Mirairo Yekubhadhara Zvirango uye Kusimbiswa Kwemutemo muNetherlands

Kana hurumende yeDutch ikaona kuti kambani yako kana pfuma yako yatyora mvumo, mutemo wenzvimbo kana mwero wezvakatipoteredza, hazviwanzo kutanga nefaindi. Zvinotanga nemurairo: kungava murairo une muripo wechirango ( last onder dwangsom ) kana murairo wekusimbisa mashandiro ehurumende ( last onder bestuursdwang ). Zvese zvirango zvekugadzirisa pasi peGeneral Administrative Law Act (Algemene wet bestuursrecht, Awb), uye zvese zvinova zvakaoma kurwisa kana nguva pfupi yapfuura. MuChirungu "mari yechirango" inosanganisirawo chirango chevanhu chinoiswa nedare kumutemo, uye faindi dzemhosva dzinounganidzwa neCentral Judicial Collection Agency (CJIB). Chinyorwa ichi hachitauri nezve chero chimwe chazvo: chinotaura nezve administrative dwangsom.

Zvirango zviviri zvekugadzirisa zvine chinangwa chimwe chete

Chitsauko 5 Awb inokamura zvirango zvehutungamiriri kuita zvirango zvekugadzirisa uye zvechirango. Chirango chekugadzirisa (art. 5:2 Awb) chine chinangwa chekugumisa kukanganisa, kuchigadzirisa, kudzivirira kudzokorora kwacho kana kuderedza migumisiro yacho. Hachina chinangwa chekukukuvadza, uye musiyano iwoyo unotungamira zvinotevera.

Murairo uyu unobhadhariswa chirango

Art. 5:31d Awb inotsanangura izvi semurairo wekugadzirisa kutyorwa kwemutemo zvachose kana kuti chikamu chawo, pamwe chete nechisungo chekubhadhara mari kana mutemo wacho ukasaitwa nenguva. Chiremera hachizviiti chega: chinoisa mutengo pakuramba kusingatevedzeri mutemo uye chinokusiyira sarudzo.

Mutemo wekusimbisa mashandiro ehutungamiriri

Art. 5:21 Awb inotsanangura izvi semurairo wekugadzirisa kukanganisa pamwe chete nesimba rechiremera rekuzviitira, nekuita chiito chemuviri, kana usingadaro: kuputsa, kuvhara, kubvisa, kubvisa nzvimbo. Mari yacho inodzoserwa kubva kwauri.

Chiremera chine simba rekuisa mutemo wekutonga chinogona kuisa mutemo wekubhadhara chirango panzvimbo pezvo (art. 5:32 Awb), uye chinowanzoita kudaro, nekuti zvakachipa. Mutemo wekuita izvi unochengeterwa zviitiko apo chiremera hachigoni kumirira, kana kuti mari isingashande. Hazvigone kufamba zvese zviri zviviri zvichipesana nekutyorwa kwemutemo kumwe chete panguva imwe chete (art. 5:6 Awb).

Kuenzanisa mirairo miviri

Sei iyi isiri faindi yekutonga

Faindi yekutonga ( bestuurlijke boete , art. 5:40 Awb) inoranga: chisungo chisina magumo chekubhadhara, chinoiswa kune chimwe chinhu chatoitwa. Saka ine dziviriro dzemutemo wemhosva - hapana chirango chisina mhosva, kodzero yekunyarara, kuenzana, hapana chirango chakapetwa kaviri. Chirango chekugadzirisa hachina chimwe cheizvi. Mhosva haina basa: unogona kugamuchira gwaro rekubhadhara chirango nekuda kwekutyora kwawakanga usina kuronga kana kuziva nezvako. Mibvunzo chete ndeyekuti pane kutyora here, kana uri mutadzi, uye kana uchigona kugumisa. Nekuti zvinoshandira zvinangwa zvakasiyana, faindi nechirango chekugadzirisa zvinogona kuiswa nekuda kwekutyora kumwe chete, uye makambani anowanzo gamuchira zvese zviri zviviri.

Basa rekusimbisa

Vakuru veNetherlands havana rusununguko rwekutarisa divi rimwe chete. Pasi pemutemo wekusimbisa mutemo ( beginselplicht tot handhaving ), chiremera chinowana kutyorwa kwemutemo chinofanira kuita chimwe chinhu nezvazvo.

Dhipatimendi reHurumende reHurumende reDare reHurumende rakagadzirisa pfungwa dzaro musi wa5 Kurume 2025 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2025:678). Mashoko ekare akabvunza kana "mamiriro ezvinhu akakosha" achibvumidza kusiya; mashoko matsva anochengetedza kusimbiswa kwemutemo senzvimbo yekutanga asi anoisa musiyano mumashoko ekuenzanisa: simba rinogona kurega chete kana mamiriro ezvinhu munyaya chaiyo aine huremu hwakakura zvekuti zvido zveveruzhinji zvinopihwa nekusimbisa mutemo zvinofanira kupihwa. Kusimbiswa kwemutemo kuchiri kukunda munyaya zhinji, asi chikonzero ikozvino kuongororwa kwekuenzanisa kwakajeka, izvo zvinopa munhu akagadzirirwa zvakanaka zvakawanda zvekutaura naye.

Tarisiro chaiyo yekubvumidzwa zviri pamutemo

Chinhu chinowanzoonekwa sechisingabvumirwi ndechekuti kutyorwa kwemutemo kuchatenderwa, kazhinji nekuda kwekuti chikumbiro chemvumo chiri kumirira pasina chikonzero chekutarisira kurambwa. Muganho wacho wakanyatsojeka: chinangwa chekunyorera hachina kukwana, uye chikumbiro chisingagone kubudirira. Kana kutenderwa kuri kwechokwadi, tanga waendesa faira.

Kusaenzana uye zvimwe zvikonzero

Kumanikidza vanhu kuti vatevedzere mutemo kunogonawo kurambidzwa kana kusingaenzaniswi, kana kuti kutyora musimboti wekuenzana kana wezvinotarisirwa. Kusaenzana kunowanzobudirira kana kutyorwa kwacho kuri kudiki, kwenguva refu, kusingakuvadzi munhu uye kunodhura kugadzirisa, uye kukundikana kana mumwe munhu ari kukuvadzwa.

Ndiani anomanikidza, uye pahwaro hupi

Chinyorwa cheAwb 5.3 chinopa michina, kwete simba; simba rinobva mumutemo wezvikamu. Pakuvaka, kuronga uye nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza, Mutemo weEnvironment and Planning unopa basa rekumanikidza kune vane hunyanzvi (chinyorwa 18.2 Omgevingswet), kazhinji mukuru wekanzuru, nemasangano enharaunda ezvakatipoteredza ari kuita basa racho; chinyorwa 125 Gemeentewet inotsigira simba rekanzuru. Vatongi vezvikamu, kubva kuNetherlands Labour Authority kuenda kuDutch Data Protection Authority, vane masimba avo pasi pemitemo imwechete yeAwb.

Chikumbiro chekutevedzwa kwemutemo chebato rechitatu

Maitiro aya anowanzo furatirwa nevekunze, uye anosiyana-siyana. Munhu ane hanya anogona kumanikidza vane masimba kuti vatore sarudzo yekumanikidza nekutumira chikumbiro chekumanikidza ( handhavingsverzoek ): vavakidzani vachipesana nebasa rekuvaka, makwikwidzi achipesana nevakwikwidzi vasina mvumo, vanoroja vachipesana nevaridzi vemba. Kana uchimanikidzwa, faira racho raiwanzotanga netsamba yemumwe munhu.

Maitiro ekugadzira imwe

Chikumbiro chekumanikidza chikumbiro chinoenderana nezvinorehwa nechinyorwa. 1:3 Awb. Hapana fomu rakanyorerwa; chinokosha inyaya:

• Kumbira zvakananga kuti pave nekutora matanho ekumanikidza mutemo. Usazviti kunyunyuta kana kuti mushumo; kunyunyuta hakufanirwe kupindurwa nechisarudzo.
• Sarudza nzvimbo yakatyorwa nemazvo: kero kana kuiswa, maitiro, uye mutemo wakatyorwa — mamiriro emvumo, hurongwa hwezvakatipoteredza, mwero wepamutemo.
• Tsanangura kuti sei uri munhu anofarira (chinyorwa 1:2 Awb): kuva pedyo, kufarira zvakananga kwekutengeserana, kana chinzvimbo chepamutemo chinokanganiswa. Pasina icho haugone kumanikidza sarudzo.
• Isa humbowo hwezuva — mapikicha, zviyero, tsamba, zvinyorwa zverejista — taura kuti ndechipi chirango chaunofunga kuti chakakodzera, uye kumbira kuti ugare uchiziviswa.

Basa rechiremera rekusarudza

Nekuti chikumbiro chacho chiri chikumbiro, chiremera chinofanira kusarudza mukati menguva yakakodzera, chero mukati memavhiki masere kunze kwekunge mutemo uchipa zvimwe (art. 4:13 Awb), inogona kuwedzerwa chete nesarudzo yakaziviswa zvakanaka. Kuramba kumanikidza kunogona kupikiswa nekukwidzwa. Kunyarara kunogonawo kutorwa: mushure mekuzivisa kwakanyorwa kwekukundikana, chiremera chinogona kuve nemhosva yekutongwa kwemutemo kana munhu anonoka kuita sarudzo (art. 4:17 Awb), uye unogona kukwidza nyaya yacho pamusoro pekukundikana kusarudza. Ndosaka chikumbiro chichikunda chichemo - chinoisa chiremera pawachi.

Chii chinouya pamberi peodha

Chikumbiro hachisi gwaro rekutanga. Chinowanzoitwa mushumo wekuongorora, wozotevera tsamba yekuyambira inoratidza murayiro waunoda uye ichikurudzira maonero ako. Chikumbiro ichocho hachisi cheruremekedzo: zvaunotaura zvinova chikamu chefaira rinozoverengwa nedare gare gare.

Chiremera chinogonawo kuita chimwe chinhu chisati chaitika. Art. 5:7 Awb inobvumira chirango chekugadzirisa kana njodzi yekutyorwa kwechinhu yave pedyo. Muganho wacho unoda: mutemo chaiwo wepamutemo unofanira kunge wava kuda kutyorwa une mukana wekuti zvinhu zviitike, unoratidzwa nezviito chaizvo kwete fungidziro. Mirairo yekutarisira yakajairika apo kambani yakazivisa chiitiko chaisina mvumo yacho.

Zvinofanira kunge zviri muodha

Zviri mukati zvisina kunaka ndipo panokundwa matambudziko mazhinji. Odha yacho inofanira:

• ziva kutyorwa kwemutemo, mutemo wakatyorwa uye chokwadi chakavakirwa pazviri;
• tsanangura matanho ekugadzirisa anodiwa (chinyorwa 5:24 nechinyorwa 5:32a Awb), zvakajeka zvekuti unoziva zvichaibvisa — "kumisa kuputsa" kazhinji hazvinyatsojeka kuti kuputsa kunogona kupedzwa sei nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana;
• taura nguva yekutevedzera mutemo — yekutevedzera mutemo nenzira imwechete, nguva iyo murairo unofanirwa kuitwa; yemurairo wekubhadhara chirango, nguva yaunogona kutevedzera pasina mari inobhadharwa. Inofanira kuita kuti kutevedzera mutemo kuvepo zvechokwadi uye kusave kwenguva yakareba kupfuura zvinodiwa;
• kuziviswa kune mutadzi, uye kuti kusimbiswe kwemutemo wehurumende kushandiswewo kune avo vane kodzero yekushandisa pfuma iyi uye kune chero bato rakakumbira kusimbisirwa mutemo (art. 5:24 Awb);
• kuti musimbise mutemo nenzira imwe chete, taurai kuti muri kuda kubhadhariswa marii (art. 5:25 Awb).

Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti matare anotora danho iri zvakakomba: munhu anotumirwa nyaya iyi anofanira kukwanisa kutevedzera. Kana kugumisa nyaya iyi kuchida mvumo yausingatore, nyika yausingadzore, kana kuti kushandira pamwe kwemumwe munhu, murayiro wacho unogona kurwiswa.

Ndiani anogona kuva munhu anonyorerwa

Munhu chete ndiye anogona kurairwa kugadzirisa kutyorwa kwemutemo, uye Dare reHurumende rakaderedza pfungwa iyoyo musi wa31 Chivabvu 2023 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2023:2071), richiibatanidza nemhosva dzinoshanda mumutemo wemhosva. Kazhinji, munhu anenge ari mhosva kana mufambiro wacho ukawira pasi pesimba rake uye akaugamuchira, kana kuti akatadza kutora matanho aitarisirwa kubva kwaari.

• Muroja. Munhu ari kuita chiitiko ichi pachake anowanzova mutadzi uye ndiye anotaurirwa nyaya yacho.
• Muridzi kana muridzi wemba. Kubva muna 2023 muridzi haachisiri iye anongoerekana ava mhosva yezvinoitwa nemuroja; kutonga nekugamuchira zvinofanira kuratidzwa. Asi muridzi asingafariri mashandisirwo enzvimbo yacho anoramba ari pachena: kutarisirwa kwakanaka kunoreva kuongororwa nguva nenguva, zvirambidzo zvechibvumirano pakushandiswa, uye kuita zvinoenderana nezviratidzo zvekunyevera.
• Mutungamiriri. Mutungamiriri anogona kunge ari munhu anopara mhosva kana zvinodiwa zvikasvitswa - izvo zvinokosha, nekuti murairo unopikiswa kukambani isina midziyo hauna kukosha.
• Purchaser. Muchidimbu, murairo ndewemunhu oga, asi muchimiro chezvivakwa art. 18.4a Omgevingswet inobvumira chirango chekugadzirisa kuti chisunge vatsivi vepamutemo, kuitira kuti murairo ugone kufamba nepfuma. Bvunza nezvetsamba dzekumanikidza, mirairo iri kushanda uye mari isina kubhadharwa; kutsvaga mvumo yakachena hakuna kukwana.

Mashandiro anoita muripo wechirango

Pasi pechikamu 5:32b, chiremera chinoisa mari yacho nenzira imwe chete patatu: mari imwe chete, mari imwe neimwe panguva iyo murayiro usingaitwe, kana mari imwe neimwe pakutyorwa kwemutemo. Inofanirawo kuisa mari yepamusoro pamusoro peiyo isingafanirwe kubhadharwa, uye mari yacho inofanira kuva nehukama hwakakodzera nekukosha kwechido chakatyorwa uye chinangwa chemurairo wacho. Maguta mazhinji anoburitsa mitengo yakatarwa; kutsauka kusingatsananguriki inyaya yekunetsa.

Chinhu chakakosha ndechekurasikirwa otomatiki. Kana nguva yekutevedzera mutemo ikapera uye kutyorwa kwemutemo kukaramba kuripo, mari yacho inobhadharwa nekushanda kwemutemo: hapana chisarudzo, hapana tsamba, hapana sarudzo. Art. 5:33 Awb inoda muripo mukati memavhiki matanhatu. Makambani anogara achiona mwedzi yakati wandei gare gare kuti mari yakawanda inowanikwa panguva yekutaurirana nemuongorori. Kutaurirana hakumisi nguva; chisarudzo chinongowedzera kana kumisa nguva yacho chete ndicho chinoita.

Sarudzo yekuunganidza

Vasati vakumbira muripo, vane masimba vanofanira kutora sarudzo yekuunganidza mari ( invorderingsbeschikking , art. 5:37 Awb), uye vanofanira kutora imwe kana munhu anofarira akakumbira, vachisarudza mukati memavhiki mana - ndizvo zvinoita kuti muvakidzani akagamuchira odha arambe achimanikidza. Sarudzo yekuunganidza mari yakavhurika yoga kuti ipikiswe uye ikwidzwe, uye art. 5:39 Awb inonyanya kutarisisa nyaya: kupikisa kana kukwidza nyaya pamusoro peodha kunosanganisirawo sarudzo yekuunganidza mari kusvika paunodana. Art. 5:31c Awb inoita zvimwe chetezvo pakumanikidzwa kwemari uye kuongororwa kwemutengo. Pane basa rinoenderana rekuunganidza mari, nekusiya mari chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akakosha (ABRvS 13 Chikumi 2018, ECLI:NL:RVS:2018:1968); kuomerwa, kana chikumbiro chekuti mari yacho yakakwira zvakanyanya, hazviwanzo kukodzera.

Chinokosha ndechekuti, kuunganidzwa kwemari hakusi mukana wechipiri wekurwisa murairo. Kana murairo wacho wapera, mutemo wacho wagadziriswa uye haugone kuvhurwazve kana mari yacho yatorwa. Dare reHurumende rinobvumira mutongo wakamanikana, unorambidzwa, zvikuru apo zviri pachena kuti hapana kutyorwa kwemutemo kana kuti munhu akanyorerwa akanga asiri mutadzi (mutongo wa27 Kukadzi 2019, kusanganisira ECLI:NL:RVS:2019:466). Pikisa murairo wacho paunougamuchira, kwete kana invoice yasvika. Cherechedzawo kuti kodzero yekuunganidza mari inodarika gore rimwe chete mushure mezuva rekutorwa kwemari (art. 5:35 Awb). Izvozvo zvipfupi, uye vane masimba vanorasikirwa nazvo.

Kutevedzera mitemo nenzira yemhando yepamusoro uye kudzoreredza mari inoshandiswa

Kana ukasatevedzera murayiro wekusimbisa mutemo, chiremera chinozviita chega. Muzviitiko zvekukurumidzira chinogona kuita pasina murayiro wekutanga; kana chisarudzo chisingatarisirwi, chinogona kuita ipapo ipapo uye chozopa sarudzo yacho mushure mezvo (art. 5:31 Awb).

Mari dzinobhadharwa nemutadzi kunze kwekunge dzisingakwanise kubhadhariswa zvese kana chikamu chazvo (art. 5:25 Awb). Dzinosanganisira mari yekugadzirira yakaitwa mushure mekunge nguva yekutevedzera mutemo yapera, iyo inoramba ichibhadharwa kunyangwe ukatevedzera panguva yekupedzisira. Chiremera chinofanira kugadzirisa mari yacho mukati memakore mashanu ekushandisa mutemo, uye kuongororwa kunosimbiswa negwaro rekuuraya pasi peChinyorwa 4.4 Awb, nesimba remutongo wedare. Hapana sarudzo yepamutemo pamusoro pezvinhu zvisingafambike pamari idzi: chiremera chinodzoserwa kuburikidza negwaro rekuuraya pasi peChinyorwa 4.4 Awb semukweretesi wenguva dzose, pasina chero kuchengetedzwa chaiko kana kusarudzwa kwemortgage.

Kuramba, kukwidza nyaya uye kuregererwa kwenguva pfupi

Art. 5:34 Awb inopa nzira mbiri dzekudzivirira nyaya yacho kunze kwekunge paine nyaya yematare. Kana kutevedzera mutemo kusingagoneke zvachose kana kuti chikamu, zvachose kana kwenguva pfupi, vane masimba vanogona kubvisa mutemo, kuumisa kana kuderedza mari yacho; uye kana mutemo wacho wagara kwegore rose pasina mari yaunofanira kubhadhara, mutadzi anogona kukumbira kuti ubviswe. Kuramba kwacho kunogona kupikiswa nekukwidzwa nyaya.

Nzira yekumhan'ara nyaya ndeyetsika: kuramba mvumo yedare mukati memavhiki matanhatu kubva pakuziviswa; kukwidza nyaya kudare redunhu mukati memavhiki matanhatu kubva pakusarudzwa kwemhosva; kukwidza nyaya zvakare, munyaya zhinji dzezvakatipoteredza, kuDare reHurumende. Nguva yemavhiki matanhatu yakaoma, uye kunonoka kupokana kunoziviswa kuti hakugamuchirwi kunze kwemumamiriro ezvinhu akamanikana.

Hapana chimwe cheizvi chinomisa murairo. Kupikisa kana kukwidza nyaya hakumisi nguva yekutevedzera mutemo kana kudzivirira mari inofanira kubhadharwa. Nzira chete inomisa kusimbiswa kwemutemo ndeyekukumbira rubatsiro rwechinguvana kumutongi werubatsiro rwechinguvana, runowanikwa kana kupikisa kana kukwidza nyaya kwave kumirira. Mutongi anogona kumisa murairo, kuwedzera nguva yekutevedzera mutemo kana kumisa chisarudzo chekuunganidza mari, uye zvikumbiro zvekukurumidzira zvinonzwikwa nekukurumidza. Kana nguva iri pfupi uye uchida kupikisa murairo, gadzirira chikumbiro cherubatsiro rwechinguvana pamwe chete nekupikisa, kwete mushure mazvo.

Nhungamiro inoshanda

Pindura tsamba yekunyevera nemazvo. Itore sechikamu chekutanga chenyaya. Gadzirisa zvikanganiso zviri mumushumo wekuongorora nekunyora, taura zvaunopokana nazvo uye zvauchaita, uye taura nguva yekutevedzera mitemo ine zvikonzero.

Nyora pasi kutevedzera mitemo sezvazvinoitika. Kutora zvinhu zvinongoerekana zvaitika uye mutoro wekuratidza kuti kutyorwa kwemutemo kwapera nenguva unowira pauri. Chengeta mapikicha ane zuva, manotsi ekutumira, ma invoice ekondirakita uye magwaro ekupedzisa akasainwa, uye zivisa vane masimba nekunyora nguva pfupi basa rapera, uchikumbira kuti vaongorore.

Chenjerera kutevedzera zvishoma. Uyu ndiwo musungo unodhura zvikuru muhurongwa. Kana odha ikanyora matanho akati wandei uye ukaita akawanda acho, hapana chinoburitswa: mari yese inobhadharwa sekunge hauna kuita chinhu, ichisvika padanho rayo painoshanda panguva imwe chete. Kana chikamu cheodha chikasagona kuitwa, isa chikumbiro pasi pechinyorwa. 5:34 Awb kana chikumbiro chekubatsira kwenguva pfupi nguva isati yapera - usaite zvaunogona uye zvaunotarisira.