"Panguva chaiyo iyo gweta harisisiri gweta rekudzivirira chete, asi rinova munhu anofungirwa, kodzero yegweta-mutengi inobata hwaro hwayo husina kusimba." Kupomerwa mhosva kwegweta rekudzivirira rine mukurumbira Inez Weski munyaya ye26Palma kunoshanda semuedzo wepamutemo. Dare redzimhosva harisi nzvimbo chete yemhosva yemunhu mumwe chete; inzvimbo iyo miganhu yeimwe yedziviriro huru yekutonga kwemutemo wedemocracy iri kudhirowa patsva.

Kuvimbana ndicho chinhu chinogara chiripo chemutemo. Pasina chokwadi chekuti zvinovimbiswa nemutengi kugweta rake zvinoramba zvakavanzika, hurongwa hwacho hunomira kushanda. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora kusawirirana kwakaoma pakati pebasa regweta rekuchengetedza zvakavanzika uye kuferefeta mhosva, zvichiongorora miganhu yekodzero dzegweta nemutengi muNetherlands.

Hwaro hweMutemo hweKodzero yeGweta-Mutengi

Pasi peDutch mutemo, kodzero yegweta-mutengi (verschoningsrecht) yakanyorwa muChikamu 218 cheMutemo weMaitiro Emhosva (Wetboek van Strafvordering kana Sv). Inobvumira nyanzvi dzine basa repamutemo rekuchengetedza zvakavanzika, dzakadai semagweta, vanyori vemutemo wehurumende, uye vanachiremba, kuramba kupindura mibvunzo kana kupa humbowo maererano neruzivo rwavakapihwa mubasa ravo rehunyanzvi.

Chikonzero chekodzero iyi chakasimbiswa zvakanyanya muDare Repamusorosoro reDutch Kusungwa kweMagweta (HR 1 Kurume 1985, NJ 1986, 173). Dare rakatonga kuti kufarira kwevanhu munharaunda kukwanisa kutsvaga gweta vakasununguka kunodarika kufarira kwevanhu munharaunda kutsvaga chokwadi mukuferefeta kwemhosva. Ropafadzo haisi mukana wemunhu wega wegweta; ikodzero inoshanda yemutengi uye, pamwe chete nesangano rose.

Chikamu: Kushanda Kwakakwana kana Kushanda Kwehukama

Kunyange hazvo musimboti wekodzero wakasimba, mashandisirwo awo akajeka. Ruzivo rwunofukidzwa chete kana rwukagoverwa mukati memiganhu yakasimba yehukama hwehunyanzvi hwegweta nemutengi. Kana gweta rikabuda kunze kwebasa iri rehunyanzvi—semuenzaniso, nekushanda semupi wezano wezvekutengeserana kana kutora chikamu mubhizinesi rematsotsi—ruzivo rwacho haruna kodzero.

Sezvinowanzo tsanangurwa nemutemo weChinyorwa 218 Sv (semuenzaniso, Melai & Groenhuijsen) kakawanda, kusiyanisa pakati pekutaurirana kwehunyanzvi kwakavanzika neruzivo rusina kudzivirirwa kunoramba kuri chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma zvikuru mukutongwa kwemhosva.

Gweta Rinofungidzirwa: Chishamiso Chikuru

Kusawirirana kukuru kunoitika kana gweta pacharo rava kupomerwa mhosva. Ko kodzero dzemumiriri negweta dzinopera here kana muchengeti wekodzero dzacho apomerwa mhosva?

Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch rakataura izvi mukutonga kwakakosha (HR 30 Mbudzi 1999, NJ 2002, 438), richisarudza kuti kodzero iyi inoramba ichishanda kunyangwe nyanzvi yacho ichifungidzirwa mhosva, kunze kwekunge paine kushandiswa zvisirizvo kwekodzero iyi. Uyezve, muna 2016 (HR 7 Chikumi 2016, ECLI:NL:HR:2016:1005), Dare rakatsanangura miganhu kana gweta richifungidzirwa kuti rine chekuita nesangano rematsotsi. Nhanho iyi inongobvumidzwa chete mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kujairika, kunyanya kana kuchengetedza kodzero iyi kwaizove kutyora mutemo zvakanyanya.

Kutsvaga uye Kubatwa Kwezvinhu muMakambani Emutemo

Kana Dhipatimendi rePublic Prosecution Service (Openbaar Ministerie) asarudza kutsvaga kambani yemagweta, mitemo yakasimba inofanira kuteverwa kudzivirira nzendo dzekuredza. Mutongo weDare Repamusorosoro pakutsvaga kambani yemagweta (HR 12 Kukadzi 2002, NJ 2002, 439) unorayira kuti mutongi anotarisira (rechter-commissaris) anofanira kutungamira kutsvaga.

Chinonyanya kukosha, Dean weSangano reMagweta (deken) anofanira kunge aripo semuchengeti wekodzero dzacho akazvimirira. Dean anopa zano kumutongi wepamusoro kana magwaro chaiwo ari pasi pekodzero dzehunyanzvi dzegweta. Kana gweta kana Dean vakaramba kutorwa kwemamwe magwaro, anovharwa achimirira chisarudzo chekupedzisira chedare.

Sky ECC uye Uchapupu hweDigital

Nguva yedhijitari yakaunza matambudziko asina kumboitika. Kupinda kwema network ekutaurirana akavharirwa akaita seEncroChat neSky ECC kwakapa mapurisa ruzivo rwakakura.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu edhijitari, Dare Repamusorosoro rakatonga (HR 22 Zvita 2015, ECLI:NL:HR:2015:3714) kuti kubatwa kwemafaira emagetsi kunoda kusefa nokungwarira kuti kupatsanure kutaurirana kwakasununguka kubva kudata risina rusununguko. Mabhuku aEJ Dommering pamusoro pekutaurirana kwedhijitari anosimbisa kuti kuunganidzwa kwedata rakawanda kunodzvinyirira zvakanyanya nzira dzekare dzekusefa, zvichigadzira njodzi yekuti kutaurirana kwakasununguka kunowanikwa nevanoongorora.

Kumanikidzwa kweMagweta neMhosva Dzakarongwa

Chokwadi chiripo mumabasa emutemo emazuva ano ndechekuti magweta ekudzivirira anotarisana nekumanikidzwa kukuru kubva kumapoka emhosva dzakarongwa. Mutemo wechitatu (kuzvimiririra) neMutemo wechitanhatu (kuvanzika) weDutch Bar Association's Code of Conduct zvinoda kuti magweta arambe ari kure zvakanyanya nebasa.

Zvisinei, sezvinotaurwa naT. Spronken mubasa rake rekutanga rekudzivirira, miganhu yebasa rekutarisira inoedzwa zvakanyanya kana gweta rikamanikidzwa. Kunyange zvazvo magweta aine basa rekudzivirira kumanikidzwa, hurumende inewo basa rekudzivirira nyanzvi dzemutemo kuitira kuti dzigone kuita basa radzo repamutemo pasina kutya kurangwa.

Vimba neBasa reMutemo uye Kutonga kweMutemo

Migumisiro yemagariro evanhu nemasangano yekutyora kodzero dzegweta nemutengi yakanyanya kuipa. Sezvakataurwa naM. Otte mu Nederlands Juristenblad (2016), kupera kwekodzero dzevanhu panyaya yekuferefeta mhosva dzakarongwa kunokanganisa kuvimba kwevanhu. Kana vagari vachitya kuti kutaurirana kwavo kwakavanzika kunogona kuwanikwa nehurumende, zvinokanganisa zvikuru. Hukama hwegweta nevatengi, hunovimba zvachose nekuvimbika, hunoparara.

Maonero Ekuenzanisa Emutemo

Tichitarisa kunze kweNetherlands, Dare reEuropean Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) ragara richichengetedza kodzero dzegweta nemutengi pasi peChikamu 8 cheECHR (Kodzero yekuremekedzwa kwehupenyu hwepachivande nehwemhuri). Niemietz v. Germany (1992) uye Kopp v. Switzerland (1998), ECtHR yakatonga kuti kutsvaga kwemakambani emagweta uye kufonera vanhu panhare kunoda hurongwa hwemutemo hwakasimba uye hwakarurama uye kutarisirwa kwakazvimirira.

Uyezve, Dare reJustice reEuropean Union (CJEU) mu Odha yebarreaux Nyaya (2007) yakasimbisa zvakare chikamu cheEurope chekodzero iyi, kunyanya ichisiyanisa pakati pebasa regweta mukudzivirira mutengi uye mabasa avo ekuzivisa pasi pemitemo yekurwisa kushambidzwa kwemari (chiyero chakaongororwawo muECtHR's Michaud v. France kutonga).

Kudanwa kweMutemo Wakasimba

Kusangana kwekodzero dzegweta nevatengi uye kuferefetwa kwemhosva kunoda kufamba kwakanyatsonaka. Kutongwa kwenyanzvi dzemutemo kunomanikidza sangano rezvemitemo kuti riongororezve kuti rinodzivirira sei kutaurirana kwakavanzika uku richirwisa mhosva dzakakomba zvinobudirira. Kuti vagadzirise kutendeseka kwesangano rezvemitemo, vamiriri vemitemo nevatongi vanofanira kuona kuti hurongwa hwemutemo hunodzora Chikamu 218 Sv hunoramba hwakajeka, hwakasimba, uye hunokwanisa kutsungirira kumanikidzwa kwenguva yedhijitari.

Mibvunzo Inonyanya Kubvunzwa

Chii chaizvo chinonzi kodzero yegweta-mutengi uye ndiani ane kodzero yekuiwana?

Ruzivo rwemumiriri-mutengi ikodzero yepamutemo inobvumira nyanzvi dzakati kuti kuramba kuburitsa pachena ruzivo rwakavanzika rwakawanikwa panguva yebasa ravo rehunyanzvi. Pasi pemutemo weDutch (Chikamu 218 Sv), izvi zvinoshanda kuvanhu vane basa repamutemo rekuchengetedza zvakavanzika, vakaita semagweta, vanyori vemutemo wehurumende, vanachiremba, uye nhengo dzemachechi.

Ko kodzero iyi ichiri kushanda here kana gweta pacharo richifungirwa mhosva?

Ehe. Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch rakaona kuti gweta rinofanira kuramba riine kodzero yaro kunyangwe kana riri munhu anofungirwa. Kodzero iyi inodzivirira mutengi, kwete gweta. Inongopera chete muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki, zvakaita sekuti kana kutaurirana pachako kuchibatsira kuti pave nemhosva yakakura kana kuti kuchikanganisa kodzero iyi.

VePublic Prosecution Service vanogona here kuwana mukana wekutaurirana pakati pegweta nemutengi?

Kazhinji, kwete. Kutaurirana pakati pegweta nemutengi wavo kwakachengetedzwa zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, kana muchuchisi achifungidzira kuti kutaurirana kwacho kuri kunze kwehukama hwebasa (semuenzaniso, gweta rinoshanda semubatsiri), vanogona kuedza kukubata. Izvi zvinoda kupindira kwemutongi anotarisira uye kuvapo kweDean weBar Association.

Basa reDean panguva yekutsvaga kambani yemagweta nderei?

Mutongi (Dean)deken) anoshanda semuchengeti akazvimirira wekodzero iyi panguva yekutsvaga. Vanofanira kunge varipo kuti vazivise mutongi wekutarisira kana magwaro chaiwo kana mafaira edhijitari akafukidzwa nekuchengetedzwa kwehunyanzvi. Kana Dean akataura kuti chinhu chine kodzero, hachigone kuongororwa nekukasika nemuchuchisi uye chinofanira kuvharwa.

Ndezvipi zvinozoitika kana kodzero iyi ikatyorwa panguva yekuferefeta?

Kana vaferefeti vakatyora kodzero yegweta nevatengi zvisiri pamutemo, mhedzisiro yacho inogona kuva yakanyanya kuipa. Izvi zvinogona kutungamira mukubviswa kwehumbowo hwakawanikwa zvisiri pamutemo kubva mukutongwa kwemhosva. Muzviitiko zvakanyanya, apo kodzero yemupomerwi yekutongwa kwakarurama yakakanganiswa zvisingagadzirisiki, zvinogona kukonzera kuti kupomerwa mhosva kunzi hakugamuchirwi, zvichigumisa nyaya yacho zvachose.

Kodzero yeDutch inoenderana sei neChikamu 6 cheECHR?

Dare reEuropean Court of Human Rights rinobatanidza kodzero dzegweta nemutengi neChikamu 6 (Kodzero yekutongwa kwakarurama) neChikamu 8 (Kodzero yekuvanzika) cheECHR. Dare iri rinoti kuti kutongwa kwakarurama kuvepo, munhu anopomerwa mhosva anofanira kukwanisa kutaura nemumiriri wake wepamutemo muchivande, pasina kutariswa nehurumende kana kukanganiswa.

Gweta rine basa rekutaura kana mutengi akamuisa pasi pekumanikidzwa here?

Gweta rine basa guru rekuchengetedza zvakavanzika kumutengi waro. Zvisinei, kana gweta rikatyisidzirwa kana kumanikidzwa kuti riite mhosva, rinosangana nedambudziko guru retsika. Kunyange zvazvo pasina chisungo chekumhan'arira mutengi kumapurisa—uye kuita izvozvo kunogona kukanganisa zvakavanzika—magweta anokurudzirwa kubvunza Dean weBar Association muchivande chakasimba kuti vagadzirise mamiriro acho ezvinhu zvakachengeteka.