Nharaunda shoma yepfuma muNetherlands: chii chinoshanda kumuchato wenyu

Kana wakaroora muNetherlands musi wa1 Ndira 2018 kana kuti mushure maizvozvo usina kusaina chibvumirano chekusimbisa magwaro, wakaroora munharaunda ine pfuma shoma ( beperkte gemeenschap van goederen ). Mubvunzo unogara wakafanana: ndeapi midziyo inogovaniswa, ndeipi yakasara yako wega, uye chii chaunofanira kuratidza kana muchato ukaguma? Chinyorwa chino chinopindura izvozvo, uye chinotsanangura izvo vakaroorana vekunze kwenyika vanofanira kuronga zvakasiyana.

Chii chakachinja musi wa1 Ndira 2018

Kusvika musi wa31 Zvita 2017, vanhu vekuDutch vaitadza kubhadhara mari yekutenga zvinhu zve algehele gemeenschap van goederen , nharaunda yepasi rose. Pakuroorana, zvese zvaiva zvemumwe nemumwe kana zvaaifanira kubhadhara zvakabatana kuita imba imwe chete: imba yaitengwa nemumwe murume makore gumi apfuura, chikwereti chemumwe mudzidzi, uye nhaka nechipo chega chega kunze kwekunge mupi wacho asina kuzvibvisa.

Bhuku rinonzi Wet beperking wettelijke gemeenschap van goederen (Stb. 2017, 177) rakatsiva muchato wakaitwa musi wa1 Ndira 2018, muchinyorwa 1:94 BW. Vakaroorana vava kugovana zvavakavaka pamwe chete, kwete zvavakaunza mumwe nemumwe kumuchato kana kuti zvaakagamuchira kubva kumhuri yake. Nharaunda ine muganho, haina kubviswa: pfuma yakawanda yemubatanidzwa ichiri kumuka yega. Mitemo imwecheteyo inoshanda kune vadyidzani vakanyoreswa, nekuti chinyorwa 1:80b BW chinozivisa mazita akakodzera eBhuku 1 anoenderana.

Kuroorana kwevanhu vasati vasvika 1 Ndira 2018

Mutemo uyu hauna simba rekudzokera shure. Kana wakaroora kare pasina chibvumirano chemuchato, unoramba uri munharaunda yepasi rose kusvika wachinja maitiro emutemo negwaro rekusimbisa. Vaviri vakaroorana vachirambana mumwedzi mumwe chete vanogona kusangana nekusawirirana kwakasiyana, zvichienderana nekuti vakaroorana muna Zvita 2017 here kana kuti Ndira 2018.

Chii chinowira munharaunda ine vanhu vashoma?

Pasi pechikamu 1:94 BW, nharaunda iyi inosanganisira zvese zvaimbova zvevakaroorana pamwe chete isati yatanga, pamwe chete nezvose zvavanowana kubva pakutanga kwayo kusvika yaparara: mihoro, mari yakachengetwa, imba yakatengwa panguva yemuchato, mari inowanikwa kubva mumari yewanano, uye chero pfuma muzita remumwe wevakaroorana asi yakabhadharwa kubva mumari yekubatana.

Kubatanidzwa kwepfuma yemuchato usati waroorana kunobata vakaroorana. Kana makatenga imba pamwe chete musati maroorana uye mumwe wenyu akabhadhara mari yese, inopinda munharaunda muzvikamu zvakaenzana pazuva ramuchata. Dare Repamusorosoro rakataura nezvemhedzisiro yacho musi wa21 Kurume 2025 (Hoge Raad, ECLI:NL:HR:2025:436): apo mumwe wevakaroorana akange aine chikumbiro kune mumwe maererano nekuchinja kwepfuma kunobva mukuwanikwa ikoko kana kubva mukubhadharwa kwechikwereti chakabatana, chikwereti hachiwire munharaunda pasi pechinyorwa. 1:94 BW. Saka mupiro mukuru haubviswi nehafu.

Chii chinoramba chiri kunze kwenharaunda

Midziyo yaivepo vasati varoorana

Chero chinhu chaive nemurume kana mukadzi ari ega zuva remuchato rinoramba riri pfuma yemurume kana mukadzi iyeye: imba, mugove, kana mugove. Kuroorana hakurevi kuti ndizvo zviri kuitika.

Zvipo nenhaka

Uku ndiko kuchinja kukuru. Art. 1:94 BW inoisa midziyo yakawanikwa nekugarisana kwenhaka, nhaka, muripo wenhaka kana chipo kunze kwenharaunda, ingave yakagamuchirwa vasati varoorana kana panguva yekuroorana. Pasi pemutemo wekare, yaiwira mukati kunze kwekunge muridzi wenhaka kana mupi akaisa uitsluitingsclausule ( chikamu chekusabvisa). Chikamu ichocho hachichadiwi, uye mufananidzo wegirazi we insluitingsclausule ndiwo unofanirwa kushandiswa nemupi kuti midziyo igovaniswe.

Chinyorwa chimwe chete ichi chinopa simba rechokwadi rechikamu chekusabatanidzwa: apo chitsidzo kana gwaro rechipo rinotaura kuti pfuma nezvibereko zvayo zvinowira kunze kwenharaunda, vanogara kunze kunyangwe vakaroorana vakabvumirana muchibvumirano chavo vasati varoorana kuti midziyo yenhaka kana zvipo zvinowira mukati. Saka vabereki vanogona kuchengetedza mari yemhuri vari vega. Zvibereko zvepfuma yemunhu pachake ndezvemunhu oga, saka rendi kubva papfuma yenhaka uye migove yemigove yenhaka zvinogara kunze, sezvinoitawo chikumbiro chemuripo chinotsiva pfuma yemunhu oga.

Midziyo yakatengwa zvishoma nemari yemunhu

Art. 1:95 BW inotaura nezvemari yakasanganiswa. Chinhu chinowanwa nemumwe wako kunze kwechipo chinosara kunze kwenharaunda kana chikamu chinopfuura hafu chemari yacho chichibva pazvinhu zvemumwe wako. Kana mari yemunhu wega ichivhara hafu kana pasi, chinhu chinowira uye mumwe wako anopa mari anowana chikumbiro chekudzoserwa mari. Zvikumbiro zvakadaro zvinoverengerwa pasi peArt. 1:87 BW, iyo kubvira 1 Ndira 2012 inoshandisa beleggingsleer : chikumbiro chinofamba nekukosha kwechinhu pane kuvharirwa pamari yakaiswa.

Dambudziko rekuchengetedza zvinyorwa

Pfuma yemunhu neyavanhu vose yava pedyo nepedyo mumhuri imwe chete, uye mumwe munhu anofanira kuratidza kuti ndeipi, dzimwe nguva makore akawanda gare gare. Art. 1:94 BW inogadzirisa izvozvo kana usingakwanise: kana vakaroorana vachikakavadzana kuti ndeipi pfuma yavo uye hapana mumwe wavo anogona kuratidza kodzero yavo, pfuma yacho inotorwa sepfuma yemunharaunda. Kufungidzira uku hakushandi zvichikanganisa vanokweretesa.

Mutemo wechipiri uri muchikamu. 1:96 BW: murume kana mukadzi anoudza mukweretesi kuti pfuma yaari kutsvaga haisi yenharaunda ine mutoro wekuratidza izvozvo. Zvinyorwa zvisina kusimba zvinokutorera mari kaviri, uye chimwe chete chinosanganisira mukadzi kana mukadzi wako. Kubva pazuva remuchato, zvinoreva kuti:

• Nyora purogiramu ine musi wezvinhu zviri muwanano wega wega uye zvine chikwereti chemumwe nemumwe pazuva rekuroorana, pamwe nemagwaro.
• Chengeta mari yawakagara nhaka uye yawakapihwa muakaundi yakasiyana nezita rimwe chete, kunze kweakaundi yakabatana.
• Chengeta gwaro renhaka kana kuti gwaro rechipo pamwe nerekodhi yebhangi yekuchinjisa nhaka kwenguva yese muchato wacho uchiripo.
• Kana mari yega yega ikatenga kana kuvandudza pfuma yakabatana, nyora huwandu, zuva uye mutengo wese wekutenga: art. Kuverenga kwe1:87 BW kunoda chikamu, kwete huwandu chete.
• Chengeta mapepa emidziyo yega inotengeswa uye inotsiviwa: kutsiva kunofanira kuteverwa kuburikidza neketani yese.

Zvinhu zvebhizinesi nemari inobhadharwa munharaunda

Bhizinesi raive remumwe murume kana mukadzi asati aroorana harisi munharaunda, sezvinoitawo mugove wenhaka kana chipo. Izvozvo zvinoita sedziviriro yakachena, asi art. 1:95a BW inoisa mutengo.

Kana bhizinesi rikasashanda munharaunda, muripo wakakodzera weruzivo, hunyanzvi uye basa rakapihwa nemumwe wako unowedzera kubatsira nharaunda, sezvo muripo wakadaro usati watobatsira vaviri vacho neimwe nzira. Chinyorwa ichi chinowedzera izvi kubhizinesi rinotungamirwa nemubatanidzwa kana sangano repamutemo uko kodzero yacho iri kunze kwenharaunda uye mumwe wako ane kodzero ndiye anokwanisa kuona kuti purofiti inosvika kwavari. Chimiro chekambani hachichinji chisungo.

Muzvinabhizinesi anosiya purofiti mukati mekambani ozvibhadhara mari shoma anogona kukwereta nharaunda mari yakawanda pakurambana kana kufa. Kana muripo wemusika wabhadharwa muakaundi yemubatanidzwa, muripo wacho unogona kuva hapana. Matare epasi anoyera nhamba yacho nekuenzanisa zvakatorwa kubva pamubhadharo webasa rakaitwa, izvo zvinoita kuti maakaundi ekambani ave humbowo kumativi ese ekuverenga. Zvibhadhare muhoro unodzivirirwa, wakanyorwa uye chengeta maakaundi ekambani neepachivande akasiyana.

Zvikwereti, kusanganisira zvikwereti zvemuchato usati waitwa

Art. 1:94 BW inotaura nezvezvikwereti muchinyorwa chimwe chete. Nharaunda iyi inosanganisira zvikwereti zvakabatana zvakamuka isati yavapo, zvikwereti zvine chekuita nezvinhu zvavakaroorana vatove nazvo pamwe chete, uye zvikwereti zvese zvemumwe nemumwe wavo zvinobuda panguva yenharaunda. Zvikwereti zvine chekuita nezvinhu zviri kunze kwenharaunda, zvikwereti zvepfuma iyo mumwe nemumwe anofanirwa kuwana, uye zvikwereti zvinobva kune zvimwe zvipo uye marongero pasi peBhuku rechina.

Chikwereti chemudzidzi kana chikwereti chebhizinesi chakaitwa nemumwe murume nemukadzi vari vega vasati varoorana, saka hachizovi chikwereti chemumwe murume nemukadzi. Asi hazviiti kuti midziyo yemumwe murume nemukadzi ive kure. Art. 1:96 BW inobvumira anokweretesa chikwereti chemumwe murume nemukadzi kuti ashandise mari kubva pazvinhu zvemunharaunda nemidziyo yemumwe murume, zvisinei nekuti chikwereti chacho chakawira munharaunda here kana kuti kwete. Dziviriro mbiri dzinoita kuti izvi zvisanyanya kuipa. Mumwe murume nemukadzi vanogona kuendesa anokweretesa kuzvinhu zvakakwana zvemunhu ane chikwereti, uye kana midziyo yemunharaunda isingatengeswi, mari yacho haigone kutengeswa. Uye mari inoshandiswa kubva kumidziyo yemunharaunda yechikwereti kunze kwenharaunda inogumira pahafu yemari yemidziyo yakatengeswa, imwe hafu ichienda kune mumwe murume nemukadzi vasina chikwereti. Mukadzi nemukadzi vanogonawo kutora midziyo nekubhadhara hafu yemari yayo kubva pazvinhu zvavo.

Chikwereti chemuchato chisati chaitwa, hachichaiti kuti mumwe wako ave nechikwereti, asi chinogona kutodhura mari yenhaka yemubatanidzwa nehafu yemutengo wepfuma yemumwe nemumwe. Kunyora chikwereti chemumwe nemumwe pazuva remuchato kunokosha sekunyora chikwereti chemumwe nemumwe.

kurambana

Pasi pechikamu 1:99 BW, nharaunda inoparadzwa nemutemo kana chikumbiro chekurambana chaiswa, kwete kana chirevo chapihwa kana kunyoreswa. Zuva iroro rinogadza zviri zvenharaunda; mari inowanikwa uye zvikwereti zvinowanikwa mushure mezvo ndezvepachivande. Kugumiswa kwechikumbiro chakaiswa kunogona kungokumbirwa chete kune vechitatu vasina kuziva nezvazvo kana chikumbiro chakaiswa mu huwelijksgoederenregister.

Art. 1:100 BW inopa vakaroorana migove yakaenzana munharaunda yakabviswa muchato kunze kwekunge chibvumirano chepamberi pemuchato, kana chibvumirano chakanyorwa chakaitwa nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwacho, chichipa zvakasiyana. Kana midziyo yemunharaunda isina kukwana kubhadhara zvikwereti zvemunharaunda, kushomeka kwacho kunobhadharwa zvakaenzana, kunze kwekunge kunzwisisa uye kururamisira zvichireva zvimwe.

Kupatsanurana kwakaenzana kunoshanda kunharaunda, kwete kune zvese zviri muwanano. Saka kupatsanurana kune danho rekuwedzera: kutanga waona kuti chii chinonzi nharaunda uye chii chiri chega, kugadzirisa zvichemo pasi pechinyorwa. 1:87 BW nechinyorwa. 1:95a BW, wobva wapatsanura nharaunda nepakati. Kodzero dzepenjeni dzinovakwa panguva yemuchato dziri kunze kwenharaunda pasi pechinyorwa. 1:94 BW uye dzinobatwa pasi pechinyorwa cheWet verevening pensioenrechten bij scheiding. Bhiri rekutsiva Mutemo iwoyo, Wet pensioenverdeling bij scheiding 2022, raizoita kuti kushandurwa kuita kodzero yepenjeni ive default panzvimbo pekuenzanisa, asi ichiri pamberi peTweede Kamer uye yaizotanga kushanda pazuva richagadzwa nemutemo wehumambo. Kusvika izvozvo zvaitika Mutemo wa1994 unoshanda usina kuchinja, saka musaronga kugadzirisana muchifungidzira kuti kushandurwa kwatove mutemo.

rufu

Rufu runoparadzawo nharaunda, panguva yerufu, pasi pechikamu 1:99 BW. Hafu ndeyemurume kana mukadzi ari mupenyu uye haisi chikamu chenhaka. Imwe hafu inowira munhaka pamwe chete nepfuma yemufi uye inopfuudzwa pasi pechido kana kuti pasina nhaka.

Kana pasina gwaro renhaka uye mufi akasiya mumwe wake nevana, chikamu chemutemo chemutemo. 4:13 BW chinoshanda: mumwe wake asara anowana midziyo yenhaka nezvikwereti, uye mwana wega wega anogamuchira chikwereti chemari kumurume/mukadzi iyeye, muchokwadi chisingabhadharwe kusvika mumwe wake afa, aziviswa kuti abhuroka kana kupinda muchirongwa chekugadzirisa chikwereti. Nekuti nhaka, zvipo nezvinhu zvisati zvaroorwa zvava zvepachivande, pfuma inowanzova yakakura uye hafu yemumwe wake asara idiki pane pasi pemutemo wekare. Chidimbu chenhaka chakanyorwa maererano nefungidziro dzekare chinofanira kuongororwazve.

Zvibvumirano zvepamberi pewanano zvinopindirana sei nemitemo yepamutemo

Nharaunda yakaganhurirwa ingori default. Vakaroorana vanogona kuronga chimwe chinhu kuburikidza ne huwelijkse voorwaarden , vasati varoorana kana panguva yemuchato. Art. 1:115 BW inoda gwaro re notarial pachirango chekusashanda, saka chibvumirano chakanyorwa chega hachina simba kunyangwe chakanyorwa nokungwarira. Pasi pe Art. 1:116 BW, mitemo yacho inogona kushandiswa chete kune vechitatu vasina kuziva nezvavo kana chibvumirano chakanyoreswa mu huwelijksgoederenregister , chakachengetwa kudare redzimhosva redunhu ravakaroora, kana muThe Hague yekuroorana kunze kwenyika.

Vakaroorana vanoshandisa chibvumirano chakadaro nechimwe chezvinangwa zvitatu: kuenda mberi kupfuura mutemo wepamutemo, kazhinji kupatsanurwa kwepfuma zvizere nechikamu chekugadzirisa nguva nenguva apo mumwe wevakaroorana anotungamira bhizinesi - chikamu icho, kana chisina kumboshandiswa panguva yemuchato, chinoita kuti art. 1:141 BW ishande, umo midziyo iripo pakupedzisira inofungidzirwa kuti yakagadzirwa kubva pane zvaifanira kunge zvakagadziriswa; kudzokera kunharaunda yekare yepasi rose; kana kuchengetedza mutemo wepamutemo asi kuwedzera michina yaisina, kureva purogiramu yemidziyo isati yaroorwa nezvikwereti zvakabatanidzwa kuchinyorwa uye nzira yakabvumiranwa yekuverenga mutemo. 1:95a muripo weBW. Chechitatu ndicho chinonyanya kukosha uye chisinganyanyi kushandiswa.

Zvinofanira kuitwa nevakaroorana vanobva kune dzimwe nyika zvakasiyana

Sarudza kuti mutemo wenyika ipi unoshanda

Zvese zviri pamusoro apa mutemo weDutch, uye zvine basa chete kana mutemo weDutch uchitonga hurumende yako. Kuroora pahofisi yeguta reDutch hakuiti kuti mutemo weDutch ushande, uye kuroora kunze kwenyika hakurambidzi.

Kune vakaroorana vakaroora kana kuroorwa, kana kuti vakatara mutemo unoshanda, musi wa29 Ndira 2019 kana kuti mushure maizvozvo, Mutemo (EU) 2016/1103 ndiwo unosarudza mhinduro muNyika dziri muNhengo, kusanganisira Netherlands. Kana pasina sarudzo, Chikamu chayo 26 chinoshandisa hurongwa hwekugara: kugara kwekutanga kwevakaroorana mushure mekuroorana, kana kukundikana kuva rudzi rwavo panguva yekuroorana, kana kukundikana nyika yavanonyanya kubatana nayo. Vaviri vekuItaly vanoroora muRome votamira ku Eindhoven Mwedzi mumwe chete gare gare vanowanzoona kuti mutemo weDutch unodzora pfuma yavo. Chinyorwa 20 chinoita kuti Mutemo uyu ushande pasi rose, uye Chinyorwa 21 chinoshandisa mutemo mumwe chete kupfuma yese chero kupi zvako kwairi.

Pamichato kubva musi wa1 Gunyana 1992 kusvika uye kusanganisira 28 Ndira 2019, 1978 Hague Convention pamusoro pemutemo unoshanda pamichato yemidziyo yewanano inoshanda muNetherlands. Chinhu chinonyanya kushamisa ndechekuti mutemo uyu unochinja otomatiki, izvo zvinogona kusiya muchato mumwe chete wakakamurwa pakati pemitemo miviri panguva; Mutemo wakasiya nzira iyoyo. Mitemo yekare yekusawirirana inoshanda kumuchato usati wa1 Gunyana 1992: pamichato iyoyo mutemo unoshanda unotsanangurwa nemutemo wakanyorwa muChelouche/Van Leer (Hoge Raad 10 Zvita 1976), uye shanduko dzakazotevera mumutemo uyu hadzichinje mutemo wemichato wemidziyo yewanano unodzora muchato.

Sarudza mutemo, uye uuite nemazvo

Chikamu 22 cheMutemo chinobvumira vakaroorana kusarudza mutemo wenyika ine mutemo wenyika, kana wekugara kwemumwe nemumwe wavo, panguva yesarudzo. Shanduko inoitwa panguva yemuchato ine simba rinouya chete kunze kwekunge vakaroorana vabvumirana zvakasiyana, uye haifanirwe kukanganisa kodzero dzevamwe. Chikamu 23 chinoda kuti sarudzo inyorwe, inyorerwe zuva uye isainwe nevakaroorana vese, uye inowedzera zvinodiwa zveNhengo yeNyika yekugara, izvo muNetherlands zvinoreva gwaro remutemo. 1:115 BW. Kune vaviri vanogara kwemakore mashoma vozoenderera mberi, sarudzo yakajeka inogadzirisa imwe yemitemo yemuchato wese. Kunze kwehurongwa hwekuchinja otomatiki hweChibvumirano, mutemo wacho unonamira neimwe nzira: hapana shanduko inotevera mumutemo kana kutamira kune imwe nyika inobvisa mutemo wepfuma yemuchato waishandiswa pakutanga, kunze kwekunge vakaroorana vasarudza mutemo mutsva.

Zvinhu zvekune dzimwe nyika uye mapepa ekune dzimwe nyika

Nekuti mutemo mumwe chete ndiwo unodzora midziyo chero kupi kwairi, imba yekutandarira iri muLisbon kana portfolio muSingapore inotorwa muongororo yeDutch kana mutemo weDutch uchishanda. Zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinotevera:

• Nhaka kana chipo chekune imwe nyika ndechemunhu pasi pemutemo weArt. 1:94 BW, asi unoda gwaro renyika, gwaro rebasa kana rekodhi yebhangi kuti uzviratidze.
• Hutongi hwekunze hahuenderane nehweDutch. Muchato wevanhu vakaparadzana, muchato weFrance communauté réduite aux acquêts uye nharaunda ine vanhu vashoma vekuDutch inopa mhedzisiro dzakasiyana pachokwadi chimwe chete.
• Midziyo inochengetwa kunze kwenyika inogona kugovaniswa pasi pemutemo weDutch asi ichiendeswa pasi pemitemo yepfuma yemuno nemitemo yemitero.
• Kufamba kwemari pakati pemuchato nekuputswa kwemuchato kunokanganisa zvikumbiro zvekudzoserwa mari pasi pechinyorwa. 1:87 BW. Mari yakanyorwa mumari yakabhadharwa.

Law & More inopa mazano kuvakadzi vekuDutch nevekunze kwenyika kubva Eindhoven uye Amsterdam pamusoro pepfuma yewanano, zvibvumirano zvevasati varoorana uye kugovaniswa kwenhaka pakurambana kana kufa, kusanganisira mubvunzo wekuti mutemo wenyika ipi unodzora muchato.