Kudzoserwa kwengowani yegoridhe yeRomania—ibwe rebasa repamusoro-soro rava nemakore 4,000 rakapedza makumi emakore riri pakati pemakakatanwa epamutemo nedzezvematongerwo enyika—rakabva rapinda munhau zvakare munguva pfupi yapfuura. Yakabiwa kubva kuDrents Museum panguva yekubiwa kwembavha muna Ndira 2025, Ngowani yeCoțofenești nezvishongo zvegoridhe zviviri zveDacian zvakawanikwa zvikadzoserwa kuvakuru veRomania zviri pamutemo. Kudzorerwa uku kwaisangova mhedzisiro yebasa remapurisa chete; kwaive mhedzisiro yakananga yekutaurirana pakati peDutch Public Prosecution Service (OM) negweta rekudzivirira rinomiririra vanofungidzirwa kuti ndivo vakabatwa.

Nhaurirano idzi dzinomutsa mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro penhaka yetsika nekuva muridzi. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti dzinosimbisa nyaya huru yepamutemo: zvichemo zvinogadziriswa sei kana mapato achitsigira kodzero dzinokwikwidzana, nyaya dzesimba dzichinonoka kutongwa, uye kutsvaga chokwadi kuri pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru? Mibvunzo iyi chaiyo iri pakati peimwe yenyaya dzinonyanya kukurukurwa mumatare edzimhosva ekuNetherlands: chibvumirano chemaitiro (maitiro ekugadzirisa).

Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora hurongwa hwemutemo hunodzora zvibvumirano zvemaitiro muNetherlands, kuongorora kuti kuenzana pakati pekushanda zvakanaka kwematare edzimhosva uye kururamisira kwemaitiro kunochengetwa sei, uye kuti kudzoserwa kwengowani yegoridhe kunotidzidzisei nezvekutaurirana mukati memiganhu yemutemo.

Chii Chinonzi Zvibvumirano zveMaitiro?

Zvibvumirano zvehurongwa hurongwa hwepamutemo hunoitwa pakati pePublic Prosecution Service nevari kuzvidzivirira maererano nemafambiro enyaya kana kugadziriswa kwekupedzisira kwemhosva. Chinangwa chavo chikuru ndechekukurumidzisa nekugadzirisa nyaya dzematare, kunyanya munyaya dzakaoma, dzakakura, kana dzakawanda dzakadai sekuba zvinhu zvikuru.

Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha muchibvumirano chemaitiro ndechekuwirirana. Dziviriro inobvuma kurega mabasa chaiwo emaitiro—akadai sekukumbira kunzwiwa kwezvimwe zvapupu kana kusimudzira dziviriro yekutanga. Mukutsinhana, Public Prosecution Service inobvuma kuganhurira huwandu hwenyaya yekupomerwa mhosva kana kugadzira chikumbiro chemutongo uri pakati nepakati panguva yekutongwa.

MuchiDutch tsotsi mutemo, hurongwa hwemutemo hwakajeka hwezvibvumirano zvakadaro hwakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Mutemo wega wakanyorwa zvakajeka une chekuita nehurongwa hwevapupuri vanofungirwa mhosva, hwakatsanangurwa muZvikamu 226g kusvika 226i zveDutch Code of Criminal Procedure (WvSv). Pasi pechirongwa ichi, munhu anofungirwa mhosva anobvuma kupupura sechapupu chekorona mukutsinhana nemutongo wakaderedzwa, maitiro anoda kutariswa kwakasimba uye kuongororwa kwemutemo nemutongi anoongorora (rechter-commissaris).

Pazvibvumirano zvakakura zvisingabatanidzi munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye chapupu, hapana hwaro hwepamutemo hwakazara muWvSv. Zvisinei, kusavapo kwemutemo wakanyorwa hakubvumirwi nezvibvumirano izvi. Matare eDutch akagadzira hurongwa hwekuzvigadzirisa.

Hurongwa hweMutemo: Mutongo weDare Repamusorosoro HR 2022:1252

Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch (Dare Repamusorosoro) yakapa hurongwa hwekuongorora hwakakwana hwezvibvumirano zvemaitiro mumutongo unokosha weECLI:NL:HR:2022:1252. Dare rakaona kuti zvibvumirano zvemaitiro zvinotenderwa pamutemo, kunyangwe pasina hwaro hwepamutemo, chero bedzi zvibvumirano zvina zvakabatanidzwa zvikazadzikiswa.

1. Kuzvipira

Munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye anofanira kurega kodzero dzake dzekudzivirira nokuzvidira, achiziva, uye nehungwaru. Vanofanira kuziva zvizere mhedzisiro yepamutemo yechibvumirano. Mutongi wedare anosungirwa kuferefeta kana kuregeredzwa uku kwaive kwekuzvidira zvechokwadi. Kazhinji, kuvapo kwemunhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye ari kudare kunodiwa kuti zvionekwe izvi; kana munhu anofungidzirwa kuti haasipo, dare rinofanira kupa zvimwe zvikonzero zvinoita kuti chibvumirano chigamuchirwe.

2. Rubatsiro Rwakakwana Pamutemo

Munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye anofanirwa kunge akapihwa mvumo yakakwana yepamutemo isati yatanga uye panguva yekuumbwa kwechibvumirano. Kodzero yekuwana gweta (Chinyorwa 28 WvSv) inoita kuti munhu anofungidzirwa kuti anonzwisisa zvizere zvavari kuita.

3. Kuzvimiririra Kwematare Edzimhosva

Mutongi wedare anoramba akasununguka zvachose. Dare harimbofi rakasungwa zvakasimba nemutemo wakataurwa nemuchuchisi nemudziviriri. Mutongi anofanira kuongorora ega kana mhedzisiro yakarongwa yakaenzana nekukomba kwemhosva, achitaura nezveZvikamu 348 ne350 WvSv, pamwe nekodzero yekutongwa zvakanaka pasi peChikamu 6 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

4. Kufunga Nezvezvido zveVakabatwa

Zvinodiwa nemunhu anenge abatwa nemhosva uye chero vanhu vakakuvara zvinofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya panguva yekutaurirana uye kubvumidzwa kwechibvumirano, zvichienderana neChinyorwa 51aa WvSv.

Hurongwa uhwu hweDare Repamusoro hwakazosimbiswa uye hwakashandiswa mumatare edzimhosva epasi, kusanganisira ECLI:NL:GHARL:2025:7005 uye ECLI:NL:RBZWB:2025:6733, zvichisimbisa basa rezvibvumirano zvemaitiro mumatare edzimhosva echiDutch emazuva ano.

Ngowani Yegoridhe Semufananidzo: Chii Chiri Panjodzi?

Tichidzokera kunyaya yengowani yegoridhe, kurwira kuwana chinhu ichi chinokosha kunoratidza zvakakwana dambudziko guru riri muzvibvumirano zvemaitiro: chibvumirano chenyika neanopomerwa chine chekuita sei nekodzero dzevanhu vechitatu, kutsvaga chokwadi, uye kuvimbika kwemhedzisiro yedare?

Kune vePublic Prosecution Service kuNorthern Netherlands, kuferefeta kwacho kwaive nezvinangwa zviviri zvikuru: kuchengetedza kudzoserwa kwengowani kuRomania uye kubudirira kupomera mhosva vakuru. Kudzorerwa kweunyanzvi hwebasa kwakava chinhu chakakosha kuti pave nechibvumirano chemaitiro.

Vatsoropodzi vezvibvumirano zvemaitiro vanowanzotaura nezvenjodzi dziripo. Vanoti munhu anofungirwa mhosva—kunyangwe akatsigirwa negweta rine hunyanzvi—anganzwa achimanikidzwa kurega kodzero dzaangadai akashandisa. Pane kunetseka kunoramba kuripo kuti chinangwa chikuru chekutsvaga chokwadi chiri kutsauswa nekuda kwekushanda zvakanaka. Uyezve, kunyange zvazvo munhu anofungirwa mhosva asina kodzero yekudzivisa chibvumirano, zvido zvake hazvifanirwe kusiyiwa parutivi. Kana mutongi akaona kuti kodzero dzemunhu anofungirwa mhosva dzaregeredzwa, ane simba rekudzima chibvumirano chacho.

Kusiyana neizvi, zvibvumirano zvekutsigira maitiro zvine musoro zvinogutsa. Cheni yekutonga mhosva inotarisana nekushomeka kwakanyanya, kwakanyorwa zvakanaka kwesimba. Zvibvumirano zvemaitiro zvinoshanda senzira inoshanda zvikuru yekugadzirisa nyaya dzakaoma nekukurumidza. Zvinogadzira chokwadi chepamutemo chekukurumidza kune vese vanobatanidzwa, zvinosunungura kugona kwedare kunokosha, uye, sezvinoratidzwa nekuba kweDrents Museum, zvinogona kubatsira kudzoserwa kwezvinhu zvakabiwa izvo zvingadai zvakanyangarika munyika yematsotsi.

Ongororo yeMatongerwo Emitemo uye Mhinduro dzeMutemo

Mukati mehurongwa uhu, mutongi ndiye anotonga nyaya yacho. Dare rinoongorora nyaya yacho. exwireo (pacharo) kana mamiriro akaomarara echibvumirano chemaitiro akakodzera agutswa.

Kana mutongi akaona kuti kubatanidzwa kwemunhu ari kupomerwa mhosva hakuna kuzvipira, kana kuti rubatsiro rwakakwana rwemutemo haruna kupihwa, dare richaramba chibvumirano zvachose. Nyaya yemhosva ichaenderera mberi zvichienderana nemitemo yepamutemo. Dziviriro iyi yedare inokosha; kukundikana kwemutongi kuongorora zvinhu izvi nemazvo kunogona kutungamira mukusatongwa kwemutongo mushure mekupomerwa mhosva (ECLI:NL:HR:2026:161; ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:848).

Kana mutongi akasarudza kutsauka kubva pane zviri muchibvumirano chemaitiro, munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva nePublic Prosecution Service vanoramba vaine mukana wekuwana nzira dzepamutemo dzakajairwa. Vanogona kukwidza nyaya yavo kudare repamusoro (hoger beroep) pasi peChinyorwa 408a WvSv, uye mushure mezvo kukwidza nyaya yacho pasi peChinyorwa 427 ne432 WvSv. Munguva yemaitiro aya ekukwidza nyaya, mapato anogona kutaura kuti mutongi wedare haana kupa zvikonzero zvakakwana zvekutsauka kubva pachibvumirano, akaita bvunzo yekuzvipira isina kururama, kana kutyora kodzero yekutongwa kwakarurama.

Chinhu chakakosha chemutemo chinomuka kana paine kusashanda zvakanaka kwechikamu. Zvakafanana neChinyorwa 3:41 cheDutch Civil Code (BW), kana chikamu chakati chechibvumirano chemaitiro chikaonekwa sechisina basa, chibvumirano chose hachiparare otomatiki. Zvikamu zvinoshanda zvinoramba zvichisunga pamutemo kunze kwekunge paine kubatana kusingaparadzanise pakati pechikamu chakabviswa uye chikamu chasara chechibvumirano. Mutongi anofanirwa kupa zvikonzero zvakasimba kana akaona kuti pane kubatana kwakadaro kusingaparadzanise (ECLI:NL:PHR:2026:46; ECLI:NL:GHMS:2026:292).

Nzvimbo yeMunhu Akakuvadzwa

Kunyange hazvo zvibvumirano zvehurongwa zvichitauriranwa zvakananga pakati pemuchuchisi nemudziviriri, chinzvimbo chemunhu anenge abatwa chinodzivirira chinodzivirirwa nemutemo. Munhu anenge abatwa haaonekwe semunhu akazara muhurongwa hwenyaya, asi vanochengetedza chinzvimbo chavo chepamutemo chakazvimirira.

Pakutaurirana nezvechibvumirano chemaitiro, Public Prosecution Service inosungirwa zviri pamutemo kufunga nezvezvido zvemunhu anenge abatwa nemhosva (Zvikamu 51a na51aa WvSv). Munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva ane kodzero yekuwana magwaro akakodzera enyaya (Chikamu 51b WvSv), ane kodzero yekutaura panguva yekunzwa kwedare, uye anogona kubatana zviri pamutemo mukutongwa kwenyaya semunhu akakuvara kuti atsvage muripo wemari.

Kana chibvumirano chemaitiro chikaita kuti muchuchisi asatore mamwe matare edzimhosva, munhu anenge abatwa anogona kutanga nzira yekunyunyuta pasi peChinyorwa 12 WvSv kuDare Repamusoro kuti apikise chisarudzo ichocho. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva kuti munhu anenge abatwa haana kodzero yekudzivirira zviri muchibvumirano chemaitiro acho. Mutongi anoongorora chibvumirano chose, achiona kuti chinzvimbo chemunhu anenge abatwa hachina kuregeredzwa zvisiri pamutemo.

Ngowani, Mutemo, uye Remangwana reZvibvumirano zveMaitiro

Ngowani yegoridhe yeCoțofenești inodzokera kuRomania mushure mehondo yepamutemo uye yekuferefeta kwenguva refu. Pakupedzisira, kupora kwayo kwakawanikwa kuburikidza nekutaurirana kwakarongeka, kubvumirana, uye kuongororwa zviri pamutemo nevatongi vane hunyanzvi.

Zvibvumirano zvehurongwa mumutemo wemhosva wekuDutch zvinoshanda nepfungwa dzakafanana zvikuru. Mapato anopikisa anosvika pakubvumirana kwakabvumiranwa, asi mutongi akazvimirira ndiye anochengetedza miganhu yemutemo uye anodzivirira kodzero dzeavo vasiri patafura yekutaurirana.

Chero bedzi mitemo mikuru yekuzvipira, rubatsiro rwakakwana rwemutemo, uye kuongororwa kwakasimba kwematare edzimhosva zvichivimbiswa, zvibvumirano zvemaitiro zvicharamba zviri chishandiso chepamutemo uye chinokosha zvikuru mumutemo wemazuva ano wezvemhosva. Kunyange hazvo hurongwa huripo huripo huchishanda zvakanaka zvichibva pamitemo yeDare Repamusorosoro, kunyorwa kwemutemo kwakarongeka—kwakafanana nehurongwa huripo hwevapupuri-vanofungidzirwa—kuchapa tsika yemutemo hwakasimba uye kuderedza kupatsanurwa kwezvisarudzo zvematare edzimhosva. Kusvika mutemo iwoyo waitika, mutongi wedare anoramba ari muchengeti wekupedzisira wehurongwa hwemutemo.

Kwakabva: Zvinyorwa 226g–226i, 28, 28a, 28c, 51a, 51aa, 51b, 167, 283, 348, 350, 359, 408a, 427, 432 WvSv; Chisungo 3:41 BW; Chisungo chechitanhatu ECHR; ECLI:NL:HR:2022:1252; ECLI:NL:HR:2026:161; ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:848; ECLI:NL:PHR:2026:46; ECLI:NL:GHARL:2025:7005; ECLI:NL:RBZWB:2025:6733; ECLI:NL:GHMS:2026:292.

Mibvunzo Inonyanya Kubvunzwa

Ndezvipi zvigadzikiso zvemutemo zviripo kana mutongi akatsauka kubva muchibvumirano chemaitiro?

Kana mutongi akasarudza kusatevedzera zviri muchibvumirano chemaitiro, munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva pamwe nePublic Prosecution Service vanogona kushandisa nzira dzepamutemo dzakajairwa. Vanogona kukwidza nyaya vachipikisa mutongo wedare (Article 408a WvSv) vozoendesa nyaya yacho kuDare Repamusorosoro (Articles 427 na432 WvSv). Munguva yekukwidza nyaya uku, mapato anogona kutaura kuti mutongi haana kufunga zvakanaka nezvechibvumirano kana kuti haana kupa chikonzero chakakwana chekutsauka.

Munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva anogona kuramba chibvumirano chemaitiro chinokanganisa zvido zvake here?

Vakabatwa nemhosva havana kodzero yekudzivisa chibvumirano chemaitiro. Zvisinei, Public Prosecution Service inosungirwa nemutemo kuti iongorore zvido zvemunhu anenge abatwa nemhosva panguva yekutaurirana. Vakabatwa nemhosva vanogona kushandisa kodzero yavo yekutaura mudare, kubatana semunhu akakuvara kuti vape mari yekuripa, uye kuwana mafaira enyaya. Kana kupomerwa mhosva kukanzura mhosva sechikamu chechibvumirano, munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva anogona kuendesa kunyunyuta pasi peChinyorwa 12 WvSv kuDare Repamusorosoro.

Ndezvipi zvinozoitika kana chinodiwa chekuzvipira chikatyorwa?

Kana mutongi akaona kuti munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva haana kubvuma nekuzvidira uye achiziva zviri mumutemo, kana kuti haana rubatsiro rwakakwana rwemutemo, chibvumirano chemaitiro acho chinoonekwa sechisina basa. Mutongi haazoteereri chibvumirano zvachose, uye nyaya yemhosva ichaenderera mberi pasi pemitemo yemaitiro, ichivimbisa kuti munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva anoramba aine kodzero dzake dzese dzekudzivirira.

Mutongi anogona here kudzima chibvumirano chemaitiro enyaya yake ega?

Ehe. Mutongi wedare ane basa rakazvimirira rekuona kuti nyaya dzacho dzasangana nezvinodiwa zvekutongwa kwakarurama. Mutongi anofanira kuongorora exwireo kana chibvumirano chemaitiro chakaitwa nekuzvidira uye negweta rakakodzera. Kana izvi zvikasazadzikiswa, mutongi anogona uye anofanira kushayisa chibvumirano simba pasina kumirira chikumbiro kubva kumapato.

VePublic Prosecution Service vanoratidza sei kuti rubatsiro rwepamutemo rwakapihwa?

VePublic Prosecution Service vanogona kudzivirira zvichemo zvemagweta asina kukwana nekupa magwaro akajeka. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuratidza mishumo yepamutemo yemapurisa (maitiro-ekutaura), masamanisi, tsamba neLegal Aid Board, uye zvinyorwa zvine ruzivo zvinoratidza kuedza kuri kuitwa kuona kuti munhu ari kupomerwa aziviswa nezvekodzero dzake uye akapihwa gweta.

Chibvumirano chemaitiro chingaramba chichishanda zvishoma here kana chimwe chikamu chikasashanda?

Ehe, pasi pemutemo wekuti chikamu chemutemo hachina basa (chinoshandiswa zvakafanana kubva muChinyorwa 3:41 cheMutemo weVanhu). Kana chikamu chimwe chechibvumirano chikaonekwa sechisina basa (semuenzaniso, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekuzvipira maererano nekuregeredzwa kwakatarwa), chikamu chasara chechibvumirano chinogona kuramba chakadaro. Izvi zvinogoneka chete kana chikamu chakabviswa chisina kubatana nezvikamu zvasara zvechibvumirano.