Kana mushandi akarwara kwenguva yakareba, panotanga maitiro apo mushandirwi nemushandi pamwe chete vane mutoro wekudzoka kubasa kwakanakisisa. Maitiro iwayo — kudzoserwa kubasa mushure mekurwara — anonyanya kudzorwa muNetherlands neGatekeeper Improvement Act (Wet verbetering poortwachter) nemitemo yekuramba uchibhadhara mihoro panguva yekurwara yakatarwa muDutch Civil Code.
Muchokwadi, dzimwe nguva pane pfungwa yekuti mushandirwi ndiye anonyanya kuisa njodzi. Mufananidzo iwoyo hauna kukwana. Mushandi anewo mabasa akajeka, uye chero ani zvake anokundikana kuazadzisa pasina chikonzero chakanaka anogona kurasikirwa nekodzero yemihoro.
Mublog rino tinotsanangura zvinorehwa nekudzorerwa kubasa, kuti ndezvipi zvinosungirwa mushandi uye kana kumiswa kwemuhoro, kumiswa kwemuhoro kana zvimwe zvirango zvingatanga kushanda. Tinotaurawo nezvechirango chemuhoro icho UWV (Employee Insurance Agency) inogona kuisa kumushandirwi, nekuti mukuita izvi nzira mbiri dzakabatana.
Kudzorerwa Munyika Mushure mekurwara: Hurongwa hweMutemo muchidimbu
Mushandi asingakodzeri kushanda, musimboti, ane kodzero yekuramba achibhadharwa mari inosvika 70% yemuhoro wake kwemavhiki 104 (makore maviri) (Chikamu 7:629 cheDutch Civil Code). Munguva iyoyo, mapato ese ari maviri ane basa rekubatsira mushandi kuti adzorerwe. Mushandirwi anofanira kubatsira kuti mushandi adzoserwe basa rake — semuenzaniso nekuferefeta basa rakakodzera uye kunyatsotarisa kusavapo kwake — ukuwo mushandi achifanira kushanda pamwe chete. Mabasa emushandi anotsanangurwa muChikamu 7:660a cheDutch Civil Code; sarudzo dzezvirango panguva yekurwara dziri muChikamu 7:629 cheDutch Civil Code.
Mutemo weKuvandudza Gatekeeper (wakatanga kushanda kubva musi wa1 Kubvumbi 2002) unotsanangura izvi kuita hurongwa hunotevera hune matanho akasimba. Matanho makuru ndeaya:
- Kushuma kurwara: mushandirwi anoudza kusavapo kwake ku chiremba wekambani kana sevhisi yehutano hwebasa.
- Vhiki rechi6: Chiremba wekambani anonyora ongororo yedambudziko pamwe chete nemushandi.
- Pakupera kwevhiki rechisere: mushandirwi nemushandi vanonyora gwaro re chirongwa chekuita (mukati memavhiki maviri mushure mekuongorora dambudziko).
- Munguva yekuita izvi: misangano yekufambira mberi nguva nenguva, umo hurongwa hwekuita hunogadziriswa kana zvichidikanwa.
- Muvhiki rechi42: kuziviswa kwekusavapo kwenguva refu kuUWV.
- Vhiki rechi52: ongororo yegore rekutanga.
- Mavhiki angangoita 91-93: ongororo yekupedzisira.
- Muvhiki rechi104: Kana mushandi wacho achiri (zvishoma) asina kukodzera kubasa, fomu reWIA rinowanzo tevera.
Kana kudzoserwa pabasa remushandi kana mune rimwe basa rakakodzera musangano risingakwaniseke (nzira yekutanga), zvinofanira kuongororwa nenguva kuti mushandi anogona here kudzokera pabasa remumwe mushandirwi (nzira yechipiri). Nzira yechipiri iyoyo inoramba iri mutoro wemushandirwi.
Mushandi ane zvisungo zvipi?
Nheyo huru ndeyekuti mushandi anofanira kushanda pamwe chete zvakakwana kuti apore nekukurumidza uye nehanya uye kuti adzokere kubasa. Pasi peChikamu 7:660a cheDutch Civil Code, mushandi anofanirwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuti:
- shandira pamwe nemirairo uye matanho anonzwisisika kubva kumushandirwi kana nyanzvi inobatikana (senge sangano rekudzorera vanhu kumabasa) izvo zvinovagonesa kuita basa rakakodzera;
- kuita basa rakakodzera ravanokwanisa kuita, vese nevanoshandira ivo pachavo uye - kana pasina sarudzo dziripo - pamwe nemumwe mushandirwi;
- kushandira pamwe mukugadzira, kuongorora nekugadzirisa hurongwa hwekuita;
- hazvivadzivise kana kunonotsa kupora kwavo.
Pamusoro pezvo, mushandi anofanira kutevedzera mitemo yekutarisa yemushandirwi. Iyi mitemo ine musoro, yakanyorwa inobvumira mushandirwi kuti aongorore kana paine kodzero yekuwana mihoro - funga nezvekupinda kubvunzurudzo yachiremba wekambani uye kuve nyore kusvika. Mukuita izvi, mushandirwi anogona kusaita sarudzo yake yekurapa kana mumwe munhu achigona kushanda; ndizvo zvinodiwa nachiremba wekambani. Uyezve, mushandirwi anogona kusabvunza nezvehunhu kana chikonzero chechirwere uye anogona kusagadzirisa ruzivo rwemushandi rwekurapa; kuongororwa kwemamiriro ehutano kunoitwa nachiremba wekambani.
Matanho maviri anonyatsovhiringika: kumiswa kwemihoro nekumira kwemihoro
Kana mushandi akasabatsirana zvakakwana, mushandirwi anogona kumisa mihoro kana kutoimisa. Pamutemo, izvi zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana, zvine mhedzisiro yakasiyana zvikuru. Kuzvivhiringidza kunogona kudhura zvakanyanya kumushandirwi.
Kumiswa kwemuhoro (Chinyorwa 7:629(6) cheDutch Civil Code)
Kumiswa kwemuhoro kunoitirwa senzira yekumanikidza mushandirwi kana asingakwanise kuona kana aine kodzero yekuwana mihoro - semuenzaniso nekuti, kunyangwe vakashevedzwa, havaendi kuna chiremba wekambani. Mushandirwi anobva abvisa mari yemuhoro. Chinhu chinoratidza kuti muhoro wacho unofanira kubhadharwa nguva dzese kana mushandi angotevedzera mitemo yekutarisa uye zvikazoonekwa kuti akanga asina kukodzera kushanda. Saka mushandi haarasikirwe nemuhoro zvachose.
Kumiswa kwemihoro: kurasikirwa nekodzero yemihoro (Chinyorwa 7:629(3) cheDutch Civil Code)
Kumiswa kwemihoro inzira yakakura zvikuru iyo, musimboti, inogara iripo. Chinyorwa 7:629(3) cheDutch Civil Code chinotaura mamiriro akati wandei (sub a kusvika f) umo mushandi asina kodzero yekuwana mihoro munguva yakatarwa. Zvizhinji zveizvi zvine chekuita nekukundikana kutevedzera zvisungo zvekudzorerwa kubasa, zvinosanganisira:
- kukonzera kusakwanisa kushanda nemaune kana kupa ruzivo rwenhema panguva yekuongororwa kwechiremba usati watanga basa;
- kuvharira kana kunonotsa kupora;
- kuramba, pasina zvikonzero zvakakodzera, kuita basa rakakodzera;
- kuramba, pasina zvikonzero zvakakodzera, kushandira pamwe nemirairo kana matanho ane musoro akanangana nebasa rakakodzera;
- kuramba, pasina zvikonzero zvakakodzera, kushandira pamwe mukugadzira, kuongorora kana kugadzirisa hurongwa hwekuita.
Musiyano kubva pakumbomiswa basa wakakosha. Nekumbomiswa basa, muripo unombomiswa kwenguva pfupi uye muripo wekudzoka unozotevera kana mushandi abatsira. Nekumbomiswa kwebasa kwakakodzera, mihoro inorasika zvachose panguva yekuramba basa. Kana mushandi akazoita mabasa ake zvakare, ane kodzero yekuwana mihoro kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, asi haadzoserwe mari yatombomiswa.
Funga nezvekuronga kwakakodzera uye yambiro yakakodzera nguva
Mushandirwi ane basa rekuyambira (Chikamu 7:629(7) cheDutch Civil Code). Vanofanira kuzivisa mushandi nekukasika — uye zviri nani nekunyora — kuti nei vachizomisa kana kumisa mihoro, kuitira kuti mushandi agone kuchinja maitiro. Pakuita izvi, vanofanira kujekesa kana zvine chekuita nekumisa kana kumira.
Muchokwadi, iyi ipfungwa inokosha. Hazvisi zvese zvisina kururama zvinodhura kodzero dzemushandirwi, asi matare edzimhosva akabvuma kuti kutaurirana kusina kujeka kana kusina kururama kunogona kureva kuti havagone kuvimba nedanho rakaoma. Semuenzaniso, kana izwi rekuti "kumiswa" richishandiswa panguva yekumira kwemuhoro, mushandi anogona kuvimba nezvaakaudzwa, uye mushandirwi anogona kurasikirwa nekodzero yekumisa muhoro zvachose. Saka kuziviswa kwakajeka uye panguva yakakodzera kwakakosha.
Uyezve, kungokundikana kuenda kuna chiremba wekambani hakugone, sekutonga, kukonzera kumira kwemuhoro pakarepo: kumiswa kwemuhoro kwakakodzera kutanga. Chete kana mushandi wacho vanoramba vachityora zvavakavimbisa Mugariro wemuhoro unomira kwenguva yakareba. Ndipo chaipo panonyanya kukosha kuchengeta zvinyorwa nokungwarira.
Kumira kwemuhoro wakazara kana kuti chikamu?
Kwenguva yakareba paive negakava pamusoro pekuti, kana munhu akaramba kuita basa rakakodzera, muhoro wese waigona kumiswa here, kana kuti chikamu chine chekuita nebasa rakarambwa chete. Musi wa6 Chikumi 2014, Dare Repamusorosoro (Hoge Raad) rakatonga kuti mushandirwi anogona kumisa muhoro wose kana mushandi akaramba, pasina chikonzero chakakodzera, kuita basa rakakodzera - kunyangwe dai vaigona kunge vashanda kwechikamu chemaawa avo chete. Chikonzero ndechekuti kurudziro yakasimba chete ndiyo ichaita kuti mushandi atore mabasa ake zvakakomba. Zvisinei, pane musiyano: kana kumira muhoro wose kusingagamuchirwi zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nekunzwisisa uye kururamisira, chikamu chemuhoro chete ndicho chinogona kurambidzwa. Kusiyana ikoko kunoshandiswa zvine mwero.
Mimwe migumisiro inogona kuitika kumushandi
Kumiswa kwemuhoro hakusi iko chete kunokonzerwa nazvo. Munhu wese anokundikana kuzadzisa zvaanosungirwa kuti adzoserwe kunharaunda anogona kusanganawo nezvinotevera:
- Kukundikana kwekurambidzwa kwekugumisa basa panguva yekurwara (Chinyorwa 7:670b(3) cheDutch Civil Code). Mutemo unorambidza kumisa mushandi anorwara haushande kana mushandi akatadza kuzadzisa zvaanosungirwa kuti adzoserwe pabasa pasina zvikonzero zvakakodzera. Muchokwadi, UWV inowanzo da kuti mushandirwi atange aisa chikumbiro chemuhoro asi asingabudirire; ndipo chete panobva paonekwa kumisa basa.
- Migumisiro yekubatsira kweWIA. UWV inogona kupa purofiti yakaderera kana kutosarudza kusagadzirisa chikumbiro cheWIA kana mushandi asina kubatsira zvakakwana mukudzorerwa kwake kuhurumende.
- Hapana kuunganidzwa kwekodzero dzezororo panguva iyo kumira kwemuhoro kuri kushanda nekuda kwekusatevedzera zvisungo zvekudzorerwa kunharaunda.
Ko mushandirwi? Mutongo wemuhoro weUWV
Rumwe rutivi rwemari iyi imhosva yemuhoro iyo UWV inogona kuisa pamushandirwi. Kana chikumbiro cheWIA chaitwa, UWV inoongorora kana mushandirwi nemushandi pamwe chete vakaita zvese zvavanogona kuti vadzoserwe kumabasa (RIV assessment). Kana UWV ikaona kuti mushandirwi akakundikana pasina chikonzero chakanaka - semuenzaniso nekutanga kunonoka, kuisa nzira yechipiri kunonoka, kana kuvaka faira risina kukwana - inogona kuwedzera mubhadharo wekugara uchibhadharwa kusvika kumavhiki makumi mashanu nemaviri. Mushandirwi anofanira kuramba achibhadhara mihoro kwegore rechitatu. Kukosha kwechirango kunoenderana nekukosha kwekutadza. Saka faira rekudzoka kumabasa rakanyatsorongwa, panguva uye rakanyorwa zvakanaka ndiyo nzira inonyanya kukosha yekudzivirira izvi.
Makakatanwa nezvekudzokera kumhuri itsva here? Kumbirai chikumbiro che nyanzvi maonero
Kana mushandirwi nemushandi vakasawirirana — semuenzaniso nezvekuti basa ravakapihwa rakakodzera here, kana kuti kusakwanisa kushanda zvakanaka — vanogona kukumbira pfungwa yenyanzvi (deskundigenoordeel) kubva kuUWV. Pfungwa iyoyo haisungi, asi ine simba guru mumatare ese uye inogona kubatsira kuputsa gakava risati raitwa zvirango.
Zvinhu zvinofanirwa kutariswa
Sisitimu iyi haisi kumira zvakanaka. Panguva yekunyora uku, mazano maviri ari kumirira kuNetherlands ayo anogona kunge akakosha mukushanda:
- Bhiri rinoita kuti zano rechiremba wekambani pamusoro pehunhu hwemushandi rive guru pakuongororwa kweRIV neUWV. Chinangwa ndechekupa vashandirwi chokwadi uye kudzivirira zvirango zvemihoro zvinobva mukusiyana kwemaonero ekurapa pakati pechiremba wekambani nechiremba weinishuwarenzi.
- Bhiri rinopa vashandirwi vadiki nevepakati sarudzo, kubva mugore rechipiri rekurwara, yekutarisa pakudzorerwa kubasa rakakodzera nemumwe mushandirwi (nzira yechipiri), pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
Zvirongwa zvese izvi zvakanga zvisati zvatanga kushanda pakupera kwa2025. Saka chero ani zvake ari kubata nehurongwa huripo parizvino haakwanise kuvimba nazvo; zvichiri kukosha kutevedzera hurongwa hunoshanda.
Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa
Chii chinosiyanisa pakati pekumiswa kwemuhoro nekumira kwemuhoro?
Nekumiswa kwemuhoro, mushandirwi anombomira mihoro kwenguva pfupi kusvika mabatsirana — semuenzaniso nekuenda kunoona chiremba wekambani. Kana ukatevedzera, unowana mihoro yacho nguva nenguva. Nekumiswa kwemuhoro kwakakodzera, unorasikirwa nemihoro zvachose munguva iyoyo. Kumiswa kunoenderana nekusatevedzera mitemo yekutarisa; kumira kwemuhoro kunoenderana nekusatevedzera zvisungo zvekudzorerwa kusangano.
Mushandirwi wangu anogona kungomisa mari yangu here?
Kwete. Panofanira kunge paine chikonzero chepamutemo (Chikamu 7:629(3) cheDutch Civil Code), uye mushandirwi anofanira kukuyambira pachine nguva - zviri nani nekunyora - achitaura kana zvine chekuita nekumiswa basa kana kumira. Kana vakakundikana kukuyambira kana kuisa muzvikamu zvisiri izvo, havazokwanisi kuvimba nazvo gare gare.
Chii chinoitika kana ndikasapinda musangano nachiremba wekambani?
Mushandirwi anogona kumisa mihoro yako, nekuti havakwanise kuiongorora kana une kodzero yekuwana mihoro. Kana ukaenda kubasa wobva waonekwa kuti hauna kukodzera kushanda, mihoro yacho inobhadharwa nguva nenguva. Kumira mihoro nekukurumidza hakubvumirwi kana zvakadaro.
Ndinofanira kubvuma basa rakakodzera here?
Ehe. Kana basa rawakapihwa rakakodzera uye uchikwanisa, unofanira kuriita. Kana ukaramba pasina chikonzero chakakodzera, mushandirwi anogona kumisa mihoro - zvachose. Kana usina chokwadi kana basa racho rakakodzera, kumbira pfungwa dzenyanzvi kubva kuUWV usati waramba.
Mushandirwi wangu angandibvunza here kuti chii chiri kundinetsa?
Kwete. Mushandirwi haafanire kubvunza nezverudzi kana chikonzero chechirwere chako uye haafanire kugadzirisa ruzivo rwako rwezvekurapa. Kuongororwa kwezvauchiri kukwanisa kuita (kugona kwako) kunoitwa nachiremba wekambani.
Nziyo yechipiri chii uye inotanga riini?
Kana kudzokera kumushandi wako webasa kusingachaitiki, zvinofanirwa kuongororwa kana uchikwanisa kudzokera kumushandi kune mumwe mushandirwi: nzira yechipiri. Izvi zvinowanzoonekwa mugore rekutanga rekurwara, kana chiremba wekambani kana nyanzvi yebasa, uye zvinoramba zviri mutoro wemushandirwi.
Chii chinosanganisira kurangwa kwemubhadharo wemushandirwi?
Kana UWV ikaona, kana chikumbiro cheWIA chaitwa, kuti mushandirwi haana kuita zvakawanda pakudzoserwa kusangano, inogona kuwedzera mubhadharo wekugara uchibhadharwa kusvika kumavhiki makumi mashanu nemaviri - gore rechitatu remuhoro. Izvi zvakasiyana nezvirango zvinogona kupihwa mushandirwi nemushandi.
Ndingaitei kana ndisingabvumirani nechirango kana nekudzoserwa kwevagari vemo?
Unogona kukumbira pfungwa dzenyanzvi kubva kuUWV uye, kana zvichidikanwa, kukumbira kuramba uchibhadharwa mihoro muzviitiko (muchidimbu). Nekuti nguva yekupedzisira nemashoko acho akanyatsojeka, kuchenjera kutsvaga mazano emutemo nenguva.
In mhedziso
Kudzorerwa muhukama nevamwe inzira mbiri. Mushandi anoshanda pamwe chete nemushandirwi anotarisira uye anonyora magwaro ake zvakanaka vanowana njodzi shoma. Kana mushandi akasashanda pamwe chete zvisina kukwana, kumisa mihoro uye — kana paine kusatevedzera mitemo nguva dzose — kumira mihoro inzira dzine simba, chero bedzi zvikaziviswa nemazvo. Kudivi remushandirwi, kusashanda nesimba kwakakwana kunogona kukonzera kuwedzerwa kwemuhoro negore rakazara. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, kurongeka kwakarurama, mazwi akakodzera uye faira rakazara zvinoita mutsauko.
Maitiro ekudzoserwa kwevanhu mudzimba akamira here, kana kuti une mubvunzo wekushandisa kana kupikisa kumiswa kwemihoro kana kumira kwemihoro? Nyanzvi dzemutemo wezvemabasa ku Law & More tinofara kufunga pamwe chete nemi.
