Makakatanwa evagovani haawanzo kutanga nenharo huru. Anotanga nemaitiro - sarudzo dzinoitwa pasina kubvunzana, kuvharirwa mukana wekuwana ruzivo rwemari, kana kuti vagovani vazhinji vachideredza kukosha kwavo chinyararire. Panosvika nguva apo mumwe munhu anotsvaga mazano pamusoro pemakakatanwa evagovani, kuparara kwekuvimbana kunenge kwapera mwedzi yakati wandei uye sarudzo dzakapinza dzatove shoma. Kunzwisisa sarudzo dzako muchiDutch mutemo wemakambani Kukurumidza kunoita mutsauko wese.
Chandinoona mukuita ndechekuti vagovani vemasheya vanomirira kwenguva yakareba vasati vagadzirisa gakava revagovani vemasheya. Kwete nekuda kwekusava nehanya, asi nekuti gakava racho pakutanga rinoita serakakodzera uye hapana anoda kutanga kutamba kadhi repamutemo. Ndinozvinzwisisa izvozvo. Asi chinzvimbo chepamutemo chevagovani vemasheya vashoma chinoderera sezvo sarudzo dzakawanda dzichiitwa, nguva yakawanda inopfuura, uye hukama hunowedzera kuipa. Kupa mazano nekukurumidza hakunyanyi kudhura; kupa mazano ekunonoka kazhinji kunodhura.
Pazasi ndinotsanangura nzira yekuwedzera gakava revanogovana mari yandinosangana naro mukuita - kubva pachibvumirano chevanogovana mari kusvika kuEnterprise Chamber - uye kuti ndeapi matanho epamutemo anoshandiswa padanho rega rega.
Maitiro ekugadzirisa kusawirirana kwevane migove — danho rekutanga: chibvumirano chevane migove
Pasati paitwa chero chiito mumakakatanwa evagovani, chibvumirano chevagovani (SHA) chinofanira kuongororwazve. Kwete sechiito, asi senzvimbo yekutanga yehurongwa hwese. Mapato haawanzo kuziva kuti chinzvimbo chavo chechibvumirano chakasimba sei kusvika mumwe munhu anyatsochitarisa — uye SHA inowanzova nedziviriro yakawanda kupfuura inofungidzirwa nevagovani vevagovani vevashoma.
Zvikamu zvina ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha mumamiriro ezvinhu ekusawirirana. Chikamu chekugadzirisa gakava chinosarudza kana mapato achifanira kuedza kuyananisa kana kugakava vasati vaenda kudare. Chikamu chekupedzisira chinotonga zvinoitika kana mavhoti akaenzana uye kambani isingachagoni kushanda zvakanaka. Sarudzo dzePut and call dzinopa mapato kodzero yekutengesa kana kutenga nemutengo wakatarwa kana mumwe wakatarwa nebato rechitatu. Uye kodzero dzeruzivo dzinosarudza kuti mugovani wemasheya ane mukana wekuwana ruzivo rwehutungamiriri, nhamba dzenguva pfupi uye magwaro emusangano.
Pamwe chete neSHA, mutemo uyu unopa dziviriro yakawedzerwa. Chinyorwa 2:8 cheDutch Civil Code (DCC) chinoda kuti vagovani, vatungamiriri nekambani vazvibate zvinoenderana nekunzwisisa uye kururamisira. Mutemo iwoyo hausi wekusarudza: unoumba mabasa eruzivo, kuongororwa kwekuita sarudzo, uye mubvunzo wekuti mugovani wevagovani wevazhinji angakunda vashoma here. Sarudzo dzinopesana nemutemo iwoyo dzinogoneka pasi peChinyorwa 2:15 DCC - nzira inopfuura nedare repamutemo inogona kukurumidza uye yakachipa pane maitiro akazara eEnterprise Chamber.
Kubva pakudzidzira
Mumwe mugovani wechikamu chidiki mukambani yetekinoroji akawana kuti SHA yake yaive neruzivo rwekuti bhodhi raive richityora mutemo kwemwedzi gumi nemiviri. Bhodhi rakaramba kupa nhamba dzenguva pfupi uye maminetsi emisangano yekugovana migove, richiti mugovani "haana basa rekushanda".
Zvichibva paSHA neChinyorwa 2:8 DCC, mhinduro yakamanikidzwa kunze kwedare - pasina nyaya, nekuwana zvizere maminetsi emusangano webhodhi anofukidza mwedzi gumi nemiviri yapfuura uye kugadziriswa kwechimiro chekugoverwa kwepurofiti. Bhodhi harina kumbobvira rabvuma mukana iwoyo nekuzvidira dai hwaro hwepamutemo husina kunyatso shandiswa.
Danho rechipiri: kutaurirana, kana hukama huchiri kukwanisa kuchengetedzwa
Kana mapato achiri kugona kushanda pamwe chete, kuyananisa ndiyo nzira inokurumidza kusvika kumhedzisiro inogara kwenguva refu mukukakavadzana kwevanemasheya. Muyananisi wehunyanzvi anobatsira kuparadzanisa zvido nezvinzvimbo - nekuti izvo mapato anoti anoda (kutenga, kudzingwa kwemutungamiriri, kukuvara) zvinowanzosiyana zvakanyanya nezvaanoda chaizvo (kuzivikanwa, pachena, mutengo wakakodzera).
Chinhu chakanaka chekuyananisa vanhu mumakakatanwa evane migove hakusi kungokurumidza uye kuchengetedza mari chete. Mhedzisiro yacho inogona kugadziriswa zvizere: chimiro chemasheya chakagadziriswa, chibvumirano chekutenga chine zvikamu zvekuwana mari, modhi itsva yekutonga, kana zvibvumirano pamusoro pekupa ruzivo izvo mutemo usingade asi izvo mapato anogona kubvumirana nekuzvidira. Mhedzisiro iyoyo haigoneke mumatare edzimhosva - mutongi anoisa sarudzo, haarongi remangwana.
Zvisinei, kuyananisa hakushande, kana rimwe bato rikaita zvisina kunaka, hukama hwebhizinesi hunokanganisika zvisingagadzirisiki, kana kuti kupindira nekukurumidza kunodiwa kudzivirira kurasikirwa nekukosha. Mumakakatanwa aya evanemasheya, kuendeswa zvakananga kuEnterprise Chamber ndiyo sarudzo iri nani - uye kunonoka kunobatsira rimwe divi chete.
Kana kutaurirana kusiri sarudzo
Zviratidzo zvekuti kutaurirana hakuna tariro: rimwe bato rinoramba kuwana ruzivo rwemari rwarinosungirwa kupa nemutemo kana nekondirakiti; midziyo iri kutorwa kana kuti sarudzo dziri kuitwa dzinoderedza kukosha kwekambani; kana kuti pane tsika yekukundikana kuzadzisa zvibvumirano zvekare. Muzviitiko izvozvo, Enterprise Chamber haisiriyo nzira yekupedzisira asi ndiyo nzira yekutanga yakakodzera.
Danho rechitatu: Kamuri reMabhizinesi
The Enterprise Chamber (Ondernemingskamer, OK) ibazi rakasiyana re Amsterdam Dare Repamusoro rinongotonga nyaya dzemakambani chete. Mumakakatanwa makuru evanemasheya, rinozivikanwa pasi rose seimwe yematare emakambani anoshanda zvakanyanya muEurope - kwete nekuti rinogara richitonga richitsigira munyoreri, asi nekuti rinogona kupindira nekukurumidza uye zvine hungwaru mumamiriro ezvinhu apo dare repamutemo rinenge rasara nemwedzi yakati wandei.
Zvinogona kuitwa neCompetition Chamber zviri pamutemo
Masimba eOK anosvika kure, asi anotsanangurwa zvizere muChinyorwa 2:356 DCC. Mukati mehurongwa hwenyaya dzekuferefeta (enquêteprocedure) inogona kutora gadziriro nekukasika kana paine zvikonzero zvine musoro zvekusava nechokwadi nehurongwa hwakakodzera kana kuti nzira chaiyo yenyaya (Chinyorwa 2:350 DCC). Izvi hazvisi zvekupindira zvishoma: OK inogona kugadza director wenguva pfupi kana nhengo yebhodhi rekutarisira, kumisa nhengo dzebhodhi, kana kutamisa migove kwenguva pfupi nenzira yekutonga. Chekupedzisira ichi chiyero chenguva pfupi - kwete kutamisa muridzi zvachose - chakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa kambani uku kuferefeta kuri kuenderera mberi.
"Bumbiro reMabhizinesi rinobvuma chikumbiro ichi chete kana zvichiita sekuti pane zvikonzero zvakasimba zvekusava nechokwadi nehurongwa hwakakodzera kana kuti mafambiro akakodzera enyaya."
Chinyorwa 2:350(1) DCC
Kubviswa kwezvisarudzo zvisiri pamutemo — semuenzaniso nyaya yemasheya inodzikisira huwandu hwevanhu vashoma kana sarudzo yemugove inotyora kunzwisisika uye kururamisira — hakuitiki kuburikidza neOK, asi kuburikidza nechikumbiro pamberi pedare repamutemo pasi peChinyorwa 2:15 DCC. Nzira mbiri idzi hadzisi dzakasiyana: maitiro ekubvunza pamberi peOK uye chikumbiro chekudzima chibvumirano pamberi pedare redunhu chinogona kuitwa panguva imwe chete.
Dare reOK rinogona kutora matanho ekukurumidzira "nekukurumidza kukuru" - kazhinji mukati mevhiki imwe kusvika mbiri mushure mekutumira chikumbiro, kunyangwe pasina nguva yakatarwa yepamutemo iripo. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive chishandiso chekutonga chinokurumidza zvikuru chekusawirirana kwakakomba kwehutungamiriri hwemakambani.
Muganho wezviitiko zvekuferefeta
Pasi peChinyorwa 2:346 DCC, matanho ekuferefeta akavhurirwa vagovani vane mari inosvika 10% yemari yakapihwa uye vanomiririra mari inosvika €225,000. Mitemo yakasiyana inoshanda kumakambani akanyorwa kana makambani ane mari yakawanda yakapihwa. Kana miganhu iyoyo ikasazadzikiswa, kubatana nevamwe vane mari shoma kazhinji ndiyo mhinduro. Mitemo yakaderera inoshanda kune zvinodiwa ipapo ipapo: chero munhu ane hanya ane chikonzero chakakomba anogona kuendesa chikumbiro.
Kubva pakudzidzira
Vane migove mishoma (35%) mukambani yekugadzira zvinhu vakatarisana nehuwandu hwakawanda hwaiita zvibvumirano nekambani yavo pachavo — pazvibvumirano zvairatidza kuti hazvina kunaka kukambani pane zvaipiwa nemusika. Vashoma vacho vakanga vasisina mukana wekuwana hutungamiriri hwakazara uye nekudaro vakanga vasingakwanisi kunyatsosimbisa kukura kwekukuvara kwacho.
Ndiyo mamiriro ezvinhu apo OK inoratidza simba rayo. Kuburikidza nechikumbiro chezvipo zvekukurumidza, mutungamiriri wechinguvana akagadzwa nekukurumidza uyo akabva awana mukana wekusvika kune vese vatungamiriri. Maitiro ekuferefeta akatevera akaburitsa pachena kusashanda zvakanaka kwemari. Nyaya yacho yakaguma mushure memwedzi mipfumbamwe nehurongwa hwekutenga vashoma pamutengo wakarurama - zvakanyanya kupfuura mari yakapihwa nevakawanda pakutanga, apo vashoma vakanga vasati vava neruzivo rwakazara rwemamiriro emari.
Danho rechina mukukakavadzana kwevane migove: chiito cheboka uye mutoro wemunhu
Kana vagovani vemigove mishoma vakawanda vaine zvido zvakafanana, kubatana kunogona kusimbisa nzvimbo yekutaurirana. Gakava remukati nekudaro rinova nyaya yekutonga kwemakambani - iyo ine simba guru pamwe chete nemutemo weOK uye mune chero zviitiko zvekukuvadzwa. Uyezve, chiyero chekubvunza che10% ne€225,000 chinowanzo wanikwa chete kana vane migove mishoma vachishanda pamwe chete.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvinokwanisika kuti vatungamiriri vatore mutoro. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa mukati mekambani pasi peChinyorwa 2:9 DCC, apo mutungamiriri akaita mabasa ake zvisina kunaka uye anogona kupomerwa mhosva zvakanyanya. Kunze kuburikidza neChinyorwa 6:162 DCC, kana maitiro ake achikodzera semhosva kune mugovani kana mumwe munhu wechitatu. Muganho wakakwira - kwete kukanganisa kwese kunoreva mhosva yakakura - asi kana paine kuzvipfumisa, kunyengera kana kushaya hanya kwakanyanya, mhosva yemunhu inzira yakakura inowedzera kumanikidzwa kwekugadzirisa.
Mutongo weDare Repamusorosoro uchangobva kuitwa unojekesa kuti, kana paine kusawirirana kwezvido, hazvisi zvemutungamiriri ane chekuita nekutonga kana aine kusawirirana kwezvido; kuti mutongo wacho ndewevamwe vatungamiriri (Dare Repamusorosoro 2026). Mutemo iwoyo unoita kuti zvive nyore kuyedza maitiro evatungamiriri uye kupikisa pazvinenge zvichidikanwa.
Unosarudza sei nzira chaiyo yekuronga gakava remasheya?
Hapana nzira chaiyo yekugadzirisa gakava revanogovana. Nzira chaiyo inoenderana nechokwadi, hukama, zviri muSHA, uye kuti rimwe bato rinoda kushanda pamwe chete kusvika papi kuti pave nemhinduro. Mibvunzo mina yandinogara ndichigadzirisa muhurukuro yekutanga ndeiyi:
- Hukama hwebhizinesi hunogona kuchengetedzwa here? Ehe → kutanga nekuyananisa. Zvinokurumidza, zvakachipa, zvakavanzika, uye mhedzisiro yacho inogona kugadziriswa. Kwete, kana kukuvara zvakanyanya → Kambani yebhizinesi kana nzira yekutenga.
- Pane njodzi huru kukambani here? Kubhururuka kwemidziyo, kuvharirwa kwemaakaundi ebhangi, kana kutyisidzirwa nekukundikana kubhadhara mari kuburikidza nekushandisa zvisirizvo → zvinhu zviripo nguva pfupi isati yasvika OK. Zuva rega rega rekunonoka rinowedzera kukuvara.
- Ko migove yacho yakakura sei? Zvisingasviki 10% kana pasi pe€225,000 nominal → muganho wekubvunza haugoneke pasina vabatsiri. Batana nemauto kana kusarudza imwe nzira.
- Ko SHA inoti chii? Gara uchiverenga kutanga. Mutemo weSHA unogona kunge uine chikamu chekugadzirisa gakava chinoda kuti pave nekuyananiswa kana kugadzwa pamberi pedare — pamwe nekodzero dzinosimbisa zvakanyanya chinzvimbo chevashoma.
Nguva uye mari yekusawirirana kwevanemasheya
Mari inoshandiswa uye nguva yekukakavadzana kwevane migove zvinotemerwa nezvinhu zvitatu: kuoma kwechokwadi, kuramba kwemumwe munhu, uye kunaka kwemagwaro aripo. Avo vane magwaro akanyorwa zvakanaka - vane maemail, maminetsi emusangano, SHA uye ongororo dzemari - vari munzvimbo yakasimba uye vanotonga nyaya zvakachipa.
| Nzira | chinguva | Mari dzinoratidza |
|---|---|---|
| Mediation | 3 - 6 mwedzi | € 5,000 - € 20,000 |
| Zvinodiwa ipapo ipapo (Zvakanaka) | Mazuva kusvika kumavhiki * | € 8,000 - € 25,000 |
| Matanho ekuferefeta (akazara) | 6 - 18 mwedzi | €25,000 - €100,000+ |
| Matanho ekutenga (Art. 2:343 / 2:201a DCC) | 12 - 24 mwedzi | € 15,000 - € 50,000 |
Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa
Chii chingaitwe neEnterprise Chamber?
Mukati menyaya dzekuferefeta, OK ine masimba makuru: kugadza director wenguva pfupi kana nhengo yebhodhi rinotarisira, kumisa nhengo dzebhodhi, uye kutamisa migove kwenguva pfupi nenzira yekutonga (Chinyorwa 2:356 DCC). Aya matanho enguva pfupi - kwete kutamisa muridzi zvachose. Kubviswa kwezvisarudzo zvisiri pamutemo hakuitiki kuburikidza neOK, asi kuburikidza nechikumbiro pamberi pedare repamutemo pasi peChinyorwa 2:15 DCC. Nzira dzese dziri mbiri dzinogona kufamba panguva imwe chete.
Kodzero dzangu semugovani wevashomanana ndedzipi?
Muchokwadi une kodzero yekuwana nhamba dzegore negore nemagwaro emusangano, uye kodzero yekupikisa zvisarudzo zvinopesana nekunzwisisa uye kururamisira (Zvinyorwa 2:8 ne2:15 DCC). Panyaya dzekubvunza, Chinyorwa 2:346 DCC chinoda kuti vagovani pamwe chete vave nechikamu che10% chemari yakapihwa uye mari inosvika €225,000; miganho yakasiyana inoshanda kumakambani akanyorwa kana mari yakakura yakapihwa. Kodzero dzekuwedzera dzinowanzo tsanangurwa muSHA nezvinyorwa zvesangano.
Musiyano uripo pakati pekugadzirisa nyaya, kugadzirisa nyaya nemutemo weOK ndeupi?
Kupindirana kwenyaya kunoitwa nekuzvidira — mapato ese ari maviri anofanira kubvumirana pane zvabuda. Kupindirana kwenyaya kunotungamira kusarudzo inosungirwa nemutongi wepachivande, kunze kwematare. Dare reEnterprise Chamber idare rinogona, kana rakumbirwa — kunyangwe pasina kushandira pamwe kwerimwe bato — kutora matanho echinguvana kana paine zvikonzero zvakasimba zvekusahadzika nezvemutemo kana mafambiro ezvinhu.
Ndingakwanisa here kupa mutungamiriri mhosva?
Ehe, asi muganho wacho wakakwira. Pasi peChinyorwa 2:9 DCC, mutoro wemukati unogoneka kana director akaita mabasa ake zvisina kunaka uye anogona kupomerwa mhosva zvakanyanya. Kunze kweizvi zvinogona kuitwa kuburikidza neChinyorwa 6:162 DCC kana maitiro ake akaita semhosva. Muzviitiko zvekuzvipfumisa, kunyengerwa kana kutsigira makambani ake, iyi inzira yakakomba - zvakare senzira yekumanikidza kuti pave nechibvumirano.
Munoitawo basa rekubatsira vane migove vekunze here?
Ehe. Law & More ane ruzivo rwakakura nevanogovana masheya nevatungamiriri vemabhizinesi ekuDutch neNV. Tinoita mabasa edu neChirungu uye tinoshanda pamwe chete nevanopa mazano vekune dzimwe nyika panyaya dzine chekuita nemakambani akasiyana.
Nezvomunyori
Tom Meevis ndiye Mutungamiriri weParamende pa Law & More in Eindhoven uye AmsterdamAnopa mazano kumakambani ekuDutch neepasi rose pamusoro pemakakatanwa evanemasheya, matare emakambani uye mafambiro ari pamberi peEnterprise Chamber (Ondernemingskamer).
Une kusawirirana pakati pevane masheya here, kana kuti unofungidzira kuti kodzero dzako dziri kutyorwa? Tichaongorora mamiriro ako ezvinhu, tokupa mazano akananga, uye tokuzivisa nezvesarudzo nemari — muhurukuro yemahara yekuongorora.
Tom Meevis · +31 40 369 06 80 · [email inodzivirirwa]
