Kutangazve bhizinesi kubva mukubhuroka kweDutch: mashandiro aro uye kuti njodzi dziri kupi

Munzvimbo yekuDutch , zvikamu zvinokwanisika zvebhizinesi rakabhuroka zvinotengwa kubva munhaka uye zvinoenderera mberi, kazhinji mukambani iripo kana itsva yakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo. Zvikwereti zvinosara mukambani yakabhuroka, iyo inozopedzwa. Musiyano iwoyo unotsanangura chikonzero nei kutangazve kwebhizinesi kuchikwezva, uye panguva imwe chete nei kuchifanira kubatwa nokungwarira, nekuti tsika yacho ine hunhu hwakasiyana pane "zvinhu zviri mukati, zvikwereti zviri kunze".

Kutangazve kwemari hakusi chishandiso chepamutemo; mutemo weDutch haushandisi izwi iri. Pachinyanya kukosha, inowanzova kutengeserana kwezvinhu: chibvumirano chekutenga pakati pemutengi nemutongi ari mubhangi ( curator ), chinopedzwa mukati memiganhu inoshanda kuhofisi yemutongi. Kana kutengeserana ikoko kungaonekwawo sekubviswa kwemitero nemabasa zvinoenderana nezviripo, uye kunyanya kana paine kuchinjirwa kwesangano rezvehupfumi rinochengetedza hunhu hwaro.

Chii chaizvo chauri kutenga?

Uri kutenga midziyo nemabasa, kwete basa rose mupfungwa yesangano repamutemo. Funga nezvemasheya, michina, zvishandiso nemidziyo, kodzero dzepfuma yepfungwa dzakadai sezita rekutengeserana, kuda kwakanaka uye vatengi, sezvo izvi zvichigona kutamiswa uye zvichiumba chikamu chepfuma.

Zvausingatore muchikamu chikuru zvikwereti. Izvi zvinosara mukambani yakabhuroka uye zvinobhadharwa kubva mumari inowanikwa munhaka zvichienderana nehurongwa hwepamutemo hwekutanga. Panyaya iyi, kutengeserana kwemidziyo kwakasiyana zvikuru nekutengeserana kwemasheya, umo iwe unogarawo nhaka yemhosva dzese dzekare uye dzinoenderana.

Mubvunzo wekutamiswa kwechibvumirano

Zvinokurumidza kutaura kuti kutangazve kambani nguva dzose "kungori" chibvumirano chemidziyo pasina mimwe migumisiro. Mutemo weDutch unoonawo chikamu chebhizinesi sechibvumirano, uye unoti kuchinjirwa kunoitika pa "kutamiswa, zvichienderana nechibvumirano, kubatana kana kupatsanurwa, kwesangano rezvehupfumi rinoramba riripo" ( chinyorwa 7:662(1) uye (2) cheDutch Civil Code ). Kuti kutangazve kambani kunounza kodzero iyoyo here zvinoenderana nenyaya dzechokwadi dzakadai sekuenderera mberi kwemabasa, kutora vatengi nezvinhu, uye kana vazhinji vevashandi vanoramba vachishanda. Izvi zvine mhedzisiro yakananga yekuti kodzero dzevashandi dzinotamiswa otomatiki here, zvinokurukurwa pazasi.

Mutariri wepfuma anogona chete kutengesa zvinhu zviri zvenhaka

Vane kodzero yekuvimbisa kana kuti mortgage vanogona kusimbisa kodzero dzavo sekunge pasina kubhuroka ( chinyorwa 57 Fw ). Izvi hazviiti kuti kutengeswa kwese kwemutariri kusakwanisike, asi chinzvimbo nechinzvimbo chemukweretesi akachengetedzwa mumari yakawanikwa zvinofanirwa kuremekedzwa. Nzvimbo imwe chete yekutanga inoshanda pakuchengetwa kwenhaka: kana pfuma iri kunze kwenhaka zvinoenderana nekushanda uye chiyero chechikamu uye pane chokwadi panguva iyo kubhuroka kwakaziviswa. Izvi hazvisi zvega uye zvinoda kuti midziyo nemidziyo zvishande.

Ndiani anosarudza kutangazve?

Mutariri anotarisira nekutengesa pfuma pasi pekutarisirwa kwemutongi wekutarisira ( rechter-commissaris ) ( chinyorwa 68 Fw ). Mutariri ane simba rekutengesa pfuma ( chinyorwa 101 Fw ), uye kutengeswa kwacho kunoitika pachena kana nechibvumirano chepachivande nemvumo yemutongi wekutarisira ( chinyorwa 176 Fw ), zvichienderana nekusabvumidzwa kwemutemo kwekutengesa kwehukuru hwakaganhurirwa.

Mutemo haudi kuti bhidhi repamusoro-soro rigamuchirwe. Mubasa rekutarisira nekutengesa pfuma, mutariri anoyera, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mari inowanikwa, kuendeswa kwayo, chokwadi chekubhadhara uye nguva. Saka bhidhi rine humbowo hwakanaka risina mamiriro ekubhadhara rinowanzo sarudzwa pane bhidhi repamusoro rine mari isina chokwadi. Kune mutengi wekune dzimwe nyika izvi zvakakosha kuzviona zvakakomba: humbowo hwemari uye murairo wekusaina mukati memazuva zvinorema zvakanyanya pano kupfuura mutengo wemusoro.

Kumanikidzwa kwenguva

Kana nyaya yekubhuroka yaziviswa, imba inowanzorasikirwa nemutengo nekukurumidza sezvo vashandi vanobva uye vatengi vachienda. Ndosaka kutangazve kutengeserana kunowanzoitwa mukati memazuva kwete mavhiki. Kunyatsoongorora zvinhu nenzira yakajairika hakuwanikwe, uye mutariri haazombopi vimbiso.

Nguva yekutonhorera

Mutongi wekutarisira anogona kuraira nguva yekudzikamisa pfuma isingapfuuri mwedzi miviri, inogona kuwedzerwa kamwe chete nemwedzi miviri, umo hapana wechitatu anogona kushandisa simba rekushandisa pfuma yepfuma kana kudzosa pfuma pasina mvumo yemutongi ( chinyorwa 63a(1) Fw ). Izvi zvinopa mutariri mukana wekutaurirana, asi hazvisi chipingamupinyi chikuru pakodzero dzese dzebato rechitatu: vanokweretesa pfuma vanobviswa pachena, uye mutemo uyu haukanganisi kodzero yemunhu anovimbisa kuti anofanira kutevedzera mutemo uyu kunze kwenguva yekudzikamisa pfuma.

Chii chinoitika kune vashandi?

Kune iwe semutengi, ichi ndicho chinhu chine njodzi huru, uye panguva imwe chete ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kusanzwisisana. Mutemo mukuru ndewekuti pakuchinjisa kodzero nezvisungo pasi pechibvumirano chebasa, tumira kune anotenga nekushanda kwemutemo ( chinyorwa 7:663 cheCivil Code ). Chinyorwa 7:666 chinoita kuti pave nekusawirirana kana mushandirwi akaziviswa kuti abhuroka uye chibvumirano chacho chiri chenhaka.

Kusapindirana ikoko hakusi kwemahara, uye ndiyo nguva iyo kutangazve kwebhizinesi kunogona kudzoserwa pamutemo. Zvinofanira kutanga zvaonekwa kuti pane kutamiswa kwebhizinesi zvachose; ipapo ndipo chete apo kusapindirana kwekubhuroka kunotanga kuonekwa. Kana sangano rehupfumi rakarongeka rikaramba riripo richiramba richizivikanwa, vashandi vanogona kutamiswa nekushanda kwemutemo, kunyangwe mushure mekubhuroka. Ongororo iyoyo inoshandura chokwadi kwete pane "kutangazve kwebhizinesi", uye mutemo wemakore achangopfuura unoratidza mhedzisiro yese.

Mukutaura zvazviri izvi zvinoreva kuti haugone kubata rusununguko rwekusarudza, urwo rwunowanzovakirwa kutangazve, sechinhu chisina basa. Kana ukatora vashandi vese nemabasa asina kunaka asi bhizinesi richienderera mberi zvakanaka, pane njodzi yekuti dare richawana shanduko yekushanda, pamwe chete nekodzero dzese dzinounza. Zvinorambidzwa pakusarurana zvichiri kushanda zvizere.

Mutariri anogumisa zvibvumirano zvebasa zviri kushanda achicherechedza nguva yekuzivisa isingapfuure mavhiki matanhatu, iyo mvumo yemutongi wekutarisira inodiwa; kubva pakuziviswa kwekubhuroka, mihoro nemipiro inoenderana nazvo zvikwereti zvepfuma ( chinyorwa 40 Fw ).

Kubatwa kwakazara kwenzvimbo yemushandi, nemutemo wenyaya wekuchinjisa basa, chirongwa cheUWV wemari, muripo wekuchinja uye chinzvimbo pakurwara kana pamuviri, zvakatsanangurwa mu Dutch worker wako abhuroka: chii chinoitika kubasa rako . Cherechedza musiyano neimwe nzira yekusakwanisa kubhadhara: pakuchinjisa basa panguva yekumira kwekubhadhara, chikamu 7:666 hachishandi uye vashandi vanochinjisa basa nekushanda kwemutemo.

Pakeji yekutanga: kuti zvinhu zvinomira papi

Muchigadzirwa chekutanga, kutangazve kwebhizinesi kunogadzirwa chinyararire usati waziviswa nezvekubhuroka, uchitungamirirwa nemutongi wekambani anogona kunge ari iye uye mutongi wekambani anogona kunge ari iye, nechinangwa chekuchengetedza kukosha nebasa. Kumutengi, kukwezvana kuri pachena: bhizinesi rinorasikirwa nemutengo wakaderera nekuti vatengi nevashandi havasiyiwi mumatambudziko kwemavhiki.

Pane kusava nechokwadi kwaunofanira kuyera usati waita chibvumirano. Dare reJustice reEU rakataura muSmallsteps neHeiploeg mamiriro ezvinhu ayo kusabhadhara mari yekudzivirira vashandi kwakakodzera, uye chimwe chazvo ndechekuti maitiro acho akavakirwa mumitemo kana mukutonga ( CJEU 22 Chikumi 2017, C-126/16 ; CJEU 28 Kubvumbi 2022, C-237/20 ). Chinodiwa ichocho ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kukosha muNetherlands. Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch rakatonga munyaya yeHeiploeg kuti chinzvimbo chemutariri wekare uye mutongi wekare hachina kudzorwa nemutemo, saka maitiro ekugadzirira basa akateverwa haana kusangana nemamiriro iwayo ( Dare Repamusorosoro 6 Gumiguru 2023, ECLI:NL:HR:2023:1372 ).

Bhiri rinopa hwaro hwemutemo, Mutemo weBusiness Continuity I, riripo musi wa24 Nyamavhuvhu 2026 richiri pamberi peSeneti uye harisati ratanga kushanda. Chero bedzi chibvumirano ichocho chisipo, hapana vimbiso yekuti kuvimba nekusabhadhara chikwereti kuchashanda. Mugumisiro wako semutengi unonyatsojeka: unogona kuzviwana uine vashandi vakatamiswa nekushanda kwemutemo, maererano nemitemo yekare, nepo chikumbiro chako chakavakirwa pane imwe pfungwa.

Ko aimbova director angatangazve bhizinesi here?

Ehe. Hapana mutemo unorambidza kutangazve kwekambani nemutungamiriri aripo kana mugovani. Mutariri wekambani achanyatsoongorora kutengeserana kwakadaro, uye njodzi mbiri dzinorema zvakanyanya.

Mutengo chaiwo

Kuti pasave nekusawirirana kune vanokweretesa, kuongorora kwakazvimirira uye maitiro ekuratidza pachena ekubhadhara zvinhu hazvina basa kana mumwe wevanokweretesa ari mumwe wevanhu vane hukama naye.

Mutoro weDirector

Kutenga midziyo hakudziviriri director kubva mukuferefetwa kwehutungamiriri husina kunaka. Kana hutungamiriri husina kunaka huri chikonzero chikuru chekubhuroka, director wese ane mutoro wemari pamwe chete uye mumwe nemumwe ( chinyorwa 2:248(1) cheCivil Code ), pamwe chete nemutemo wekuita mabasa nemazvo ( chinyorwa 2:9 ). Muganho wemhosva yemunhu wega wakakwira: Dare Repamusorosoro munguva pfupi yapfuura rakabvisa mutongo wedare repamusoro nekuti harina kunzwisisa zvakakwana kuti nei director aifanira kunge akabatana neanokweretesa kambani imwe chete mukugadzirisa zvikwereti zvekambani imwe, yakasiyana ( Dare Repamusorosoro 12 Chikumi 2026, ECLI:NL:HR:2026:912 ). Hunhu hwakasiyana hwepamutemo nenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzechikwereti dzemakambani eboka dzinofanira kuremekedzwa, uye mutoro wedirector wakananga kana usina kunanga haufungidzirwe zviri nyore.

Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, gwaro rekurambidzwa kwepfuma rinogonawo kuiswa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekuda kwemamwe maitiro ekukanganisa nhaka, nekuda kwekutengeserana kwakabviswa pasi pemitemo yekubiridzira yekusarudza, kana nekuda kwekutyorwa kwakakomba kwemabasa ekuzivisa nekushandira pamwe nemutariri ( chinyorwa 106a Fw ).

Njodzi yekugumiswa kwemutemo: kusarura kwenhema

Kutengeserana kusati kwatanga kubhuroka kunogona kurwiswa nemutongi weDutch pauliana :

• Chinyorwa 42 Fw: zviito zvepamutemo zvekuzvidira zvakaitwa vasati vabhuroka zvekuti vanokweretesa vanoregeredza vanogona kubviswa kana mukwereti aiziva kana kuti aifanira kunge aiziva izvi. Kana chiito chacho chisiri chemahara, senge kutengesa, zvinodikanwawo kuti mukwikwidzi azive kana kuti aifanira kunge achiziva (chinyorwa 42 Fw).
• Chinyorwa 47 Fw: kubhadharwa kwezvikwereti zvakatofanira kubhadharwa kunogona kungobviswa chete kana mugamuchiri aiziva kuti kubhuroka kwakatokumbirwa, kana kuti paive nekubvunzana kwakanangana nekutsigira mukweretesi iyeye pamusoro pevamwe (chinyorwa 47 Fw).

Pane "ruzivo rwekusarura" mukati mechirevo chechikamu 42 Fw apo, panguva yemutemo, kubhuroka nekushaikwa kwemari mukati maro zvaifanoonekwa pamwe chete nemukana wakakwana kune vese vane chikwereti nevanopikisana navo. Kana seti yemitemo yakabatana, semuenzaniso nhevedzano yekutengeserana inogadzirira kutangazve, Dare Repamusorosoro richangobva kusimbisa kuti ruzivo urwu rwunoongororwa kwese: zvakakwana kuti pane imwe nguva panguva yekuitwa kwechimwe chezviito zvechikamu ichocho chinodiwa ruzivo chakazadzikiswa. Mutariri anogona kubva adzima seti yese yekutengeserana, kwete chete chiito chega chega chaivepo ruzivo ( Dare Repamusorosoro 20 Chikumi 2025, ECLI:NL:HR:2025:975 ). Izvi zvinowedzera njodzi yekubiridzira yekusarudza kutangazve kwakarongwa muzvikamu zviri pamberi pekubhuroka.

Zvibvumirano, rendi uye mapemiti

Kubhuroka hakugumisi zvibvumirano zvekushanda, uye pamakondirakiti ekutengeserana kwemidziyo haapfuurire kumutengi ega. Kupihwa kwechibvumirano kunoda chibvumirano pakati pemunhu wekutanga ari muchibvumirano nebato rechitatu, pamwe chete nekubatsirana kwemunhu ari muchibvumirano ( chinyorwa 6:159 cheCivil Code ). Saka mutengi anofanira kutarisa chibvumirano nechibvumirano kana kuchigona kuchinjirwa uye kana mvumo yemunhu ari muchibvumirano ichi ichidikanwa.

Mutemo wekusakwanisa kubhadhara rendi unoshanda pakubhadhara rendi: vese muridzi wemba nemuridzi wemba vanogona kuigumisa nekukurumidza, nekuzivisa kwemwedzi mitatu chero zvodini, uye kubva pakuziviswa kwekubhuroka kwemari rendi chikwereti chepfuma ( chinyorwa 39 Fw ). Mutengi haatore rendi yekare otomatiki uye anowanzo taurirana nemuridzi wemba nezvekubhadhara rendi itsva, kana kuronga kupihwa kwekondirakiti yakasiyana.

Mvumo dzemutemo weveruzhinji dzinowanzo batanidzwa nemunhu kana sangano uye kazhinji dzinofanira kunyorerwa zvakare; kana kuchinjirwa kuchikwanisika zvinoenderana nemutemo chaiwo weveruzhinji unodzora mvumo yacho.

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