Mutoro pasi pemutemo weDutch zvinoreva kusungirwa zviri pamutemo kubhadhara kurasikirwa kwakaitwa nemumwe munhu. Pokutangira ndechekuti munhu wese anotakura kurasikirwa kwake; kunochinjirwa kune mumwe munhu chete kana mutemo wataura kudaro. Nzira mbiri dzinoita izvozvo: kutyorwa kwechibvumirano pasi pechinyorwa 6:74 cheDutch Civil Code, uye mutemo usiri pamutemo (onrechtmatige daad) wechinyorwa 6:162. Pamwe chete navo, Mutemo une mitezo yakatevedzana inobatana nechiremera, senge mubereki, mushandirwi, muridzi kana mugadziri, uye inoshanda pasinei nemhosva.
Chiito chisiri pamutemo: zvinhu zvishanu zvinofanira kuzadzikiswa
Chinyorwa 6:162 cheDutch Civil Code ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekuva nemhosva kunze kwechibvumirano, uye chikumbiro chakavakirwa pairi chinobudirira chete kana zvishanu zvikazadzikiswa pamwe chete. Chekutanga chiito chisiri pamutemo. Maitiro haabvumirwi nemutemo kana achityora kodzero yemumwe, kana achityora basa repamutemo, kana kana achipesana nemwero wekutarisira unodiwa nemutemo usina kunyorwa muhukama hwevanhu. Rudzi rwechitatu irworwo ndirwo runoita basa rakawanda: ndicho chikonzero nei muridzi wechitoro achifanira kubvisa pasi rinotsvedza uye mukondirakita achifanira kuvhara mugero, kunyangwe pasina mutemo unotaura kudaro mumashoko iwayo.
Chechipiri imhosva. Chiitiko chinofanira kunge chiri chemunhu akachiita, kungave nekuda kwemhosva kana kuti nekuda kwemutemo kana zvichienderana nenheyo dzinogamuchirwa. Mhosva mupfungwa iyi chiyero chisina kukanganiswa: haisi yechinangwa asi yekuda kana mufambiro wacho wakakundikana kuita zvaitarisirwa. Chechitatu kurasikirwa. Pasina kurasikirwa hapana mhosva, zvisinei nekuti mufambiro wacho waive usina hanya.
Chechina chikonzero. Panofanira kunge paine hukama huripo pakati pechiito nekurasikirwa, uye chikamu 6:98 chinoganhurira kurasikirwa kunogona kudzoserwa kune izvo zvinogona kunzi ndezvemunhu ane mhosva, tichifunga nezvemhando yemhosva uye kukuvara. Muganho iwoyo ndiwo unokonzera kuti mhedzisiro isingatarisirwi irege kungofamba nechikumbiro. Tiudze nezvemamiriro ako ezvinhu. Tichakuzivisa sarudzo dzako mukati mezuva rimwe chete rekushanda. Mutemo wakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza mubereko mumwe haugone kushandiswa kudzosa kurasikirwa kune mumwe.
Mutoro pasi pechibvumirano
Kana mapato aine chibvumirano, nzira yacho iri muchikamu 6:74 cheDutch Civil Code: kukundikana kwese kuita chisungo kunosungisa mukwereti kuti abhadhare kurasikirwa kwakakonzerwa nako, kunze kwekunge kukundikana kwacho kusingagone kunzi kwakakonzerwa nako. Attribution pano inoshanda zvakasiyana pane mumhosva. Kukundikana kunokonzerwa kana kuri nekuda kwemhosva yemukwereti kana kana ikawira munjodzi yayo pasi pechibvumirano, mutemo kana misimboti inogamuchirwa, zvinoreva kuti mutengesi anowanzo da mhosva yezvinhu zvaanoendesa kunyangwe paasina hanya nazvo.
Chimwe chinhu chinoenderana nemaitiro emutemo chinoratidza zvichemo zvakawanda kupfuura chero mutemo upi zvawo. Kana mashandiro achiri kugona, mukwereti anofanira kutanga atadza kubhadhara (verzuim), izvo zvinowanzoda chiziviso chakanyorwa chekusabhadhara chikwereti (ingebrekestelling) chinoisa nguva yakakodzera yekubhadhara chikwereti. Kana nguva iyoyo yapera pasina kubhadhara chikwereti ndipo panobva kodzero yekukuvadzwa. Kutadza kubhadhara chikwereti kunoitika pasina chiziviso apo nguva yekupedzisira yekubhadhara chikwereti yaive yakatarwa, apo mukwereti akataura kuti haizoshande, kana kuti kushanda kwave kusingagoneki zvachose. Kutumira chiziviso chakakodzera chekusabhadhara chikwereti nekukurumidza hakuna mari uye kunochengetedza chikumbiro.
Zvibvumirano zvinoderedzawo mutoro. Zvikamu zvekusabvisa nekuderedza mutoro, pamwe chete nemashoko akajairika azvinowanzo shandiswa pakati pemabhizinesi, asi zvinogona kuiswa parutivi apo kuvimba nazvo kwaisazogamuchirwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvine musoro uye zvakarurama, uye ndiyo nharo inopinda munharo dzese dzakakomba pamusoro pechikamu chekudzikisa mutoro. Kune vatengi mitemo yacho yakaoma, uye zvikamu zvisingabatanidzi mutoro wekukuvara kwemunhu hazvigone kusimbiswa. Kana chokwadi chimwe chetecho chikaitawo sechiito chisiri pamutemo, munhu anokwidza nyaya anogona kuvimba nezvose zviri zviviri, uye chibvumirano chakanyorwa zvakanaka chichagadzirisawo izvozvo.
Mutoro unobatanidza kugona, kwete kukanganisa
Mutemo weDutch unoisa mitoro yakawanda pavanhu nekuda kwezvavari kwete nekuda kwezvavakaita. Aya ndiwo mitoro yemhando yepamusoro kana kuti yakasimba iri muBhuku 6 reMutemo weVanhu, uye iripo zvekuti munhu anenge abatwa haafanire kuratidza kushaya hanya uko kwaizova kusingabviri kuratidza.
Vabereki vanopindura vachitsigira vana vavo pachikero chinotsvedza. Kune mwana ari pasi pemakore gumi nemana, mubereki kana muchengeti ane mhosva yekukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nemwana uye haakwanise kutiza nekuratidza kuti mwana aitarisirwa zvakanaka. Pakati pemakore gumi nemana negumi nematanhatu mubereki ane mhosva kunze kwekunge zvaratidza kuti haagoni kupomerwa mhosva yekukundikana kudzivirira maitiro acho. Kubva pamakore gumi nematanhatu mwana anozvipindurira ega. Vashandirwi vane mhosva yekukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa kune vamwe vanhu nevashandi vavo kana mhosva yemushandi iine chekuita nebasa raakapihwa, uye mukuru wechikoro anogonawo kuva nemhosva yekukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nevashandi vasiri pasi pemushandi vanoshanda mubhizinesi rake.
Zvinhu nenzvimbo zvine hurongwa hwazvo. Muridzi wechinhu chinofambiswa chisingasvike pazvinodiwa, uye nekudaro chinokonzera njodzi, ane mhosva kana njodzi yacho yaitika. Muridzi wechivako kana chivakwa chisina kunaka ane mhosva imwecheteyo, uye pamigwagwa yeveruzhinji mhosva iyoyo imhaka yemumugwagwa, ndosaka zvichemo zvemakomba nemigwagwa yakakuvara zvichiendeswa kumasipala kana kudunhu. Muchengeti wemhuka anozvidavirira pakukuvadzwa kwainokonzera, nekuti maitiro asingafungidzike emhuka ndiwo chaiwo njodzi inopihwa nemutemo. Kana chinhu kana chinhu chikashandiswa mukuita bhizinesi, mhosva yacho inoendeswa kubhizinesi rinochishandisa.
Vagadziri vane mutoro chaiwo wezvigadzirwa zvisina kunaka pasi pemutemo wemhosva yezvigadzirwa muMutemo weVanhu, uyo unoshandisa mutemo weEurope: munhu akakuvadzwa anoratidza kukanganisa, kukuvara uye chikonzero, uye haafanire kuratidza chero mhosva. Mutemo iwoyo une nguva yawo, pfupi uye yakaoma kupfuura yenguva dzose. Tinoisa ruzivo rwakasiyana muchinyorwa chedu pamusoro pemhosva yezvigadzirwa muNetherlands.
Njodzi kubasa: basa rekutarisira mushandirwi
Chinyorwa 7:658 cheDutch Civil Code chinomanikidza mushandirwi kuronga nzvimbo yebasa nebasa nenzira yekuti mushandi haakuvadzwi, uye kupa mirairo inodiwa nechinangwa ichocho. Kana mushandi akakuvara ari pabasa, mushandirwi ane mhosva kunze kwekunge zvaratidza kuti akatevedzera basa iroro, kana kuti kukuvara kwacho kwakakonzerwa nepfungwa kana kusangwarira kwemaune kwemushandi. Saka mutoro weuchapupu uri pamushandirwi, uye unorema: mwero ndiwo waikwanisika, kwete zvaiitwa muchikamu ichi.
Dziviriro iyi inosvika kuvashandi vanobhadharwa chete. Mutemo mumwe chete uyu unoshanda kune chero munhu anoita basa rebhizinesi riri pasi paro, saka vashandi vema agency, vanotsigirwa, makontrakita anozvishandira akabatanidzwa mubasa iri nevaya vanodzidziswa basa vanofukidzwawo. Mabasa eMutemo weMamiriro ekushanda anotarisirwa pakudzidzisa neruzivo zvinoshanda kwavari zvakafanana. Mabhizinesi anobatanidza vashandi vanochinjika anowanzo funga kuti njodzi iri pasi pe agency; inowanzo enderana nezvose zviri zviviri. Mitemo yedu yemutemo webasa inobata nezvisungo zvakapoteredza.
Pamwe chete nebasa rekutarisira pane basa rekushanda semushandirwi akanaka pasi pechinyorwa 7:611. Ndiyo hwaro hwakavakirwa pakutadza kwevashandirwi kutora inishuwarenzi yakakwana yevashandi vanotyaira kana kutasva mabhasikoro vari kubasa kwavo, uko tsaona yacho pachayo isiri mhosva yemushandirwi. Nzira mbiri idzi dzakasiyana, uye chikumbiro chinobva mutsaona yemotokari yebasa chinofanira kuongororwa pasi pezvose zviri zviviri.
Migwagwa: nzvimbo yakakosha yevanofamba nemabhasikoro nevanofamba netsoka
Njodzi dzemumugwagwa dzinotevera nzira yadzo. Pasi peMutemo weRoad Traffic Act wa1994, muridzi kana muridzi wemotokari yakabatana netsaona nemunhu asiri mumotokari, kazhinji mufambi wetsoka kana mutyairi webhasikoro, ndiye ane mhosva yekukuvara kwakakonzerwa nekusagona kuitika. Munyaya iyi, tsaona dzemumugwagwa dzinoreva kuti mutyairi haana kukanganisa zvachose uye kuti maitiro emumwe mushandisi wemugwagwa aisagona kuitika zvekuti mutyairi aisafanira kufunga nezvazvo. Hazviwanzoonekwi.
Mutemo wenyaya dzakagadziriswa unowedzera mitemo miviri pamusoro paizvozvo. Kana mushandisi wemugwagwa asina kudzivirirwa ari mwana ari pasi pemakore gumi nemana, mutyairi wemotokari ndiye anotakura kukuvara kwakazara kunze kwekunge mwana akaita nemaune kana nekusangwarira kwakaenzana nekwaakaronga. Kana mushandisi wemugwagwa asina kudzivirirwa ari mukuru, hafu yekukuvara inofanira kubhadharwa nemutyairi kunyangwe kana mukuru wacho akakanganisa, uye hafu yasara inogoverwa zvichienderana nemitemo yakajairika yekuregeredza kwakakonzerwa. Mitemo iyi iripo nekuda kwemusiyano wenjodzi pakati pemotokari nebhasikoro, kwete nekuda kwekufungidzira kuti ndiani asina hanya.
Inishuwarenzi yemotokari inosungirwa, uye munhu anenge abatwa anogona kukumbira zvakananga kune kambani yeinishuwarenzi yemotokari pane kumutyairi. Kana mota isina inishuwarenzi, isina kuzivikanwa, kana kuti yakabiwa, Motor Traffic Guarantee Fund (Waarborgfonds Motorverkeer) inogona kubhadhara muripo, zvichienderana nemamiriro ayo nenguva. Pakati pevatyairi vaviri mitemo yakajairika inoshanda uye mhedzisiro yacho inosarudzwa nemitemo yemugwagwa, kwete nedziviriro yakakosha yakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa.
Kuzvidzivirira: kushaya hanya, kubvumirana uye simba guru
Mutoro hausi mubvunzo wekuti munhu angotadza kana kuti haamboiti. Chinyorwa 6:101 cheDutch Civil Code chinoderedza muripo kana kurasikirwa kwacho kuri mugumisiro wemamiriro ezvinhu anokonzerwa neakakuvara, zvichienderana nekupa kwakaita divi rega rega kukuvara. Dare rinogona kugadzirisa kupatsanurwa ikoko kana kururamisira kuchidikanwa, richifunga nezvekukomba kwemhosva kudivi rega rega nemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kusanganisira kuvapo kweinishuwarenzi. Kururamisa ikoko ndiko kunoita kuti kugoverwa kwakachena kwemasvomhu papepa kuwanzochinja mutongo wekupedzisira.
Zvimwe zvekudzivirira zvinoshanda padanho rekutanga. Chikonzero chezvikonzero, zvakaita sekudikanwa kana mvumo yepamutemo, chinobvisa zvachose kusateerera mutemo. Kugamuchira njodzi, iyo inomuka mumitambo nemitambo, hakubvisi mutoro zvakadaro asi kunosimudzira muganho: maitiro angave asina hanya muhupenyu hwemazuva ese haasi ekushaya hanya mukati memitemo yemitambo yekubatana. Kurapwa nechiremba kudzivirira imwe nzira uye kunotaurwa pazasi.
Chekupedzisira, basa rekuderedza kurasikirwa riri pamusoro pemunhu akakuvara. Munhu anobvumira kukuvara kunodzivisika kuti kuungane haakwanise kudzoreredza chikamu chinodzivisika, uye mutengo unonzwisisika wematanho anotorwa kudzivirira kana kuderedza kukuvara unogona kudzoreredzwa. Muchokwadi izvi zvinoreva kuita nekukurumidza mushure mechiitiko: kuchengetedza pfuma, kuwana fungidziro yekugadzirisa, uye, muzviitiko zvekukuvara kwemunhu, kuita basa rekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa nharaunda.
Chii chinogona kudzorerwa, uye kwenguva yakareba sei
Kurasikirwa kunogona kudzoserwa kunowira muzvikamu zviviri. Kurasikirwa kwemari (vermogensschade) kunosanganisira kurasikirwa kwakaitika uye purofiti yakarasikirwa, uye kunosanganisira mari inonzwisisika yekudzivirira kana kuderedza kukuvara, yekusimbisa mutoro uye quantum, uye yekuwana muripo kunze kwedare. Kurasikirwa kusiri kwemari (smartengeld) kunogona kudzoserwa muzviitiko zvakanyorwa muCivil Code, kunyanya kukuvara kwemuviri, kukuvara kumukurumbira kana mukurumbira, uye kumwe kukuvara kwemunhu. Kubva 1 Ndira 2019 hama dzepedyo dzemunhu akafa kana akakuvara zvakanyanya uye zvechigarire dzinogonawo kukumbira muripo wekuchema (afeftieschade), mumari yakatarwa yakatarwa nemirairo yekanzuru.
Mutemo wekuderedza mutoro ndipo panowanzo rasikirwa zvichemo. Pasi pechikamu 3:310 cheDutch Civil Code, chikumbiro chekuripa muripo chinova nenguva isingatarisirwi makore mashanu mushure mezuva iro munhu akakuvara akaziva zvese kukuvara uye munhu ane mhosva nazvo, uye chero mushure memakore makumi maviri chiitiko chakakonzera kukuvara. Nguva yakareba inoshanda kune kukuvara kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvine njodzi uye kusvibiswa, uye mutemo wemhosva yezvigadzirwa une hurongwa hwayo, hupfupi. Kurapwa nechiremba kunogona kukanganiswa nechiziviso chakanyorwa chinochengetedza kodzero yekuripa muripo, uye chiziviso ichocho chinotanga nguva itsva. Zvinodhura tsamba uye ndiyo danho rimwe chete rinoshanda zvikuru iro munhu akakuvara anogona kutora apo chokwadi chichiri kuferefetwa.
Inishuwarenzi iri pamwe chete nezvose izvi pane kuitsiva. Inishuwarenzi yemhosva yemunhu haisi yekumanikidzwa muNetherlands asi inobatwa zvakanyanya uye inovhara zviitiko zvakawanda zvezuva nezuva, kusanganisira kukuvara kunokonzerwa nevana. Inishuwarenzi yemotokari inosungirwa. Kuvharwa kwemhosva yebhizinesi, kuvharwa kwemari yehunyanzvi uye vatungamiriri nevakuru vekambani imwe neimwe ine mabasa ayo, uye kusabatanidzwa kunokosha semari yakavigwa inishuwarenzi. Taura nezvechiitiko kune inishuwarenzi yako mukati menguva yakatarwa neinishuwarenzi kunyangwe ukasabvumirana nemhosva, nekuti kunonoka kuzivisa pachako chikonzero chekuramba kuvharwa.
Kana kambani iine mutoro, uye kana vatungamiriri vayo
Masangano epamutemo ane mutoro wavo ega: kambani yakazvimirira, kambani yeruzhinji, sangano kana sangano rinogona kuita zvisiri pamutemo uye rinogona kutyora chibvumirano, uye midziyo yaro ndiyo inozvidavirira pamigumisiro yacho. Kuparadzaniswa kwekambani nevanhu vari shure kwayo ndiyo pfungwa yepamutemo, uye inoshanda muzviitiko zvakawanda.
Izvi zvinopa mukana muzviitiko zvitatu. Mukati, director asina kuita zvakanaka ane mhosva kukambani pachayo pasi pechikamu 2:9 cheDutch Civil Code, uye mutemo uyu unonyadzisa zvikuru. Kunze, director anogona kuva nemhosva yake pachake kune anokweretesa, kazhinji apo director akapinda muzvisungo achiziva kuti kambani haizokwanisi kuzvizadzisa uye haizombopa rubatsiro, kana apo director akarambidza kubhadhara chikwereti chiripo. Mukusashanda zvakanaka, trustee anogona kupa vatungamiriri mhosva yekushomeka kwemari kana bhodhi rakaita mabasa aro zvisirizvo uye ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekusashanda zvakanaka, nepfungwa yepamutemo pamusoro pebhodhi apo maakaundi asina kuchengetwa zvakanaka kana maakaundi egore asina kuendeswa nenguva.
Migumisiro inoshanda kune vatungamiriri ndeyechokwadi. Kuisa maakaundi egore negore nenguva uye kuchengetedza manejimendi ari mugwara hazvisi zvinhu zvepamutemo; zvinosarudza kuti ndiani ane mutoro wekupa humbowo kana kambani ikakundikana gare gare. Ruzivo rwehurongwa hwekambani rwunotsanangurwa mumapeji edu emutemo wehurumende.
Zvekuita kana wabatwa nemhosva
Usabvuma mhosva panzvimbo iyi kana pakutumirana mameseji kekutanga. Kukumbira ruregerero inyaya yemunhu uye kashoma kuti uuraye, asi kubvuma kwakanyorwa kunoonekwa sekubvuma uye zvakaoma kudzosera shure. Zviise parutivi kune chokwadi: zvawakaona, kwawaive, zvakaitika. Nyora chokwadi zuva iroro, tora mufananidzo wemamiriro acho ezvinhu, uye nyora mazita ezvapupu, nekuti kurangarira kwavo ndiko kuchaedzwa gare gare.
Zivisai kambani yenyu yeinishuwarenzi nekukasika, mukati menguva yakatarwa nepolisi, uye regai kambani yeinishuwarenzi iite tsamba yacho. Makambani einishuwarenzi ane kodzero yekubata chikumbiro ichi uye kuchigadzirisa, uye kutaurirana kwakasiyana nerumwe divi kunogona kukanganisa chibatiso. Kana pasina inishuwarenzi inopindura, kana kuti mari iri munjodzi inopfuura chibatiso, bvunzai musati mapindura zviri muchikumbiro chacho.
Wobva watarisa chikumbiro pane kutsamwira. Ndeapi mapoinzi ari kushandiswa, mamiriro ese mashanu emutemo wemutemo anoratidzika kunge akazadzikiswa here, kurasikirwa kwacho kwakasimbiswa nemagwaro, chikonzero chacho chinogoneka here, mumiririri wacho akabatsirawo here pakurasikirwa kwake, uye chikumbiro chacho chaunzwa nenguva. Mhinduro yakarongeka kumibvunzo iyoyo, yakanyorwa, inogadzirisa huwandu hunoshamisa hwezvikumbiro pasina kutongwa.
Zvikanganiso zvinosarudza mhedzisiro
Chekutanga kubvuma mhosva usati waona kuti nyaya yacho yapera. Chechipiri kukundikana kutumira chiziviso chekusaita basa mugakava rechibvumirano, izvo zvinoita kuti chikumbiro chekukuvadzwa chisave nehwaro kunyangwe paine kutyorwa kwemutemo kwacho kuri pachena. Chechitatu kushuma chiitiko ichi kukambani yeinishuwarenzi kwanonoka uye kurasikirwa nerubatsiro nekuda kwehungwaru. Chechina kubvumidza nguva yemakore mashanu yekunyoreswa kwemutero ichipera uku hurukuro dzichifamba, apo tsamba imwe chete yakanyoreswa yekuchengetedza kodzero ingadai yakaitangazve.
Chechishanu chiri kutungamira chikumbiro kune munhu asiri iye: kumutyairi panzvimbo peinishuwarenzi yemotokari, kune muridzi wechivako panzvimbo pemuridzi wechivako, kukambani panzvimbo pebhizinesi kwakaitwa basa racho. Chechitanhatu chiri kukumbira mari yepasi rose isina magwaro. Muripo mumutemo weDutch wakagadzirirwa kudzoreredza chinzvimbo chaicho, saka chikumbiro chinomira kana kuwira pamainvoice, zvinyorwa zvekurapa, data repayroll nemishumo yenyanzvi pane kusimba kwechichemo.
Mazano pamusoro pemhosva pasi pemutemo weDutch
Law & More inopa mazano uye inotonga nyaya dzemhosva dzevanhu nemabhizinesi muNetherlands: kuongorora kana chikumbiro chakanyorwa zvakanaka, kupindura chiziviso chemhosva, kusawirirana nemakambani einishuwarenzi nezvenyaya yekuvhara, tsaona dzebasa, tsaona dzemumugwagwa, zvigadzirwa zvisina kunaka nenzvimbo, uye mhosva yevatungamiriri. Kuongorora kwekutanga kunowanzo shandura mhedzisiro kupfuura nharo yakasimba gare gare. Bata rimwe remagweta edu kuti maonero ako aongororwe.
sei Law & More zvinogona kukubatsira neizvi zvinotsanangurwa pa Gweta revashandi peji.
