Muchato nehukama hwakanyoreswa muNetherlands zvinopa chinzvimbo chakafanana chepamutemo. Zvese zvinoumba basa rimwe chete rekutsigirana, hurongwa humwe chete hwepfuma yemuchato, kodzero dzakafanana dzenhaka uye mitemo imwechete pamusoro pevabereki nechiremera chevabereki. Misiyano mitatu iripo: muchato unogona kugumiswa nedare chete, nepo hukama hwakanyoreswa husina vana vadiki hunogona kugumiswa nechibvumirano; mhemberero yechitendero inogona kungotevera muchato wehurumende; uye muchato unozivikanwa kwese kwese kunze kwenyika, nepo hukama hwakanyoreswa husingazivikanwe.
Saka sarudzo haiwanzo shandiswa pakusarudza kodzero mukati meNetherlands. Inoshandura kuti hukama hwacho hunogona kuguma sei, uye kuti vaviri ava vanotarisira kugara, kushanda kana kugara nhaka kunze kwenyika here. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura zvinodiwa kuti vapinde muchimiro chipi nechipi, hurongwa hwepfuma hunoshanda nekusaita uye kuti vangasiya sei, chinzvimbo chevana, zvinoitika pakupedzisira, uye mibvunzo inosarudza nyaya yacho kune vazhinji vevakaroorana vari kunze kwenyika.
Ndiani anogona kuroora kana kupinda muhukama hwakanyoreswa
Mamiriro acho akafanana kune vese vari vaviri uye akafanana kune vakaroorana vepabonde rimwe chete uye vanhu vepabonde rakasiyana. Vakaroorana vese vanofanira kunge vaine makore gumi nemasere zvichikwira; kubvira muna 2015 hapana kuregererwa pazera iroro. Hapana anogona kunge atove akaroora kana kuti ari muhukama hwakanyoreswa, muNetherlands kana kumwewo. Hama dzepedyo dziri mumutsara wakananga uye vanun'una nehanzvadzi havafanirwe kuroorana, nepo hama dzepedyo dzichigona kuroorana. Munhu akaiswa pasi pekuchengetedzwa anoda mvumo yemuchengeti, zvikasadaro dare redunhu rinosarudza. Mumwe wevakaroorana anofanira kunge ari mugari weDutch kana kuti anogara zviri pamutemo muNetherlands, uye munyori anoongorora mamiriro acho asati agamuchira chiziviso.
Maitiro acho akafananawo. Vaviri ava vanoisa chiziviso chechinangwa kudare remakurukota mazuva gumi nemana mhemberero isati yaitwa; chiziviso chacho chinoramba chichishanda kwegore rimwe chete. Vaviri ava vanoburitsa magwaro ekuzvizivisa nechitupa chekuzvarwa, uye kana muchato wekare kana hukama hwapera, gwaro rekurambana ikoko rinotanga. Magwaro ekunze anowanzoda kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo kana kuti apostille uye shanduro nemuturikiri akapika, uye dare remakurukota rinogona kukumbira vakuru vezvekupinda munyika kuti vasimbise mamiriro ekugara kwemumwe wavo wekune imwe nyika. Chibvumirano chehurumende pachacho chinoitwa pamberi pemunyori wenyaya pamberi pezvapupu zviviri kusvika zvina zvevanhu vakuru.
Mhemberero yacho inosiyana pane imwe pfungwa. Muchato unopedzwa nemunhu wese ari muwanano achizivisa pamberi pemunyori kuti anogamuchira mumwe semurume/mukadzi; muchato wakanyoreswa unopedzwa nekusaina gwaro remutemo. Mutambo wechitendero haugone kuitwa muchato wehurumende usati waitwa, uye hapana muchato wechitendero unopindirana nemuchato wakanyoreswa.
Mutemo wepfuma unoshanda zvachose
Kune wese akaroora kana kunyoresa kubatana kubva musi wa1 Ndira 2018 zvichienda mberi, chinhu chinowanzo shandiswa ndechekuva nemidziyo mishoma. Yakaganhurirwa kupfuura hurongwa hwekare, uye kuziva zvinowira mukati nekunze kwahwo ndiko kunodzivirira kusawirirana makore anotevera. Nzvimbo iyi inosanganisira izvo vakaroorana vanowana panguva yehukama uye zvavakanga vari ivo pamwe chete, pamwe chete nezvikwereti zvakaitwa panguva yehukama. Kunze kwenharaunda kunoramba kuri midziyo nezvikwereti zvaiva zvemumwe mudiwa chete hukama husati hwatanga, uye zvipo nenhaka zvakagamuchirwa pamberi pahwo kana panguva yahwo. Kubva muna 2018 kusabatanidzwa kwezvipo nenhaka ndiwo mutemo, saka chikamu chinozviisa munharaunda, pane chimwe chinozvibvisa, icho mupi kana mupi wenhaka anofanira kuwedzera.
Nzira mbiri dzinopedzisa mufananidzo. Kana mari yega yega ichishandiswa pfuma yemubatanidzwa, kana mari yemubatanidzwa yepfuma yega yega, kodzero yekudzoserwa mari inobva yaonekwa iyo inonyanya kutevedzera kukosha kwepfuma pane mari yakatarwa, saka mari yakawedzerwa inodzoserwa zvakaenzana. Uye kana mumwe mubatsiri achimhanyisa bhizinesi repfuma yega, nharaunda ine kodzero yekubhadharwa zvine mwero nekuda kweruzivo, hunyanzvi nebasa rakapihwa nemubatsiri. Nekuti nzira dzese dziri mbiri dzinoenderana neuchapupu, kuchengetedza gwara rezvakabva kupi kunokosha kupfuura chero chibvumirano cheruzhinji nezvekururamisira. Migumisiro yehurumende inotsanangurwa zvakadzama munyaya yedu pamusoro penharaunda yepfuma yakaganhurirwa.
Mimwe mitemo inoshanda chero mutemo upi zvawo. Hapana mukwanyina kana mukwanyina akanyoreswa anogona kutengesa kana kukweretesa imba yemhuri, kupa vimbiso kana kupa chipo chisingawanzoitika pasina mvumo yakanyorwa yemumwe; chiito chakaitwa pasina mvumo iyoyo chinogona kubviswa nemumwe mukwanyina. Basa rekutsigirana, uye kupa mari yemhuri zvichienderana nemari inowanikwa, rinoshandawo pasinei nehurongwa hwepfuma hwakasarudzwa.
Kubva pane default ne notary
Vakaroorana vasingade mutemo wepamutemo vanogona kuve negweta remutemo wehurumende rinonyora mamiriro ekuroorana kwevakaroorana (huwelijkse voorwaarden) kana mamiriro ekubatana (partnerschapsvoorwaarden), kungave hukama husati hwagadziriswa kana panguva yahwo. Marongero matatu anotsanangura mirairo yakawanda ndeyekubviswa kwese kwenharaunda, kuitira kuti mumwe nemumwe achengete uye ave nechikwereti chiri muzita rake; chikamu chekugadzirisa nguva nenguva icho mari yakawandisa inogadziriswa gore rega rega; uye chikamu chekupedzisira chekugadzirisa apo vakaroorana vanogara pasi sekunge nharaunda yaivepo kana hukama hwapera. Varidzi vemabhizinesi vanowanzo sanganisa kubviswa nechikamu chekugadzirisa, kuitira kuti bhizinesi rirambe riri kunze kwenharaunda nepo mumwe mudiwa achiri kugovera zvarakaburitsa.
Chisungo chekugadzirisa zvinhu nguva nenguva chisingamboshandiswi ndicho chinetso chikuru muNetherlands panyaya dzepfuma yewanano. Kana chibvumirano chegore negore chakabvumiranwa asi chisina kuzoitwa, mutemo unofunga kuti midziyo yese iripo pakupera kwehukama, kusanganisira yakavakwa kubva mumari isina kugoverwa, inofanira kugadziriswa sekunge pfuma yemunhu wese. Kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu makore mashoma ega ega, uye kunyora kuti chibvumirano chaitwa, kunodzivirira nyaya inogona kusvika kuchikamu chikuru chepfuma.
Vana, kurera vana uye simba revabereki
Kubva muna 2014 uye shanduko dzakaenderera mberi dza2023, kuroorana nekunyoreswa kwevana zvinobatwa zvakafanana. Mukadzi anobereka mwana anogara ari mubereki wepamutemo. Kana akaroorwa kana kuti ari muhukama hwakanyoreswa nemurume panguva yekuzvarwa, ndiye baba vepamutemo nekushanda kwemutemo. Kana mumwe wake ari mukadzi, iyeye mubereki wepamutemo nekushanda kwemutemo apo mwana akabatwa nemupi asingazivikanwe uye gwaro remupi rinodiwa rinoburitswa; mune zvimwe zviitiko mumwe wacho anova mubereki wepamutemo nekubvuma (erkenning) kana, kana izvozvo zvisingaite, nekutorwa. Vabereki vepamutemo vakaroora kana kuti vakanyoreswa vane simba remubereki pamwe chete kubva pakuzvarwa.
Vakaroorana vasina kuroorana vari munzvimbo yakasiyana, kunyange hazvo musiyano wacho wakadzikira. Kubva musi wa1 Ndira 2023, mumwe munhu asina kuroorana anobvuma kuti mwana ane mwana anowana simba rekurera vana pamwe chete kuburikidza nekubvuma ikoko, pane kuti anyore chikumbiro chakasiyana. Zvisinei, kubvuma kunofanira kurongwa, uye kunoratidza kuti mwana ane vana kubva panguva yaanopiwa. Kune vakaroorana vanoda kuva nevana uye vasingade mamiriro epamutemo, danho iroro nechibvumirano chekugara pamwe chete zvinofukidza zvakawanda zvezvaizorongwa nemutemo pasina izvozvo.
Mazita, nhaka uye penjeni
Vakaroorana nevakaroorana vakanyoreswa vanogona kushandisana zita remhuri, uye mumwe nemumwe ndiye mugari wenhaka wepamutemo. Kana pasina gwaro renhaka, chikamu chemutemo chinoshanda: mudiwa asara anogamuchira midziyo yese yenhaka uye anotora zvikwereti, ukuwo vana vachigamuchira mari inobhadharwa chete kana mumwe wavo afa. Mudiwa anorambana asina gwaro renhaka haagari nhaka, zvisinei nekuti hukama hwacho hwakagara kwenguva yakareba sei, unova musiyano mukuru pakati pemamiriro epamutemo nekugarana.
Mapenjeni anotevera chirongwa ichi kwete mamiriro ehurumende, asi mitemo yepamutemo yakafanana kune ese ari maviri. Pakurambana kana kuputswa kwehukama hwakanyoreswa, penjeni yekukwegura inowanikwa panguva yehukama inoenzaniswa pakati pevaviri, uye mumwe anoda kuti maneja abhadhare mugove wake zvakananga anofanira kuzivisa maneja wepenjeni mukati memakore maviri kubva pakuparara; mushure menguva iyoyo chikumbiro chinoramba chiripo, asi chinofanira kugadziriswa pakati pevaviri vacho pachavo. Penjeni yekupona ikodzero yakasiyana inotongwa nemitemo yechirongwa, uye mamiriro acho akasiyana pakati pezvirongwa, saka zvese zvakakosha kuongororwa usati watanga hukama pane mushure mekunge hukama hwagadziriswa. Kuchengetedza mushure mekunge hukama hwapera kunowanikwa mumhando dzese mbiri; mitemo yekuchengetedza mumwe inoganhurira nguva kusvika hafu yehurefu hwemuchato kana hukama nehukuru hwepamutemo, zvichienderana nekusarudzika kwehukama hurefu uye hwevana vadiki.
Magumo efomu rega rega
Apa ndipo panosiyana mafomu maviri aya. Muchato unogona kungogumiswa nedare chete. Kunyangwe vaviri vari vaviri vachibvumirana pane zvese, chikumbiro chekurambana chinoendeswa negweta uye muchato unopera kana chirevo chanyorwa murejista yekuzvarwa, kufa, kuroorana uye hukama hwakanyoreswa; kupinda kunofanirwa kuitwa mukati memwedzi mitanhatu kubva pakatanga chirevo, zvikasadaro kurambana kunopera. Kuparadzana kwepamutemo (scheiding van tafel en bed), uko kunogumisa kudyidzana kwepfuma asi kwete muchato, kunongowanikwa chete kune vakaroorana.
Kubatana kwakanyoreswa kunogona kupedzwa pasina dare apo vaviri vanobvumirana uye hapana vana vadiki vavanotonga. Vanonyora chibvumirano chavo pamusoro pekuchengetedza, kugovaniswa kwepfuma uye penjeni muchibvumirano chakanyorwa chakasainwa nevaviri vanobatana uye negweta kana notary wemutemo wehurumende, uyo anobva aisa chiziviso kuna registrar. Kubatana kunopera pakunyoresa. Kana paine vana vadiki, kana kuti kana vaviri vasingabvumirani, nzira imwe chete yedare inoshanda seyekurambana, uye gadziriro dzevana dzinoongororwa nedare nenzira imwecheteyo. Kusawirirana hakudzivisi kuguma kwechimiro chipi nechipi: muchato kana kubatana hazvigone kuchengetwa zviripo nemumwe wevakaroorana achiramba kushanda pamwe chete, sezvatinotsanangura munyaya yedu pamusoro pekurambana pasina mvumo yemumwe wevakaroorana.
Kutendeuka kunongoitika kune rumwe rutivi chete. Kubatana kwakanyoreswa kunogona kushandurwa kuita muchato negwaro rakanyorwa nemunyori, uye kushandurwa hakukanganisi hukama: hurongwa hwepfuma nehukama hwepamutemo zvinoramba zvisina kuputsika kubva pazuva rekutanga. Kuchinja kubva pakuroorana kuenda kuhukama hwakanyoreswa, kwakabviswa muna 2009 nekuti kwakashandiswa kugumisa muchato pasina dare. Vakaroorana vakanyoresa hukama uye gare gare vachida muchato, wemhemberero yechitendero kana wekuzivikanwa kunze kwenyika, saka vane nzira iri nyore. Nhoroondo yemitemo iripo inokurukurwa munyaya yedu pamusoro pekubatana kwakanyoreswa uye mazano ekuvandudza hukama.
Kuzivikanwa kune dzimwe nyika uye vakaroorana vanoyambuka miganhu
Muchato wekuDutch unozivikanwa munyika dzinenge dzese. Kubatana kwakanyoreswa muDutch hakusi: dzimwe nyika dzinouona semuchato, dzimwe senzira isina kusimba yekugara pamwe chete uye dzimwe hadziuoni zvachose. Migumisiro yacho inoshanda. Mapemiti ekugara uye kubatanidzwazve kwemhuri kune dzimwe nyika zvinogona kuda muchato, mushandirwi wekune imwe nyika kana inishuwarenzi anogona kusagamuchira mubatanidzwa wekubatsira, uye nhaka yakavhurwa kune imwe nyika inogona kugadziriswa sekunge mudiwa asara ari mutorwa.
MuEuropean Union, chinzvimbo ichi chakarongeka zviri nani asi chichiri kupatsanurwa. Mhedzisiro yepfuma yewanano neyehukama hwakanyoreswa inotongwa nemitemo miviri yakasiyana, yese inoshanda kuhukama hwakanyoreswa kubva musi wa29 Ndira 2019 kana kuti pakasarudzwa mutemo kubva pazuva iroro, uye imwe neimwe ine mutemo wayo wekusaita basa. Simba rekurambana rinotongwa nemutemo weBrussels II, usingafukidze kuputswa kwehukama hwakanyoreswa; kune avo, simba rinotemerwa nemitemo yenyika, uye matare eDutch anoramba aine simba pamusoro pehukama hwakanyoreswa muNetherlands. Kuchengetedza kunofukidzwa nemutemo wekuchengetedza wemhando dzese dziri mbiri. Vakaroorana vane chikamu chekune imwe nyika vanofanirawo kunyoresa muchato kana hukama hwakaitwa kunze kwenyika murejista yevanhu vekuDutch, mushure mekunyoreswa pamutemo kana apostille nekushandura mhiko, nekuti vakuru veDutch nevatungamiriri vepensheni vanoshanda kubva pakunyoreswa ikoko.
Kupinda munyika kune dzimwe nyika kunofanirwa kuongororwa kwakasiyana. Dzimwe nyika hadzibvumi kubatana kwakanyoreswa kwevhiza kana kusanganazve kwemhuri, uye zvinodiwa zvinogadzwa nenyika yaunoda kuenda kwete nemutemo weDutch. Kana kutamira kune dzimwe nyika kuchikwanisika, kufunga ikoko kunowanzo sarudza sarudzo.
Kubatana kwakanyoreswa zvichienzaniswa nechibvumirano chekugara pamwe chete
Kubatana kwakanyoreswa inyaya yehukama hwemhuri; chibvumirano chekugara pamwe chete (samenlevingscontract) chibvumirano. Chibvumirano chinogona kutonga mari yemhuri, muridzi wemba nezviri mukati mayo, uye zvinoitika kana hukama hwacho hukapera, uye kazhinji ndicho chishandiso icho maneja wepenjeni anobvuma mudiwa wake wepenjeni yevanopona. Chaasingakwanise kuita kugadzira mamiriro ezvinhu: vanogara pamwe chete havasi vagari venhaka vasina gwaro renhaka, havana basa rekuchengetedzana mushure mekuparadzana, havawire pasi pehurongwa hwepfuma yemuchato, uye vabereki nemvumo zvinofanirwa kurongwa zvakasiyana. Kune vakaroorana vanoda kuchengetedza mari dzavo dzakasiyana asi vachidzivirirana, kusanganiswa kwechibvumirano chekugara pamwe chete, mado ekubatana uye kunyoreswa kwepenjeni kunoita zvakawanda; kune vakaroorana vanoda kuti dziviriro itevere otomatiki, imwe yemamiriro maviri epamutemo ndiyo nzira iri nyore.
Kuita sarudzo
Kana kuzivikanwa kwevakaroorana kuchikosha, kana kuti mhemberero yechitendero ichikosha, kuroorana ndiyo nzira yakachengeteka. Kana hukama hwacho huchitarisirwa kuramba huripo muNetherlands uye vaviri vacho vachikoshesa mukana wekuhugumisa vasina dare, kubatana kwakanyoreswa kunopa izvozvo, chero bedzi pasina vana vadiki. Mune zvimwe zvese sarudzo haina kwayakarerekera, uye hurongwa hunonyatsoona mhedzisiro yemari, huri mamiriro epfuma, madhiri uye kunyoreswa kwepensheni, zvakafanana mune zvese zviri zviviri uye ndizvo zvakakodzera kupedza nguva pazviri.
Law & More inopa mazano kumhuri dzeDutch nedzepasi rose pamusoro pekusarudza pakati pekuroorana nehukama hwakanyoreswa, pamusoro pemamiriro ekuroorana asati aroorana nehukama, pamusoro pekuzivikanwa kwemuchato nehukama hwekunze, uye pamusoro pekuparadzwa kwemhando ipi zvayo, kusanganisira kuronga vana, kuchengetedza uye penjeni. Kana mamiriro ako ezvinhu achisanganisira imwe nyika, midziyo yakaoma kana vana, udza mashoko Law & More zvisati zvapera.
