Mutungamiriri wekambani yekuDutch anodzivirira hunhu hwekambani iyi pamutemo: kambani ndiyo ine mutoro, kwete munhu wacho. Mutoro wemunhu ndiwo unosaririra, uye mutemo weDutch unosvika pairi nenzira nhatu.
Mukati, director ane mhosva kukambani nekuda kwekusaita mabasa ake nemazvo uko kunogona kuitirwa mhosva huru. Kune vechitatu, director anogona kuva nemhosva yekukanganisa kwaakaita mabasa ake achiziva kuti kambani yaisazokwanisa kuazadzisa kana kuti yaisazopa rubatsiro, kana kuti akakanganisa kubhadhara chikwereti chiripo. Uye mukubhuroka, trustee anogona kupa bhodhi mhosva yekushaikwa kwemari uko manejimendi aive asina kunaka mumakore matatu pamberi pekubhuroka - nekufungidzira kuti kwakakonzera kubhuroka kana maakaundi asina kuendeswa panguva yakatarwa kana kuti manejimendi asina kukwana.
Kutanga kambani yako wega: njodzi
Kutanga kambani yako pachako ibasa rinokwezva vanhu vazhinji uye rine mabhenefiti akati wandei. Chinonyanya kushaikwa nevanoita bhizinesi nevanogona kuita bhizinesi ndechekuti kutanga kambani kunounzawo matambudziko nematambudziko. Kana kambani yaumbwa sesangano repamutemo, pane njodzi yekuva nemhosva kubva kuvanavatungamiriri.
Sangano repamutemo iboka repamutemo rakasiyana rine munhu ari pamutemo. Nokudaro, sangano repamutemo rinokwanisa kuita zviito zvepamutemo. Kuti zvibudirire izvi, sangano repamutemo rinoda rubatsiro. Sezvo sangano repamutemo riripo pabepa chete, harigone kushanda pacharo. Sangano repamutemo rinofanira kumiririrwa nemunhu chaiye. Mumutemo, sangano repamutemo rinomiririrwa nebhodhi revatungamiriri. Vatungamiri vanogona kuita zviito zvepamutemo vakamiririra sangano repamutemo.
Mutungamiriri anongosunga sangano repamutemo nezviito izvi. Muchidimbu, mutungamiriri haasungirwe zvikwereti zvesangano repamutemo nezvinhu zvake. Nekudaro, mune dzimwe nguva mhosva yevatungamiriri inogona kuitika, mune iyo nyaya mutungamiriri achave ane mhosva. Kune marudzi maviri emhosva yevatungamiri: mukati uye kunze kwemhosva. Ichi chinyorwa chinokurukura zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhosva yevatungamiri.
Yemukati chikwereti chevatungamiriri
Mutoro wemukati zvinoreva kuti director achatongwa nesangano repamutemo pacharo. Mutoro wemukati unobva pachinyorwa 2:9 Dutch Civil Code. Director anogona kutongwa nemukati kana akaita mabasa ake nenzira isina kunaka. Kusaita mabasa nemazvo kunofungidzirwa kana paine mhosva huru pamusoro pe director. Izvi zvakavakirwa pachinyorwa 2:9 Dutch Civil Code. Uyezve, director anogona kunge asina kuregeredza pakutora matanho ekudzivirira kuitika kwehutungamiriri husina kunaka. Tinotaura rini nezvekupomera kwakakomba? Zvichienderana nemutemo wenyaya izvi zvinoda kuongororwa nekutarisa mamiriro ese enyaya.[1]
Kuita zvinopesana nezvinyorwa zvekubatanidzwa kwesangano repamutemo rinotorwa semamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Kana izvi zviri izvo, mutoro wevatungamiriri unozofungidzirwa. Nekudaro, director anogona kuunza kumberi chokwadi uye mamiriro anoratidza kuti kuita zvinopesana nezvinyorwa zvekubatanidzwa hakukonzere kupomera kwakakomba. Kana zvirizvo, mutongi anofanirwa kujekesa izvi mukutonga kwake. [2]
Dzakati wandei dhayeti yemukati uye chirevo
Mhosva yakavakirwa pachinyorwa 2:9 Dutch Civil Code inosanganisira kuti musimboti vatungamiriri vese vane mhosva dzakati wandei. Kupomerana kwakanyanya nekudaro kuchaitwa kubhodhi rose revatungamiriri. Zvisinei, pane kunze kwemutemo uyu. Mutungamiriri anogona kuzvipa mhosva ('kuzvipembedza') kubva pamhosva yevatungamiriri. Kuti aite kudaro, mutungamiriri anofanira kuratidza kuti kupomerwa hakugoni kupiwa kwaari uye kuti haana kuregeredza kutora matanho kuitira kudzivirira hutungamiri husina kunaka.
Izvi zvinobva muchinyorwa 2:9 Dutch Civil Code. Chikumbiro chekudzingwa hachigamuchirwe nyore. Mutungamiriri anofanira kuratidza kuti akatora matanho ose musimba rake kuitira kudzivirira hutungamiri husina kunaka. Mutoro wehumbowo uri kune mutungamiriri.
Kupatsanurwa kwemabasa mukati mevatungamiriri 'bhodhi kunogona kuve kwakakosha kuona kuti kana kwete mutungamiriri ane mhosva. Nekudaro, mamwe mabasa anoonekwa semabasa akakosha kune rese revatungamiriri 'bhodhi. Vatungamiriri vanofanirwa kuziva zvimwe chokwadi nemamiriro ezvinhu. Kupatsanurwa kwemabasa hakuchinje izvi. Mukutaura, kusakwanisa haisi nzvimbo yekufungidzira. Vatungamiriri vanogona kutarisirwa kuziviswa nemazvo uye kubvunza mibvunzo. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuitika umo izvi hazvigone kutarisirwa kumutungamiriri. [3] Naizvozvo, kuti angave kana kwete mutungamiriri anogona kuzviburitsa, zvinonyanya kubva pane chokwadi uye mamiriro enyaya yacho.
Kunze chikwereti chevatungamiriri
Chikwereti chekunze chinosanganisira kuti director anokamirwa kune wechitatu mapato. Chikwereti chekunze chakabaya chifukidziro chemubatanidzwa. Sangano repamutemo harisisiri rekuchengetedza vanhu chaivo avo ivo ndivo maerekita. Izvo zvikonzero zvepamutemo zvekuremerwa kwevatungamiriri vekunze ndeyekudaira zvisina kufanira, zvichibva pane chinyorwa 2: 138 Dutch Civil Code uye chinyorwa 2: 248 Dutch Civil Code (mukati mekubhuroka) uye chiito chekushungurudzwa kunoenderana nechinyorwa 6: 162 Dutch Civil Code (kunze kwebhuroka. .
Chikwereti chekunze chevatungamiriri mukati mekubhuroka
Iko kuremedza kwevakuru vekunze mukati mekubhuroka kunoshanda kumakambani akasarudzika emitoro yezvikwereti (iyo Dutch BV uye NV). Izvi zvinobva pane chinyorwa 2: 138 Dutch Civil Code uye chinyorwa 2: 248 Dutch Civil Code. Vanotungamira vanogona kuve nemhosva kana kubhuroka kuchikonzerwa nekusazvibata kana zvikanganiso zvevatariri. Iye mutariri, anomiririra vese vakweretesi, anofanirwa kuongorora kuti mhosva yevatungamiriri inogona here kushanda kana kwete.
Mhosva yekunze mukati mekubhuroka inogona kugamuchirwa kana bhodhi revatungamiriri raita zvisirizvo mabasa aro uye kuzadzikiswa kusiri iko kuri chikonzero chakakosha chekubhuroka. Iko kuremerwa kwehumbowo maererano nekuzadzikiswa kusakafanira kwemabasa kuri pamubati; anofanirwa kujekesa kuti director anofunga zvine musoro, pasi pemamiriro akafanana, angadai asina kuita nenzira iyi. [4] Zviito zvinokanganisa vakweretesi mushe zvinounza manejimendi asina kufanira Kushungurudzwa nevatungamiriri kunofanirwa kudzivirirwa.
Mutevedzeri wemitemo akabatanidza mamwe mafungiro ehumbowo muchinyorwa 2:138 sub 2 Dutch Civil Code uye chinyorwa 2:248 sub 2 Dutch Civil Code. Kana bhodhi revatungamiriri rikasatevedzera chinyorwa 2:10 Dutch Civil Code kana chinyorwa 2:394 Dutch Civil Code, fungidziro yehumbowo inomuka. Muchiitiko ichi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kutonga kusina kunaka kwave kuri chikonzero chakakosha chekubhuroka. Izvi zvinoendesa mutoro wehumbowo kune mutungamiriri.
Nekudaro, vatungamiriri vanogona kuramba fungidziro dzehumbowo. Kuti aite kudaro, mutungamiriri anofanira kuita zvinonzwisisika kuti kubhuroka hakuna kukonzerwa nekutonga kwakashata, asi nezvimwe zvinhu uye mamiriro. Mutungamiriri anofanirawo kuratidza kuti haana kuregeredza mukutora matanho kuti adzivise utariri husina kunaka.[5] Uyezve, muchengeti anogona kungoisa chikumbiro kwenguva yemakore matatu isati yabhuroka. Izvi zvinobva pachinyorwa 2:138 sub 6 Dutch Civil Code uye chinyorwa 2:248 sub 6 Dutch Civil Code.
Huwandu hwekunze dhayeti uye exulpation
Wese maneja ane mhosva yekuzvibata kwakashata mukati mekubhuroka. Nekudaro, madhairekitori anogona kutiza uyu mutoro unoverengeka nekuzvifadza ivo pachavo. Izvi zvinobva pachinyorwa 2: 138 sub 3 Dutch Civil Code uye chinyorwa 2: 248 sub 3 Dutch Civil Code. Iye director anofanira kuratidza kuti kuzadzikiswa zvisirizvo kwemabasa hakugone kumisikidzwa kwaari. Anogonawo kunge asina kuregeredza mukutora matanho kuitira kudzivisa mhedzisiro yekuzadzikiswa kusakafanira kwemabasa. Iko kuremerwa kwehumbowo mukuzungunuka kuri pamutungamiriri. Izvi zvinobva muzvinyorwa zvataurwa pamusoro uye zvinogadziriswa mumutemo wazvino wedare reDutch Supreme Court. [6]
Chikwereti chekunze chinobva pachiitiko chekutambudza
Vanotungamira vanogona zvakare kuve nemhosva nekuda kweichi chiito chekutambudza, icho chinobva kuchinyorwa 6: 162 Dutch Civil Code. Chinyorwa ichi chinopa hwaro hwese hwekuremara. Mhosva yevakatungamira yakavakirwa pachiitiko chekutambudza inogona zvakare kukumbirwa nemunhu akweretesa munhu.
Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch rinosiyanisa marudzi maviri emutoro wevatungamiriri zvichienderana nechiitiko chekukanganisa. Chekutanga, mutoro unogona kugamuchirwa pahwaro hweBeklamel standard. Panyaya iyi, mutungamiriri apinda muchibvumirano nemumwe munhu akamiririra kambani, nepo aiziva kana kuti zvine musoro aifanira kunge anzwisisa kuti kambani yaisakwanisa kutevedzera zvisungo zvinobva muchibvumirano ichi.[7] Rudzi rwechipiri rwemhosva ndeyekushungurudzika kwezviwanikwa.
Muchiitiko ichocho, director akaita kuti kambani irege kubhadhara vanokweretesa mari uye kuti isakwanise kubhadhara zvikwereti zvayo. Zviito zve director hazvina hanya, zvekuti anogona kupomerwa mhosva huru.[8] Mutoro wehumbowo mune izvi uri pamukweretesi.
Mutoro we director wepamutemo director
MuNetherlands, munhu chaiye pamwe chete nesangano repamutemo vanogona kuva mutungamiriri wesangano repamutemo. Kuti zvinhu zvive nyore, munhu chaiye ari mutungamiriri achanzi mutungamiriri wepamutemo uye sangano repamutemo riri mutungamiriri richanzi mutungamiriri wesangano mundima ino. Kuti sangano repamutemo rishande semutungamiriri hazvirevi kuti mutoro wevatungamiriri unogona kudziviswa nekugadza mumwe. Izvi zvinobva muchinyorwa 2:11 Dutch Civil Code. Kana mutungamiriri wesangano akabatwa nemhosva, mutoro uyu unowanikwawo nevatungamiriri vesangano repamutemo remutungamiriri wesangano iri.
Chisungo 2:11 Dutch Civil Code inoshanda kumamiriro ezvinhu umo mutoro wevatungamiriri unofungidzirwa zvichibva pachinyorwa 2:9 Dutch Civil Code, chinyorwa 2:138 Dutch Civil Code uye chinyorwa 2:248 Dutch Civil Code. Zvakadaro, mibvunzo yakamuka kana chinyorwa 2:11 Dutch Civil Code chinoshandawo kune vadhairekitori mhosva zvichienderana nechiitiko chekukanganisa. Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch rakasarudza kuti ndizvo zvazviri. Mumutongo uyu, Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch rinonongedzera kunhoroondo yemutemo.
Chisungo chechipiri:2 Dutch Civil Code ine chinangwa chekudzivirira vanhu venyama kuti vasahwande kuseri kwevatungamiriri vemasangano kuti vadzivise mhosva. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuti chinyorwa 11:2 Dutch Civil Code inoshanda kune ese nyaya iyo director wesangano anogona kupihwa mhosva zvichienderana nemutemo.[11]
Kuraswa kwevatariri vebhodhi
Mutoro weDirector unogona kudzoreredzwa nekupihwa discharge kune yevatariri bhodhi. Kuraswa kunoreva kuti mutemo webhodi revatungamiriri, sekuitwa kusvika panguva yekurasa, unobvumidzwa nebumbiro repamutemo. Discharge saka yekumuremara kwekuremerwa kwevanotungamira. Discharge harisi iro term rinogona kuwanikwa mumutemo, asi rinowanzo kuverengerwa muzvinyorwa zvekubatanidzwa kweyemutemo mubatanidzwa. Discharge ndeye yekubvisa yemukati yezvikwereti. Naizvozvo, kuraswa kunongoshanda kune chisungo chemukati. Matatu mapato achiri kugona kuendesa mhosva yevatungamiriri.
Kuburitswa kunoshanda chete kune chokwadi nemamiriro ezvinhu aizivikanwa kune vagovani panguva yekubvumidzwa. [10] Chikwereti chezvisingazivikanwe chokwadi chichava chiripo. Naizvozvo, kuburitswa hakusi kuzana muzana kwakachengeteka uye hakupi vimbiso kune vatungamiriri.
Zvinouya nebhizinesi
Bhizimusi rezvemabhizimusi rinogona kuita basa rakaoma uye rinonakidza, asi zvinosuwisa kuti zvinouya nenjodzi. Mabhizimusi mazhinji anotenda kuti anogona kusabvisa dhizari nekutanga chibvumirano chepamutemo. Aya mabhizimusi achave ari mukukanganisa; pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, mhosva yevatungamiriri inogona kushanda. Izvi zvinogona kuva nemhedzisiro yakakura; maneja anozobhadhara zvikwereti zvekambani nezvinhu zvake zvakavanzika. Naizvozvo, njodzi dzinobva mukuremara kwevatungamiriri hazvifanirwe kurerutswa. Kwave kuri kuchenjera kuti vatungamiriri vemasangano epamutemo vatevedzere zvese zvakataurwa pamutemo uye kuti vatarise sangano repamutemo nenzira yakavhurika uye nemaune.
Iyo yakakwana vhezheni yechinyorwa ichi inowanikwa kuburikidza neiyi link
udza mashoko
Kana uine mibvunzo kana zvirevo mushure mekuverenga chinyorwa ichi, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kubata Ruby van Kersbergen, gweta pa Law & More kuburikidza neruby.van.kersbergen@lawandmore.nl, kana Tom Meevis, gweta pa Law & More kuburikidza tom.meevis@lawandmore.nl, kana kufonera +31 (0)40-3690680.
[1] ECLI: NL: HR: 1997: ZC2243 (Staleman / Van de Ven).
[2] ECLI: NL: HR: 2002: AE7011 (Berghuizer Papierfabriek).
[3] ECLI: NL: GHAMS: 2010: BN6929.
[4] ECLI: NL: HR: 2001: AB2053 (Panmo).
[5] ECLI: NL: HR: 2007: BA6773 (Bhuruu Nyanya).
[6] ECLI: NL: HR: 2015: 522 (Glascentrale Beheer BV).
[7] ECLI: NL: HR: 1989: AB9521 (Beklamel).
[8] ECLI: NL: HR: 2006: AZ0758 (Ontvanger / Roelofsen).
[9] ECLI: NL: HR: 2017: 275.
[10] ECLI: NL: HR: 1997: ZC2243 (Staleman / Van de Ven); ECLI: NL: HR: 2010: BM2332.
