswa uye mari inobhadharwa.

Kuyambuka miganhu chete. Uyu ndiwo muganho mukuru: bato rimwe chete rinofanira kunge richigara kana kugara muNyika Inhengo isiri iyo yedare rakatorwa. Mugari weRotterdam ari kumhan'arira Amsterdam kambani haigone kuishandisa; mugari wemuBerlin anogona kuishandisa.

Zvakanyorwa uye zvakavakirwa pafomu. Munhu anomhan'arira anoendesa Fomu A kudare rine hunyanzvi, iro rinogona kushandisa Fomu B kutsvaga tsananguro. Mupomerwi anopindura paFomu C mukati memazuva makumi matatu ebasa, uye dare rinopa mutongo mukati memazuva makumi matatu ekugamuchira mhinduro iyoyo, kana kutora rimwe danho rakadai sekukumbira ruzivo rwakadzama kana kuita kuti nyaya inzwiwe. Kunzwa kunoitwa chete kana dare rikaona kuti harigone kusarudza humbowo hwakanyorwa. Gweta harimanikidzwe (art. 10 yeMutemo).

Zvisina Kubatanidzwa. Mutemo uyu haushande pamutemo wemhuri, kugarisana, kusakwanisa kubhadhara mari, kuchengetedzeka kwevanhu, kutonga nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika kana mabasa - izvo zvinobvisa kusawirirana kwakawanda kuripo pakati penyika dzepasi rose muNetherlands.

Kutevedzwa kweMutemo. Mutongo unocherechedzwa uye unotevedzwa mune dzimwe Nyika Dziri Nhengo pasina chero chiziviso chekutevedzwa kwemutemo, uchishandisa chitupa cheFomu D chakapihwa nedare rakapa mutongo - mukana wacho chaiwo.

MuNetherlands maitiro acho anonzwikwa nekantonrechter , uye kukwidza nyaya pamusoro pemutongo kunofanirwa kuitwa mukati memazuva makumi matatu kubva pamutongo. Kana maitiro edhijitari achishanda, gwaro remaitiro nemamwe mapepa anoiswa mumagwaro emagetsi kunze kwekunge dare raraira zvakasiyana (art. 30c Rv). E-Justice portal yeEU ine mafomu nechishandiso chekuzadza fomu. Panozoenda Fomu A rakazadzwa mubvunzo wakasiyana, uye mhinduro haina kufanana neyechikumbiro chemuno: chinoiswa kudare rinozonzwa. Bvunza rejista yedare redunhu rine hunyanzvi kuti rinoda kuti fomu riunzwe sei, uye nemutauro upi, usati waritumira.

Miganhu inoshanda. Zvayakanyorwa, inokodzera chikwereti chakanyorwa zvakanaka uye gakava riripo pakati penyaya dzakakakavadzana zvakanyanya. Magwaro anowanzo fanirwa kunge ari mumutauro wedare, saka dare reDutch rinoda chiDutch, uye shanduro inogona kusvika pamutengo wechikwereti chidiki.

Kuenzanisa nzira mbiri idzi

Mutemo wekubhadhara weEurope

Kana chikumbiro chiri chemunyika imwe chete uye usingatarisiri dziviriro yechokwadi, Mutemo 1896/2006 ndiwo mudziyo uri nani, uye hapana muganho wemari. Munhu ari kunyunyuta anoisa Fomu A; kana chikumbiro chakarurama, dare rinopa gwaro rekubhadhara reEurope (Fomu E) pasina kuongorora zvizere hunhu hwacho. Mupomerwi ane mazuva makumi matatu ekuisa gwaro rekupikisa (Fomu F). Kana pasina asvika, gwaro racho rinonzi rinogona kushanda (Fomu G) muEU yese pasina gwaro rekusimbisirwa. Kana kupikiswa kukaitwa, nyaya yacho inoenderera mberi pamberi pematare eNhengo yeNyika yaakabva pasi pemutemo wehurumende . Kuchinjana: nekukurumidza uye kwakachipa kune ane chikwereti akanyarara, kusina basa kune uyo anodzosera fomu rekupikisa rine peji rimwe chete.

Pane here order yekuNetherlands yekubhadhara?

Kwete nenzira imwecheteyo. Netherlands haina yakaenzana neyeGerman Mahnverfahren kana murairo wekubhadhara weEurope — hapana nzira yekutonga inoshandura chikumbiro chisina kukakavara kuita dhiri rinomanikidzwa pasina kutongwa. Mutongo weDutch unotsiva: unopa dare repamutemo, mukwereti anokundikana kuuya, uye mutongo unotevera (art. 139 Rv). Inoshanda, asi inodhura muripo wedare nemari yedare kubva pakutanga, ndosaka murairo wekubhadhara weEurope uchigona kudhura zvishoma kupfuura miganhu.

Kuzivikanwa nekusimbiswa kwemutemo wekuyambuka miganhu, muchidimbu

Mutongo weDutch munyaya dzezvemitemo kana dzezvekutengeserana unotenderera zvakasununguka mukati meEU: pasi peBrussels I bis Regulation, unocherechedzwa pasina nzira chaiyo uye unomanikidzwa pasina chiziviso chekumanikidzwa, kana wapihwa chitupa kubva kudare reDutch, kunyangwe uchiri kumanikidza kuburikidza nevakuru vemunharaunda pasi pemitemo yemunharaunda. Mutongo unobva kune imwe Nhengo yeEU unomanikidzwa pano zvichienderana nehwaro humwe chete. Mutongo unobva kunze kweEU wakasiyana: pasina chibvumirano haushandiswi otomatiki pano, uye mukweretesi anowanzo fanirwa kuunza nyaya itsva dzeDutch umo dzine huremu hweuchapupu kana dzichisangana nemamiriro ekururama nekutonga.

Nguva dzemiganhu

Musarega chikumbiro chipera muchitaurirana. Nguva yacho makore makumi maviri, asi zvinhu zvinokosha mukuita kwayo ipfupi zvikuru - kazhinji makore mashanu ekukumbira muripo wechibvumirano, kubva pazuva rinotevera nguva yacho, uye makore mashanu ekukumbira muripo, kubva pazuva rinotevera apo munhu akakuvara aiziva kukuvara uye munhu ane mhosva. Kutengeswa kwevatengi kupfupi: chikumbiro chekubhadhara mutengo wekutenga chinomiswa mushure memakore maviri (art. 7:28 BW), ayo matare anoverenga kubva pazuva reinvoice.

Muganho unogona kukanganiswa, kungave nedanho rekutongwa kwemutemo kana nechikumbiro chakanyorwa kana chiziviso chakanyorwa umo mukweretesi anochengetedza kodzero yekuita basa rake (art. 3:317 BW). Nguva itsva inobva yapera, uye hapana anopfuura makore maviri anogona kupfuura pakati pezviito zvinotevedzana zvekukanganiswa - chirango chinonyanya kukosha panguva pfupi yekutengesa kwevatengi, apo kutaurirana kunobvumirwa kuchinjika kunogona kudzima chikumbiro.

Ichi ndicho chikonzero chechipiri chekunyora chikumbiro chega chega. Kukanganiswa kunobatsira chete kana uchikwanisa kuratidza kuti ndizvo zvazviri, saka chengeta tsamba kana email, mashoko anochengetedza kodzero yako yekuita basa, uye humbowo hwekuti zvakasvika riini kumunhu ane chikwereti.

Uchapupu, uye kana chikumbiro chacho chakakodzera kuunzwa

Maitiro ekuDutch anoisa mutoro wehumbowo kune bato rinosimbisa chokwadi, icho muchikwereti chidiki chinoreva iwe. Usati washandisa chero chinhu, unganidza:

• chibvumirano, kusimbiswa kweodha, chirevo kana mazwi, uye humbowo hwavakabvumirana;
• ma invoice, uye humbowo hwekuti akatumirwa uye akagamuchirwa;
• gwaro rekunyorerana tsamba, kusanganisira chero kubvuma chikwereti — email inoti "tichabhadhara mwedzi unouya" kazhinji ndiyo gwaro rakasimba pane ese ari mufaira;
• humbowo hwekutumira kana kushanda;
• tsamba dzekukumbira, kusanganisira tsamba yemazuva gumi nemana yemutengi ane chikwereti;
• Zita repamutemo remukwereti uye ruzivo rwekunyoresa, saka unomhan'arira sangano rakakodzera.

Wobva waita masvomhu nekuvimbika. Wedzera mari yedare, muripo wemumiriri wedare, dudziro, mari yematare uye mari yekumanikidza. Bvisa mari inodzoserwa nemutengo - pane chikumbiro chidiki, chidimbu chemari yematare. Wedzera nekufungidzira kwako kwechokwadi kwekukunda, uye zvakare kwekubhadharwa. Chikumbiro cheEUR 1,500 chinopikisa munhu ane chikwereti chisina kugadzikana chinowanzo fanirwa kutevedzwa; chikumbiro chimwe chete chinopikisa kambani isina midziyo hachisi.