Mhosva dzepabonde muNetherlands: maitiro kubva pamushumo zvichienda mberi

Musi wa1 Chikunguru 2024, Mutemo weWet seksuele misdrijven (Mutemo weMhosva dzepabonde) wakatsiva Musoro wese weDutch Criminal Code. Mutemo weDutch wemhosva dzepabonde wavakirwa pakubvumirana kwete pakumanikidzwa, uye une mhosva dzaisambovapo kare. Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zveChirungu zvichiri kutsanangura mutemo wekare. Peji rino rinotsanangura hurongwa huripo uye zvinoitika munyaya.

Zvakachinja musi wa1 Chikunguru 2024

Zuva iroro risati rasvika, kubatwa chibharo nekushungurudzwa pabonde zvaida humbowo hwekumanikidzwa: kumanikidza, kutyisidzira nechisimba, kana chimwe chiito chekumanikidza. Munhu ainyunyuta aingomira, aisaramba, kana kuti aitya zvakanyanya kana kuti akadhakwa zvekusagona kuramba aiwanzobuda pachena, asi zviri pachena kuti kusangana kwacho kwaisadiwa.

Mutemo wakachinja pokutangira. Chinofanira kuratidzwa hachisi chekuti mumhan'ari akamanikidzwa, asi kuti vaisada kuonana uye kuti mumwe munhu aiziva izvi kana kuti aiva nechikonzero chakakomba chekufungira izvozvo. Kumanikidzwa ikozvino kunowedzera mutongo mukuru pane kuva nemhosva. Mhosva imwe neimwe yepakati iripowo nenzira yemaune uye ine mhosva, uye maitiro maviri ekuzvibata akatongerwa mhosva kekutanga: kusangana nevana pabonde online (sexchatting) uye kushungurudzwa pabonde pachena.

Mutemo uyu hauna simba rekudzosa zvinhu: maitiro asati aitwa musi wa1 Chikunguru 2024 anotongwa nemutemo sezvawaive panguva iyoyo, izvo zvinonyanya kukosha munyaya dzakataurwa makore akazotevera.

Zvikamu zvikuru zvemhosva pasi peChinyorwa chitsva XIV

Chikamu 254 Sr chinowedzera zvakanyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, kusanganisira mhosva dzakaitwa nevanhu vakati wandei, nemukuru wehurumende anoshandisa chinzvimbo chavo zvisina kunaka, kana kukonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya.

Zvinorevei kubvumirana muhurongwa hutsva

Mutemo uyu haudi chibvumirano chepamutemo kana chekutaura. Unobvunza kana kuda kwemumwe munhu kuita zviito izvi kwaivapo, uye zvaizivikanwa kana kuti zvaifanirwa kunzwisiswa neanopomerwa. Mvumo inogona kuoneka mumashoko kana maitiro, asi inofanira kuvapo panguva iyoyo uye ichifukidza zvakaitika chaizvo.

Chikamu 244 Sr chinotaura mamiriro ezvinhu apo kuda kunenge kusina: kusaziva, kusaziva zvakanyanya, kusakwanisa kuita zvakanaka mumuviri, uye chirwere chepfungwa, mamiriro epfungwa kana kuremara kwepfungwa zvekuti munhu haakwanise kugadzira kana kutaura zvakanaka nezvezviito, kana kuzviramba. Munhu akarara, asina chaanoziva nekuda kwekunwa doro kana zvinodhaka, kana asingakwanisi kusarudza nekuda kwekuremara, pamutemo haagoni kubvuma.

Zvisingarevi kubvumirana

• Kunyarara kana kusaita chinhu. Kusaramba kwete hakusi kuti hongu.
• Kutonhora. Kusafamba-famba imhinduro yakanyorwa yekushungurudzwa pabonde. Pasi pemutemo wekare waiwanzokunda kupomerwa mhosva; haucharatidzi kubvumirana.
• Kubvumirana kune chimwe chinhu. Kubvumirana pane chimwe chiito hakuenderane nechimwe; chiitiko chakamboitika hachitauri chinhu nezveichi.
• Mvumo yabviswa. Chido chinofanira kunge chiripo zvachose; kuenderera mberi mushure mekunge mumwe aratidza pachena kuti anoda kurega imhosva.
• Hukama huripo. Kuroorana, kugara pamwe chete uye nhoroondo yepabonde hazvibvumirwi.
• Kushandisa chinzvimbo zvisina kunaka. Kana munyunyuti achivimba neanopomerwa mhosva, chibvumirano chingasave chakasununguka.

Mhando dzemhosva uye nei dzichikosha

Uku ndiko kuchinja kukuru kweMutemo, uye kunowanzo nzwisiswa zvisina kunaka. Mhosva dzamaune muhunyanzvi. 241 na243 Sr dzinoda ruzivo: mupomerwi aiziva kuti kuda kwemumwe munhu kwakanga kusipo, kana kuti aibvuma mukana mukuru weizvozvo. Mhosva dzacho dziri muhunyanzvi. 240 na242 Sr dzinoda zvishoma - chikonzero chakakomba chekufungira kuti mumwe aisada zviito, uye kuenderera mberi zvakadaro. Mutemo unotarisira kuti munhu aone uye apindure kune zviratidzo zviri pachena kumunhu anonzwisisa, uye kuti aongorore kuti hazvina kujeka papi.

Saka nyaya haikundikani nekuti mupomerwi anoti aitenda kuti munhu wacho aidiwa; mubvunzo ndewekuti chitendero ichocho chaive chaaifanira kuva nacho here. Saizvozvowo, kuverenga zvisirizvo kwechokwadi hakusi kupindura mhosva yacho, uye musiyano uripo pakati pekusunungurwa, mhosva ine mhosva uye mhosva ine chinangwa inogona kuita kuti pave netsananguro pfupi: zvakataurwa, zvaionekwa, kuti zvakanwiwa zvakadii. Musiyano wacho unoratidzwawo muzvirango. Kubva 1 Chikunguru 2024 kushungurudzwa pabonde kusina mhosva pasi pemutemo. 240 Sr ine makore maviri ekugara mujeri kana faindi yechikamu chechina, uye kubatwa chibharo pasina mhosva pasi pemutemo. 242 Sr makore mana kana faindi yechikamu chechina. Kubatwa chibharo nemaune pasi pemutemo. 243 Sr ine makore mapfumbamwe kana faindi yechikamu chechishanu, inosvika makore gumi nemaviri muchimiro chayo chakakodzera. Nguva yepamusoro yemakore gumi dzimwe nguva ichiri kutaurwa semutemo. 242 Sr ndeyechinyorwa sezvachaive pamberi pa1 Chikunguru 2024 uye hachichashandi.

Mhosva dzine chekuita nezera

Zviito zvepabonde nemwana ari pasi pemakore gumi nematanhatu imhosva zvisinei nekuti mwana akataura kana kuti airatidzika kunge achida, zvichiongororwa zvichienderana nezera rake, uye zera rake rinorema kupfuura mwana mudiki. Kune vane makore gumi nematanhatu negumi nemanomwe, kusangana pabonde hakusi mhosva, asi chikamu chemutemo. 245 ne246 Sr zvinoshanda kana paine imwe mamiriro ezvinhu: hukama hwemhuri kana hwekuchengeta, simba, kushaya simba, kutsamira, kunyengedzwa, zvipo kana mari, kana chipfambi.

Chinyorwa 251 Sr chinotaura nezvenzira yekupindira munyaya dzepabonde yemwana ari pasi pemakore gumi nematanhatu, ingave yakataurwa kana yakanyorwa, uye chinosanganisira kutaura zvepabonde: kutumirana mameseji epabonde nemwana online. Chinotaurawo nezvekuisa mwana pachena nezvenyaya dzepabonde uye kuronga musangano.

Kushuma: chii chinoitika pakutanga

Hurukuro ine ruzivo

Mapurisa anowanzo tanga kwete nemushumo wepamutemo asi nehurukuro ine ruzivo (informatief gesprek), inowanzo batwa nemapurisa maviri, mumwe chete ari muongorori wemhosva dzepabonde akadzidziswa, uye orekodhwa odhirowa onyorwa pasi.

Mapurisa anotsanangura kuti mushumo wepamutemo unosanganisira chii, kuti kuferefeta kwacho kwaizotaridzika sei, uye kuti zvingaitika sei uye zvingasabudirira sei. Vanotangawo kufunga nezve: zvakaitika, riini uye kupi, ndiani mumwe angaziva, uye kana paine kukuvara, mameseji kana mapikicha. Munhu wacho anoudzwa kuti kugadzira mushumo wenhema nemaune imhosva; izvi zvinotaurwa kune wese munhu uye hazvisi kuratidza kusatenda. Hurukuro yacho pachayo haisi mushumo, uye inogona kunyorwa chete sekubatanidzwa.

Haufanirwe kuzivisa pakarepo

Hapana anosungirwa kutaura chero nguva, kana kusarudza zuva racho. Mapurisa nePublic Prosecution Service vanoshanda vachitevedzera protocol yekukurukurirana kunopa ruzivo ( informatief gesprek ), mushure mezvo munyunyuti ane nguva yekufungisisa ( bedenktijd ) mushumo usati wateverwa zviri pamutemo; semutemo nguva iyoyo mazuva gumi nemana.

Pane zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha pano. Mushumo, kana wangoitwa, haugone kungobviswa: kuferefeta nekupomera mhosva ndekwePublic Prosecution Service. Kutaura kuti hauchadi kutora chikamu kune simba asi hazvigumisi nyaya yacho. Uye kana paine njodzi yakakura inoramba iripo kana hukama hwakasimba hwekuvimbana, mapurisa anogona kuenderera mberi asina mushumo.

Kubvunzurudzwa kwenyanzvi

Mushumo wepamutemo unotorwa nevaongorori vemhosva dzepabonde pachiteshi chemapurisa, uye zvinotora nguva; maawa akati wandei zvakajairika, dzimwe nguva mumisangano inopfuura imwe chete. Mapurisa anobvunza nezvezviitiko zvakadzama uye zvakatevedzana, uye anobvunza mibvunzo inogona kuita seyakanyanya kupindira kana kusava nechokwadi. Izvi zvinoratidza izvo dare richazoda gare gare, kwete kutonga nezvenyaya yacho.

Munhu anonyunyuta anogona kuuya nemunhu anotsigira, kukumbira nguva yekuzorora, kubvunza kuti sei mubvunzo wabvunzwa, uye ane kodzero yekuwana muturikiri. Kubvunzurudzwa nevana nevanonyanya kunyunyuta vanotambura kunoitwa nemapurisa akadzidziswa basa, kazhinji mustudio yakagadzirwa nechinangwa uye inorekodhwa pavhidhiyo, saka nhoroondo yacho haifanirwe kudzokororwa zvisina kufanira.

Forensic bvunzo uye iyo Centrum Seksueel Geweld

Centrum Seksueel Geweld inzvimbo yenyika ine vanachiremba, vanamukoti, nyanzvi dzepfungwa, vakuru vemhosva dzepabonde nevatariri venyaya, vanogona kusvikika masikati neusiku panhamba 0800-0188, mahara uye vasingazivikanwe.

Nguva inokosha. Nzvimbo iyi inokumbira vanhu kuti vataure navo mukati memazuva manomwe uye zviri nani mukati memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri: ndiyo nguva iyo zviratidzo zvemuviri zvinogona kuwanikwa uye umo mishonga yekudzivirira pamuviri nehutachiona hwepabonde, kusanganisira kudzivirira HIV, inoshanda. Mushure memazuva manomwe, kuongororwa hakuzobudisi zviratidzo kubva mumuviri, kunyange hazvo zvipfeko, magumbeze, mameseji nemifananidzo zvichiri kubatsira kwenguva yakareba.

Kuongororwa hakuna munhu anosungirwa kuti anyore: zvinhu zvinogona kuchengetedzwa uye kuchengetwa kuitira kuti sarudzo irambe yakavhurika, uye hapana chinoitika chinopesana nezvido zvemunhu anotaurirana naye. Kuuya mberi gare gare, kunyangwe mushure memakore, hakuiti kuti nyaya isave netariro; kupomerwa kwakawanda kunobudirira pasina zvinhu zvekuongorora.

Kuferefeta, uye chikonzero nei nyaya idzi dzichiita sedzinoda kutaurwa

Kana mushumo wangoburitswa, mapurisa anoferefeta achitungamirirwa nemuchuchisi wehurumende: chirevo chakadzama kubva kumunyunyuti, kubvunzurudzwa nemufungidziri, zvirevo kubva kune chero munhu akaudzwa panguva iyoyo, kuongororwa kwenhare nemeseji, uye kuti zvinyorwa zvekurapa, mifananidzo yekamera nedata renzvimbo zvakadii.

Chinowanzova chisipo chapupu chakazvimiririra chechiitiko chacho. Mhosva dzepabonde dzinoitika pachivande, uye humbowo hwekutsvaga mhosva, kana huripo, hunowanzo ratidza kuti kusangana kwacho kwakaitika pane kuti kuda kuzviita kwaivepo here. Saka nyaya idzi dzinotanga kuongorora nhoroondo: kuwirirana kwadzo, kukodzera kwadzo nehumbowo hwadzo, uye zvakataurwa nezvakaitwa mushure mezvo.

Mutemo wehumbowo hweDutch unoisa muganho chaiwo pano. Pasi pechikamu 342 Sv dare haringatenderwi kupa mutongo chete pane zvataurwa nechapupu chimwe chete; nyaya yemunyunyuti inofanira kutsvaga rutsigiro kune imwe nzvimbo. Rutsigiro irworwo harufanirwe kuva chapupu chakaona kana kuti kuwanikwa kwemhosva - meseji yenguva imwe chete, kuburitswa pachena kwekutanga, kukuvara, kana nhoroondo yemupomerwi pachake inogona kuiburitsa. Ruzivo rudiki rwakanyorwa pakubvunzurudzwa kwekutanga saka runokosha gare gare, uye zvinhu zvedhijitari zvinofanira kuchengetedzwa.

Sarudzo yekupomera mhosva kana

Kana kuferefeta kwapera, muchuchisi wehurumende anosarudza. Nyaya yacho inogona kuendeswa kudare, kuraswa kunze kwedare, kana kumiswa — sepot — nekuti humbowo hunoonekwa husina kukwana kuti munhu apiwe mhosva kana kuti nekuda kwemutemo. Munhu anonyunyuta ane kodzero yekuudzwa sarudzo yacho nezvikonzero zvayo, uye anogona kukumbira kukurukura nayo nemuchuchisi.

Handizvo zvekupedzisira. Pasi pechikamu 12 Sv munhu ane zvaanofarira zvakananga, kusanganisira munyunyuti, anogona kunyunyuta kudare repamusoro redunhu rakatongwa nyaya yacho. Kana munhu anofungidzirwa kuti azivikanwa uye aziviswa zviri pamutemo nezvekumira kwenyaya, kunyunyuta kunofanirwa kuendeswa mukati memwedzi mitatu; zvikasadaro hapana nguva yakatarwa inomhanya, kunyangwe kunonoka kuchiri kusachenjera.

Dare rinoongorora faira, rinonzwa gweta guru, uye rinogona kuita kuti nyaya yacho inzwiwe muchivande. Rinosarudza kwete mhosva asi chete kana nyaya yacho ichifanira kupomerwa. Kana nyaya yacho ikabudirira, rinorayira kuti nyaya yacho itongwe kana kuti iongororwezve; kana zvikakundikana, mutongo wacho unoramba uripo.

Nzvimbo yemunhu ari kupomerwa mhosva

Munhu akapomerwa mhosva yepabonde anowanzo kukokwa kana kusungwa kuti abvunzurudzwe. Pamberi payo pane kodzero yekubvunza gweta uye kuva nemumwe aripo panguva yekubvunzurudzwa, kodzero yekunyarara, kodzero yekuudzwa nezvekufungira, uye kodzero yekuva nemuturikiri. Mujeri remapurisa, gweta rinongopihwa otomatiki; gweta raunosarudza rinogona kurairwa panzvimbo paro, uye rubatsiro rwemutemo runowanikwa.

Idzi imhosva dzinowanikwa mujeri risati rasvika kutongwa . Kuvharirwa nemapurisa (inverzekeringstelling) kunogona kugara kwemazuva matatu uye kuwedzerwa kamwe chete neatatu; mutongi anoferefeta anogona kuraira kuvharirwa kwenguva pfupi (bewarning) kwemazuva anosvika gumi nemana; uye dare rinogona kuraira kuramba uchivharirwa kwenguva refu (gevangenhouding) kwemazuva anosvika makumi mapfumbamwe — kusvika mazuva zana negumi rimwe chete nyaya isati yasvika kudare. Kuvharirwa kunogona kumiswa kana paine mamiriro ezvinhu uye kupikiswa padanho rega rega.

Pane chimwe chokwadi chisingatongwi nemutemo. Kupomerwa kwerudzi urwu kunogona kukanganisa basa, kunyoreswa kwehunyanzvi, mafomu ekugara, kuronga mhuri uye mukurumbira kare dare risati ranzwa humbowo, uye dzimwe nguva kunyangwe nyaya yacho ikamiswa kana kupera nekusunungurwa. Chero ani zvake ari pachinzvimbo ichi anofanira kutora zano nekukurumidza, kutevedzera chero mamiriro ezvinhu akaiswa, uye kusataura nemunyunyuti kana kukurukura nyaya yacho nezvapupu; kuita izvozvo kunokanganisa chinzvimbo chake uye kunogona kuva mhosva.

Munyunyuti padare redzimhosva

Munyunyuti haasi divi renyaya yemhosva; kupomerwa mhosva kunounzwa nehurumende. Vane kodzero dzakatarwa: kuongorora faira, kuwedzera magwaro, kuperekedzwa, uye kuziviswa nezvekufambira mberi uye mhedzisiro.

Pasi pechikamu 51e Sv pane kodzero yekutaura (spreekrecht) pakunzwa nyaya dzine chekuita nemhosva dzakakomba, kusanganisira idzo dzakurukurwa pano. Ndedzemunhu akabatwa uye, mumamiriro ezvinhu akatsanangurwa, dzehama nevamiriri vemwana. Dzinogona kushandiswa ivo pachavo, nekunyora kuburikidza neshoko remunhu akabatwa, kana nemumiriri ane mvumo senge gweta kana mushandi weSlachtofferhulp Nederland. Mashoko acho anonyorerwa kudare kwete kumunhu apomerwa mhosva.

Muripo unogona kukumbirwa mukati menyaya yemhosva nekubatana semunhu akakuvara pasi pechikamu 51f Sv, chinofukidza kurasikirwa kwemari kwakadai semari yekurapwa nemari yakarasika, uye kukuvara kusiri kwechokwadi. Chikumbiro hachifanirwe kuisa mutoro usingaenzaniswi pakutongwa kwenyaya; chimwe chakaoma chinogona kusiiwa muchikamu kumatare edzimhosva. Kana muripo ukapihwa dare rinowanzoisawo chiyero chemuripo, icho nyika inounganidza mari yacho kubva kumunhu akatongerwa mhosva. Pamwe chete, Schadefonds Geweldsmisdrijven inogona kubhadhara vanhu vakabatwa nemhosva dzechisimba uye dzepabonde, pasina kupomerwa mhosva.

Nguva dzemiganhu dziri muchidimbu

Pasi pechikamu 70 chemutemo weSr. Kodzero yekupomera mhosva inodarika mushure memakore matanhatu, gumi nemaviri kana makumi maviri, zvichienderana nemutongo mukuru. Pamhosva dzepabonde dzakakomba dzakaitirwa mwana mudiki hadziperi zvachose: zviito zvepabonde nevana zvinoramba zvichitongwa pasina muganho wenguva. Kana munhu akabatwa nemhosva aive mukuru, nguva yemuganhu wemakore gumi nemaviri kusvika makumi maviri inoshanda, zvichienderana nemutongo mukuru wakatorwa nemhosva. Pasi pechikamu 71 chemutemo weSr, apo nguva inoshanda kumhosva dzepabonde kumwana, inotangira pazuva iro munhu akabatwa nemhosva anosvitsa makore gumi nemasere pane kubva pazuva remhosva.

Saka mhosva dzekare dzinoitirwa vana dzinogona kutongerwa mhosva mushure memakumi emakore, nepo kune munhu mukuru ari kunyunyuta chinzvimbo chinoenderana nemhosva yaari kupomerwa uye mutemo waishanda panguva iyoyo, saka inofanira kuongororwa pane kufungidzira. Mhosva dzine chekuita nezvinhu zvekushungurudzwa kwevana pabonde dzakaendeswa pamwe chete nezvimwe zviri muChinyorwa XIV: kubvira 1 Chikunguru 2024 dziri muchikamu. 252 Sr, uye chikamu chekare. 240b Sr hachipo. Nguva yekuganhurirwa inotevera mutongo wepamusoro wemhosva.

Kunowanikwa rutsigiro

• Centrum Seksueel Geweld — rubatsiro rwezvekurapa, kuongororwa kwemhosva dzezvemhosva uye rutsigiro rwepfungwa, masikati neusiku, panhamba 0800-0188.
• Slachtofferhulp Nederland — rutsigiro rwemahara, rwemanzwiro uye rwemutemo kune vakashungurudzwa nehama, kusanganisira kodzero yekutaura uye kukumbira muripo.
• Gweta remunhu akakuvadzwa — muzviitiko zvakakomba gweta renyanzvi rinogona kupihwa kune munyunyuti, kazhinji pasina muripo, kuti ripe mazano pakuzivisa nyaya, kuwana mafaira, kodzero yekutaura uye chikumbiro.
• A gweta rekudzivirira — kune chero ani zvake anobvunzwa semunhu anofungidzirwa, kubva pakubvunzurudzwa kwekutanga zvichienda mberi, nerubatsiro rwemutemo rwuri pasi pemari.
• Mukuru chiremba uye Veilig Thuis — yekurapwa uye yemamiriro epamba kana ekurapwa.

Law & More mirau yevanonyunyuta uye yevanhu vanopomerwa mhosva mu Eindhoven, Amsterdam uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo muNetherlands, uye inopa mazano muChirungu. Nekuti Mutemo uyu unoshanda chete pakuita musi wa1 Chikunguru 2024 kana kuti mushure mawo, zuva rezviitiko iri pakati pezvinhu zvekutanga zvinofanira kuziviswa.