Kana muchiparadzana muNetherlands uye muine vana vari pasi pemakore gumi nemasere, mutemo weDutch haukubvumirii kugadzirisa matambudziko gare gare. Kazhinji, hurongwa hwakanyorwa hwekurera vana hunofanira kusainwa uye kuiswa kudare vasati varambana zvachose. Gwaro iri rinotsanangura kuti chirongwa ichi chii, kuti ndiani anofanira kubereka mumwe, zvinodiwa nemutemo kuti zvivepo, kuti chirongwa chinobatsira zvechokwadi chinowedzera sei, uye kuti mitemo yacho inoshanda sei kana mubereki achigara, kana kuti achida kugara, kunze kwenyika.
Chii chinonzi chirongwa chekurera vana uye nei chiripo
Chibvumirano chakanyorwa pakati pevabereki pamusoro pekuti vacharera sei vana vavo mushure mekunge hukama hwavo hwapera. Pasi pechikamu 815 Rv, chikumbiro chekurambana, kuparadzana zviri pamutemo kana kuputswa kwehukama hwakanyoreswa chinofanira kunge chiine hurongwa hwekurera vana hwakasainwa nevabereki vese. Pasina icho chikumbiro hachina kukwana, uye dare harizongopfuuri mberi.
Inoenderana nechinyorwa. 1:247 BW, chinoita kuti simba rive basa rakaenzana uye kodzero yekuchengeta nekurera mwana, inomanikidza mubereki wega wega kusimudzira hukama hwemwana nemumwe mubereki, uye inopa vana vane vabereki vanoshandisa simba pamwe chete mushure mekurambana kodzero yekutarisirwa nekurerwa zvakaenzana nevose vari vaviri. Chirongwa ichi ndicho chishandiso chinoita kuti mabasa iwayo ave echokwadi.
Chirongwa chakatenderwa nedare uye chakabatana nechisarudzo chekurambana chinova chikamu chechisarudzo ichocho - musiyano uripo pakati pekunzwisisana kusiri kwepamutemo nechimwe chinhu chinogona kuitwa nemuchengeti wematare.
Ndiani anofanira kunyora hurongwa hwekurera vana
Vabereki vakaroora kana kuroorwa nevakaroorana navo vakanyoreswa
Vakaroorana vanokumbira kurambana kana kuparadzaniswa zviri pamutemo vanofanira kunyorerana hurongwa hunosanganisira vana vavo vadiki pamwe chete, uye chero mwana mudiki wavanoshandisa simba ravo pamwe chete. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune hukama hwakanyoreswa hwakabviswa nedare, nekuti chikamu 828 Rv chinowedzera mitemo yekurambana, chikamu 815 Rv pakati pavo, kune maitiro iwayo - uye hukama hwakanyoreswa nevana vadiki hahugone kupedzwa nekutonga kuburikidza negweta kana gweta zvachose. Izvi zvinoshanda kungave muchinyorerana pamwe chete kana mubereki mumwe chete.
Vabereki vasina kuroora kana kuroorwa vane simba rakabatana
Vabereki vasina kuroora kana kuroorwa vanoshandisa simba rekubatana — vangave vakanyoreswa murejista yesimba (gezagsregister) kana kuti vanomuka vega pavanoziviswa nezvevana vakazvarwa kubva musi wa1 Ndira 2023 — vanobatwawo. Art. 1:247a BW inovamanikidza kugadzira hurongwa hwekurera vana hwerudzi rwunotsanangurwa muArt. 815 Rv pavanogumisa kugara kwavo pamwe chete. Hapana chikumbiro chekuchibatanidza nacho, saka hapana chinochiisa pamberi pemutongi panguva iyoyo, asi chisungo chacho ndechechokwadi: pasi peArt. 1:253a BW dare rinowanzo tarisira hurongwa risati ragadzirisa gakava ripi zvaro pamusoro pekuti simba rekubatana rinoshandiswa sei, kunze kwekunge zvido zvemwana zvichida sarudzo yekukurumidzira.
Kana chisungo chisiri kushanda
Kana mubereki mumwe chete aine simba, chikamu 815 Rv hachishande; uye hachishande kune vakaroorana vanoparadzana asi vasingakumbire. Hurongwa hunoramba huchikurudzirwa mumamiriro ese ari maviri.
Zviri mukati zvinosungirwa
Art. 815 Rv inotara nguva pfupi. Chirongwa chinofanira kunyora zvibvumirano pa:
- kuti vabereki vanogovana sei mabasa ekutarisira nekurera, kana kuti kubatana pakati pemwana nemubereki wega wega kunorongwa sei;
- kuti vabereki vachazivisana sei uye vachabvunzana sei panyaya dzakakosha dzine chekuita nemwana nepfuma yemwana;
- mari yekuchengetwa nekurerwa kwemwana — muchokwadi, mari yekuchengetedza mwana.
Chikumbiro chinofanirawo kutaura kuti vana vakabatanidzwa sei mukugadzira hurongwa. Ichocho chinodiwa zvechokwadi, kwete bhokisi rekutarisa: kutaura kuti mwana ane makore gumi ekuberekwa akabvunzwa hakuzorarami mutongi anotaura nemwana wacho.
Chirongwa chakanaka chinowedzera kupfuura zvishoma
Chirongwa chinoita chete zvinodiwa nemutemo. Zvinodiwa zve815 Rv zvichagamuchirwa, uye zvichaburitsa nharo mumakore gumi anotevera. Misoro iri pazasi ndiyo inomuka gakava.
| musoro | Zvekugadzirisa |
|---|---|
| Purogiramu yekuchengeta | Vhiki yakajairika kana mavhiki maviri, masikati nenguva. "Zvinenge 50/50" haisi purogiramu. |
| Mazororo | Mazororo echikoro neeveruzhinji anopiwa nemazita, achichinjana negore, nenguva yekupedzisira yekuzivisa mazuva. |
| Kuendeswa kune vamwe | Kupi, riini, ndiani anofamba, ndiani anobhadhara, uye chii chinoitika kana mumwe munhu anonoka kana mwana achirwara. |
| Kuchikoro | Chikoro chipi, ndiani anobata nazvo zuva nezuva, kuti shanduko inosarudzwa sei, uye kana chikoro chichizivisa vabereki vese zvakananga. |
| Sarudzo dzezvekurapa | Kurapa kupi kunogona kubvumidzwa nemubereki mumwe chete, uye ndekupi kunoda zvese zviri zviviri. Taura zvakajeka nezvekubaiwa. |
| Relocation | Nguva yekuzivisa vabereki vasati vatama, daro guru kana nzvimbo yakatarwa, uye kuti purogiramu yacho inochinja sei. |
| Mapasipoti nekufamba | Ndiani ane magwaro, mvumo iripo yezororo kunze kwenyika, uye kuti zvinoratidzwa sei pamuganhu. |
| Vanasekuru navanasekuru nevamwe | Kutaurirana navanasekuru nasekuru, vabereki vekurera nevana vehanzvadzi nevabereki vevabereki vemhuri imwe chete. Hapana kodzero yekuzvigadzirira, asi maitiro akanyorwa anoita kuti zvisazoshandiswa gare gare. |
| Kuzivisa vadyidzani vatsva | Nguva uye chiziviso. Hazvina kunyanya kusimbiswa, asi ndicho chinhu chinowanzo shandiswa. |
| Ongorora clause | Zuva rakatarwa - rinowanzoitwa gore rega rega, uye usati waenda kuchikoro chesekondari - rekuongorora hurongwa hwacho kana paine chakakanganisika kana kuti kwete. |
| Maitiro ekukakavadzana | Danho rekutanga rine zita: kutaurirana mukati menguva yakatarwa, wozotaurirana nemurevereri akabvumirana, mubereki asati aenda kudare. |
Vaviri vanofanirwa kusimbiswa. Chirevo chekudzokorora chinoita kuti shanduko ive yakajairika, saka mubereki anokumbira kugadzirisa purogiramu ari kutevedzera hurongwa pane kuhurwisa. Nzira yekukakavadzana inopa vabereki vese mukana wekuenda kuhofisi yegweta, uye matare anofarira vabereki vakashandisa nzira yekukwidza nyaya yacho pakutanga.
Kana vabereki vasingabvumirani
Chinodiwa chakasimba asi hachina kukwana. Chinyorwa 815 Rv chinobvumira mukwikwidzi asingakwanise kuburitsa hurongwa hwakasainwa kuti aise mamwe magwaro panzvimbo pezvo, kana kuita gadziriro neimwe nzira, dare richitonga kana izvozvo zvichigamuchirwa. Mukuita, mukwikwidzi anotsanangura zvakaedzwa - kunyorerana tsamba, kuedza kuyananisa, kuramba kwemumwe mubereki kutaurirana - uye anopa mazano ekugadzirisa nyaya yacho ari ega.
Zvinozoitwa nedare zvinosiyana. Rinogona kumisa nyaya yacho roendesa vabereki kudare revana, kukumbira Bhodhi reKutarisira Vana neDziviriro (Raad voor de Kinderbescherming) kuti riongorore uye ripe mazano, kana kuraira kuongororwa kwevabereki. Kana mumwe mubereki asingawanikwe kana kuti asingashande pamwe chete, kana kuti pave nemhirizhonga mudzimba, rinogona kungosarudza mabasa ekuchengeta, kuchengetedza neruzivo uye kupa kurambana pasina hurongwa. Kuzivisa kuti chikumbiro hachigamuchirwi kunogoneka asi inzira yekupedzisira.
Saka kuramba kusaina inzira isina kunaka. Hazvidzivisi kurambana zvachose, uye zvinoisa mitemo mumaoko emutongi anenge anzwa zvikonzero zvekusaita chibvumirano.
Kana vaparadzana, mubereki ane simba rakabatana asingabvumirane pane imwe nyaya — sarudzo yechikoro, sarudzo yekurapwa, kero yakanyoreswa yemwana, shanduko yepurogiramu — anogona kunyorera kudare pasi pechikamu 1:253a BW. Gweta rinodikanwa. Dare rinosarudza sezvarinoona kuti zvinobatsira mwana, uye rinogonawo kuisa kana kusimbisa hurongwa hwekuchengeta mwana.
Kusimbisa hurongwa
Chirongwa chakasimbiswa mudare chinomiririra kodzero yepamutemo. Chirongwa chiripo pakati pevabereki chete chibvumirano: chinosunga, asi unofanira kuwana sarudzo usati wagona kuisimbisa. Kana mubereki asingateereri, nzira dzinoshanda ndeidzi:
- Muchidimbu nyaya (kort geding) kuti murayiro utevedzerwe — ndiyo nzira inokurumidza kana kupihwa kwezvipo kwamira.
- Muripo wechirango (dwangsom) yakabatanidzwa pamurairo, inobhadharwa panguva yega yega yekusatevedzera mutemo.
- Kumiswa kana kugadziriswa kwekugadzirisa, inoshandiswa nokungwarira uye kashoma semhinduro yekutanga.
- Kuchinja kwekugara kwemwana mukuru pasi pechinyorwa 1:253a BW, uko kuvharika kunoramba kuripo uye kuri muchimiro.
- Kusanganisira Bhodhi reKutarisira neKudzivirira Vana, zvingangoita kuti pave nemurairo wekutarisira (ondertoezichtstelling) uye mutariri wemhuri ane basa rekudzorera hukama.
- Kumanikidza muviri (lijfsdwang) kana rubatsiro rwemapurisa — rwakasiyana zvachose, uye rwunoshandiswa chete kana pasina chimwe chakashanda.
Imwe pfungwa iyo vatongi venyika dzakawanda vanowanzo tonga zvisizvo: matare eDutch anoona kuchengetedza nekubatana semabasa akasiyana. Kunyima chimwe nekuti chimwe hachina kuitwa hakusi kudzivirira, uye kunokuvadza chinzvimbo chemubereki anonyima. Matare anogamuchirawo basa guru rakanaka, rakatorwa kubva muchikamu. 8 ECHR, rekuita kuti kusangana pakati pemubereki nemwana kuitike, saka mubereki anotaura nezvedambudziko iri nekukurumidza uye nguva dzose anenge ari pachokwadi.
Kuchinja hurongwa gare gare
Purogiramu yakagadzirirwa mwana ane makore mashanu inokundikana mwana ane makore gumi nemashanu. Kana vabereki vese vakabvumirana, vanogona kunyora shanduko yacho voisaina vese. Hapana chikonzero chedare, kunyangwe kana chirongwa chekutanga chakasimbiswa nedare - kunyangwe kana muchida kutevedzera mitemo mitsva gare gare, kuisimbisa kwakakodzera dambudziko racho. Kana musingabvumirane, kuyananisa ndiyo nhanho inotevera inowanzoitwa; kana izvozvo zvikakundikana, chero mubereki mumwe chete anogona kunyorera kudare.
Muganho wacho wakaderera. Pasi pechikamu 1:377e BW, dare rinogona kuchinja hurongwa hwekutaurirana, kusanganisira hwakaitwa nevabereki pachavo, nekuti mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja kubva ipapo kana kuti chisarudzo chekare chakavakirwa paruzivo rusina kururama kana rusina kukwana. Chikamu 1:253a BW inoita basa rakafanana pamakakatanwa pamusoro pekushandiswa kwesimba rekubatana. Chikamu chekuongorora chakanyorwa zvakanaka chinobvisa nharo pamusoro pekuti muganho wacho wazadzikiswa here.
Nzvimbo yemwana
Mutemo weDutch unotarisira kuti vana vabatanidzwe muchirongwa ichi, kwete kungoziviswa nezvazvo chete, uye nzira yacho ine musoro inoenderana nezera ravo: kubvunza mwana ane makore manomwe kuti chii chakakosha nezvekupihwa kwemwana, kwete kukumbira mwana ane makore manomwe kuti asarudze mubereki.
Pamwe chete, dare rinowanzo taura nemwana muchikoro vasati vasarudza nyaya dzine chekuita naye. Art. 809 Rv ndiyo hwaro hwemutemo. Rechtspraak ikozvino inokoka vana vane makore masere kuti vakurukure nemutongi munyaya dzine chekuita nechiremera, pekugara uye kuonana - muganho wakaderedzwa kubva pagumi nemaviri nemutemo wenyika weRechtspraak munyaya dzine chekuita nekuva mubereki, kwete nekuchinja kupi zvako kweArt. 809 Rv - nepo munyaya dzekuchengeta vana vachikokwa kubva pamakore gumi nematanhatu.
Hurukuro yacho ipfupi, inoitirwa pasina vabereki varipo, uye haisi yekumanikidzwa: mwana anogona kuramba, kana kunyorera mutongi panzvimbo pezvo. Hazvisiwo kuvhota - mutongi anoyera zvinotaurwa nemwana pamwe chete nezvimwe zvese. Vabereki vanodzidzisa mwana nguva isati yasvika vanowanzoonekwa, uye zvinovakanganisa.
The international dimension
Kune mhuri dziri kunze kwenyika, ndipo panowana mari yechirongwa ichi, nekuti fungidziro yekuti vabereki vese vanogara pedyo nemotokari haisi yechokwadi.
Kutamiswa kune imwe nyika
Mubereki ane simba rakabatana haafanire kutamisa mwana kunze kwenyika, kana kuchinja pekugara kwemwana nenzira inokanganisa kodzero dzemumwe mubereki, pasina mvumo yemubereki iyeye. Kana mvumo ikarambwa, mubereki anotama anofanira kukumbira mvumo yekutsiva pasi pechikamu. 1:253a BW.
Hapana runyorwa rwenyaya runotonga nyaya idzi. Dare Repamusorosoro rakatonga muna HR 25 Kubvumbi 2008, ECLI:NL:HR:2008:BC5901 kuti dare rinofanira kuyera mamiriro ese akakodzera, uye kuti kunyangwe zvido zvemwana zviri zvekufunga nezvazvo pakutanga, hazviwanzopfuura zvido zvevabereki; HR 24 Kurume 2017, ECLI:NL:HR:2017:487 yakasimbisa mwero wekufunga nezvechiito ichocho. Mumatare ekudzidzira vanoongorora kukosha kwekutama, kuti kwakagadzirwa zvakanaka sei, kana mubereki anotama akapa gadziriro dzinoshanda dzekubhadhara - kufamba, mari, nzvimbo dzezororo refu, kuonana nevhidhiyo - hukama hwakabatana nemubereki wega wega nemwana nenyika dzese, uye maonero emwana. Chirevo chekutama chakabvumiranwa nepo hukama hwakanaka chinokosha kupfuura nharo pamusoro pacho gare gare.
Kupambwa kwevana pasi rose
Kutora kana kuchengeta mwana kunze kwenyika pasina mvumo yemumwe ane simba, kana pasina mvumo yedare, kubvisa kana kuchengetedza mwana zvisiri pamutemo. Izvi zvinosanganisira 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, iyo Netherlands nenyika zhinji dzinobva kune dzimwe nyika dzinobva kune dzimwe nyika.
Mubereki anosara anogona kunyorera kuburikidza neDutch Central Authority for International Child Matters, iyo inobatanidza Netherlands nedzimwe nyika uye inogona kutevera kudzoka kwemwana nekuzvidira kana kuyananisa miganhu, kana kuenda kudare zvakananga. Matanho ekudzosa mwana kuDutch anonyanya kuitirwa kuDare reDunhu reThe Hague, nekukwidza nyaya kuDare reKukwidza Nyaya muThe Hague. Cassation inonyanya kurambidzwa nechikamu. 13 Uitvoeringswet internationale kinderontvoering, kunyangwe Dare Repamusorosoro rakatonga muna HR 5 Chikunguru 2019, ECLI:NL:HR:2019:1085 kuti kudzingwa hakuenderane nenyaya iyo dare rekukwirira rakaramba kutonga, chinangwa chekudzingwa ndechekuti mubvunzo wekudzosa mwana wakaongororwa kaviri.
Chinangwa cheMusangano ndechekudzokera nekukurumidza kunyika yawakagara uchigara, saka matare edzimhosva ikoko ndiwo anosarudza chinhu chacho. Pane zvikonzero zvekuramba — kubvumirana kana kubvuma, njodzi huru yekukuvadzwa, kuramba kwemwana akura zvakakwana, uye kupfuudzwa kwegore rinopfuura pamwe nekugadziriswa kwemamiriro matsva — asi zvinotsanangurwa zvishoma. Pasi peBrussels II-ter, matare anofanirwa kusarudza mafomu ekudzosa mukati memavhiki matanhatu pachiitiko chimwe nechimwe.
Hutongi huri pasi peBrussels II-ter
Mutemo (EU) 2019/1111, Brussels II-ter, wave uchishanda kubvira 1 Nyamavhuvhu 2022. Unotonga masimba ekutonga uye kuzivikanwa uye kusimbiswa kwezvisarudzo pamusoro pemutoro wevabereki pakati penyika dziri nhengo dzeEU, uye unosimbisa Chibvumirano cha1980 mukati meEU.
Pasi peChikamu 7 cheMutemo, kutonga kuripo semutemo wedare renhengo uko mwana anogara nguva dzose kana dare ratorwa. Kugara kwemwana nguva dzose inyaya yechokwadi pamusoro pekuti hupenyu hwemwana hwakatarisana kupi chaizvo, kwete nezverudzi kana kunyoreswa. Kana mwana akabviswa kana kuchengetwa zvisiri pamutemo, Chikamu 9 chinochengetedza kutonga nedare rekare rekugara kunze kwekunge mitemo yakaoma yazadzikiswa, kuitira kuti kutamisa mwana kusagone kugadzira nzvimbo ine hushamwari. Mutemo uyu unobvumirawo mapato, mukati memiganhu, kubvumirana nedare, uye unoda kuti mwana anokwanisa kupa pfungwa apiwe mukana chaiwo uye unoshanda wekutaura pfungwa dzake.
Mhedzisiro inoshanda: nyorai hurongwa hwenyu muchifungidzira kuti dare reDutch ndiro richahutarisira mwana achiri kugara pano, uye wedzerai zvichaitika kana izvozvo zvikachinja. Hamugone kubvumirana nemitemo yekutonga, asi munogona kushandisa hurongwa hwenyu kuti muite kuti zvamunotarisira zvakafanana zvisakanganise - ndizvo zvichatanga kuverengwa nedare munyika dzese.
Ko chirongwa chekurera vana chinosungirwa here kana tisina kumbobvira taroorana?
Zvinoenderana nechiremera, kwete kuroorana. Kana muchishandisa simba pamwe chete, art. 1:247a BW inoda hurongwa hwekurera vana kana magumisa kugara kwenyu pamwe chete. Hapana chikumbiro chekuchibatanidza nacho, saka hapana chinokumanikidza panguva iyoyo, asi chisungo chacho ndechechokwadi uye dare rinowanzo tarisira hurongwa risati rasarudza chero gakava rinotevera pasi peart. 1:253a BW.
Ko aimbova mudiwa wangu anogona here kurambidza kurambana nekuramba kusaina?
Nhamba Art. 815 Rv inobvumira munyoreri asingakwanise kuburitsa hurongwa hwakasainwa kuti aise mamwe magwaro kana kuita gadziriro neimwe nzira, zvichienderana nekuongororwa kwedare. Dare rinogona kumisa basa, kuraira kuyananiswa kana kutsvaga mazano kubva kuChild Care and Protection Board, uye pakupedzisira rinogona kugadzirisa gadziriro dzacho uye kupa kurambana. Kuramba kuroorana zvinoreva kuti mutongi ndiye anosarudza panzvimbo pako.
Chirongwa ichi chinofanira kunge chiri muchiDutch here?
Nyaya dzinoitwa muchiDutch, saka dare rinoshandisa shanduro yechiDutch. Vakaroorana vazhinji vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vanotaurirana vosaina muchiChirungu voisa shanduro yechiDutch, izvo zvinoita kuti gwaro iri rirambe riine zvarinoreva kuvabereki vese. Ita shuwa kuti shanduro mbiri idzi dzinoenderana zvechokwadi: kusawirirana pakati pechinyorwa cheChirungu nechiDutch kunokonzera kusawirirana kusingadzivisike gare gare.
Tingabvumirana here kuti hapana mumwe wedu achafamba daro rinopfuura rakatarwa?
Unogona, uye zvine musoro. Chitsauko chinoisa nguva yekuzivisa uye daro guru kana dunhu rakatsanangurwa hachizobvisi simba redare rekupa mvumo yemumwe munhu pasi pechikamu 1:253a BW, asi chine simba guru: chinoratidza izvo vabereki vese vaiona zvichishanda kana hukama hwacho hwaive hwakanaka, uye mubereki anobva pazviri anofanira kutsanangura chikonzero.
Mutongi achataura nemwana wedu pazera ripi?
Vana vanokokwa kubva pamakore masere munyaya dzine chekuita nechiremera, pekugara uye kuonana, uye kubva pamakore gumi nematanhatu munyaya dzekuchengetedza. Art. 809 Rv ndiyo hwaro hwepamutemo. Kupinda kwemwana ndekwekuzvidira uye mwana anogona kunyorera mutongi panzvimbo pezvo. Hurukuro yacho ipfupi, inoitirwa pasina vabereki varipo, uye ndiyo inozivisa sarudzo - haisiyo inosarudza.
Ko kana mwana wangu akaendeswa kunze kwenyika ndisina mvumo yangu?
Ita chiito nekukasika; kunonoka kunoshayisa simba maonero ako. Bata Dutch Central Authority for International Child Matters uye gweta remhuri vhiki imwe chete. Kana chibvumirano cheHague cha1980 chichishanda, chinangwa ndechekudzokera nekukurumidza kunyika yawakagara uchigara kuitira kuti matare ayo asarudze chinhu chacho, uye zvikonzero zvekuramba zvidiki. MuEU, Brussels II-ter inosimbisa izvi uye inoisa chinangwa chemavhiki matanhatu pachiitiko chimwe nechimwe.
