ziviso
Kutanga kambani yako yako chiitiko chinotaridzika kune vanhu vazhinji uye inouya neakawanda anobatsira. Nekudaro, chii (chenguva yemberi) mabhizinesi anoita seasingakoshesi, inyaya yekuti kutanga kambani kunouyawo nezvakashata nenjodzi. Kana kambani yakawanikwa nenzira yechikamu chepamutemo, njodzi yekuremerwa kwevatungamiriri iripo.
Sangano repamutemo iboka repamutemo rakasiyana rine munhu ari pamutemo. Nokudaro, sangano repamutemo rinokwanisa kuita zviito zvepamutemo. Kuti zvibudirire izvi, sangano repamutemo rinoda rubatsiro. Sezvo sangano repamutemo riripo pabepa chete, harigone kushanda pacharo. Sangano repamutemo rinofanira kumiririrwa nemunhu chaiye. Mumutemo, sangano repamutemo rinomiririrwa nebhodhi revatungamiriri. Vatungamiri vanogona kuita zviito zvepamutemo vakamiririra sangano repamutemo.
Mutungamiriri anongosunga sangano repamutemo nezviito izvi. Muchidimbu, mutungamiriri haasungirwe zvikwereti zvesangano repamutemo nezvinhu zvake. Nekudaro, mune dzimwe nguva mhosva yevatungamiriri inogona kuitika, mune iyo nyaya mutungamiriri achave ane mhosva. Kune marudzi maviri emhosva yevatungamiri: mukati uye kunze kwemhosva. Ichi chinyorwa chinokurukura zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhosva yevatungamiri.
Yemukati chikwereti chevatungamiriri
Chikwereti chemukati chinoreva kuti mutungamiriri achabatwa nemhosva nesangano repamutemo pacharo. Chikwereti chemukati chinobva pachinyorwa 2:9 Dutch Civil Code. Mutungamiriri anogona kubatwa nemhosva mukati kana akazadzisa mabasa ake nenzira isina kunaka. Kuzadzikiswa kusina kufanira kwemabasa kunofungidzirwa apo pomero yakakomba inogona kuitwa kuna mutungamiriri. Izvi zvinobva pane chinyorwa 2: 9 Dutch Civil Code. Uyezve, mutungamiriri angave asina kuregeredza mukutora matanho kuitira kudzivirira kuitika kwehutungamiri husina kunaka. Ndirini patinotaura nezvepomero yakaoma? Maererano nenyaya mutemo izvi zvinoda kuongororwa nekutora mamiriro ese enyaya yacho.[1]
Kuita zvinopesana nezvinyorwa zvekubatanidzwa kwesangano repamutemo rinotorwa semamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Kana izvi zviri izvo, mutoro wevatungamiriri unozofungidzirwa. Nekudaro, director anogona kuunza kumberi chokwadi uye mamiriro anoratidza kuti kuita zvinopesana nezvinyorwa zvekubatanidzwa hakukonzere kupomera kwakakomba. Kana zvirizvo, mutongi anofanirwa kujekesa izvi mukutonga kwake. [2]
Dzakati wandei dhayeti yemukati uye chirevo
Mhosva yakavakirwa pachinyorwa 2:9 Dutch Civil Code inosanganisira kuti musimboti vatungamiriri vese vane mhosva dzakati wandei. Kupomerana kwakanyanya nekudaro kuchaitwa kubhodhi rose revatungamiriri. Zvisinei, pane kunze kwemutemo uyu. Mutungamiriri anogona kuzvipa mhosva ('kuzvipembedza') kubva pamhosva yevatungamiriri. Kuti aite kudaro, mutungamiriri anofanira kuratidza kuti kupomerwa hakugoni kupiwa kwaari uye kuti haana kuregeredza kutora matanho kuitira kudzivirira hutungamiri husina kunaka.
Izvi zvinobva muchinyorwa 2:9 Dutch Civil Code. Chikumbiro chekudzingwa hachigamuchirwe nyore. Mutungamiriri anofanira kuratidza kuti akatora matanho ose musimba rake kuitira kudzivirira hutungamiri husina kunaka. Mutoro wehumbowo uri kune mutungamiriri.
Kupatsanurwa kwemabasa mukati mevatungamiriri 'bhodhi kunogona kuve kwakakosha kuona kuti kana kwete mutungamiriri ane mhosva. Nekudaro, mamwe mabasa anoonekwa semabasa akakosha kune rese revatungamiriri 'bhodhi. Vatungamiriri vanofanirwa kuziva zvimwe chokwadi nemamiriro ezvinhu. Kupatsanurwa kwemabasa hakuchinje izvi. Mukutaura, kusakwanisa haisi nzvimbo yekufungidzira. Vatungamiriri vanogona kutarisirwa kuziviswa nemazvo uye kubvunza mibvunzo. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuitika umo izvi hazvigone kutarisirwa kumutungamiriri. [3] Naizvozvo, kuti angave kana kwete mutungamiriri anogona kuzviburitsa, zvinonyanya kubva pane chokwadi uye mamiriro enyaya yacho.
Kunze chikwereti chevatungamiriri
Chikwereti chekunze chinosanganisira kuti director anokamirwa kune wechitatu mapato. Chikwereti chekunze chakabaya chifukidziro chemubatanidzwa. Sangano repamutemo harisisiri rekuchengetedza vanhu chaivo avo ivo ndivo maerekita. Izvo zvikonzero zvepamutemo zvekuremerwa kwevatungamiriri vekunze ndeyekudaira zvisina kufanira, zvichibva pane chinyorwa 2: 138 Dutch Civil Code uye chinyorwa 2: 248 Dutch Civil Code (mukati mekubhuroka) uye chiito chekushungurudzwa kunoenderana nechinyorwa 6: 162 Dutch Civil Code (kunze kwebhuroka. .
Chikwereti chekunze chevatungamiriri mukati mekubhuroka
Iko kuremedza kwevakuru vekunze mukati mekubhuroka kunoshanda kumakambani akasarudzika emitoro yezvikwereti (iyo Dutch BV uye NV). Izvi zvinobva pane chinyorwa 2: 138 Dutch Civil Code uye chinyorwa 2: 248 Dutch Civil Code. Vanotungamira vanogona kuve nemhosva kana kubhuroka kuchikonzerwa nekusazvibata kana zvikanganiso zvevatariri. Iye mutariri, anomiririra vese vakweretesi, anofanirwa kuongorora kuti mhosva yevatungamiriri inogona here kushanda kana kwete.
Mhosva yekunze mukati mekubhuroka inogona kugamuchirwa kana bhodhi revatungamiriri raita zvisirizvo mabasa aro uye kuzadzikiswa kusiri iko kuri chikonzero chakakosha chekubhuroka. Iko kuremerwa kwehumbowo maererano nekuzadzikiswa kusakafanira kwemabasa kuri pamubati; anofanirwa kujekesa kuti director anofunga zvine musoro, pasi pemamiriro akafanana, angadai asina kuita nenzira iyi. [4] Zviito zvinokanganisa vakweretesi mushe zvinounza manejimendi asina kufanira Kushungurudzwa nevatungamiriri kunofanirwa kudzivirirwa.
Mutevedzeri wemitemo akabatanidza mamwe mafungiro ehumbowo muchinyorwa 2:138 sub 2 Dutch Civil Code uye chinyorwa 2:248 sub 2 Dutch Civil Code. Kana bhodhi revatungamiriri rikasatevedzera chinyorwa 2:10 Dutch Civil Code kana chinyorwa 2:394 Dutch Civil Code, fungidziro yehumbowo inomuka. Muchiitiko ichi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kutonga kusina kunaka kwave kuri chikonzero chakakosha chekubhuroka. Izvi zvinoendesa mutoro wehumbowo kune mutungamiriri.
Nekudaro, vatungamiriri vanogona kuramba fungidziro dzehumbowo. Kuti aite kudaro, mutungamiriri anofanira kuita zvinonzwisisika kuti kubhuroka hakuna kukonzerwa nekutonga kwakashata, asi nezvimwe zvinhu uye mamiriro. Mutungamiriri anofanirawo kuratidza kuti haana kuregeredza mukutora matanho kuti adzivise utariri husina kunaka.[5] Uyezve, muchengeti anogona kungoisa chikumbiro kwenguva yemakore matatu isati yabhuroka. Izvi zvinobva pachinyorwa 2:138 sub 6 Dutch Civil Code uye chinyorwa 2:248 sub 6 Dutch Civil Code.
Huwandu hwekunze dhayeti uye exulpation
Wese maneja ane mhosva yekuzvibata kwakashata mukati mekubhuroka. Nekudaro, madhairekitori anogona kutiza uyu mutoro unoverengeka nekuzvifadza ivo pachavo. Izvi zvinobva pachinyorwa 2: 138 sub 3 Dutch Civil Code uye chinyorwa 2: 248 sub 3 Dutch Civil Code. Iye director anofanira kuratidza kuti kuzadzikiswa zvisirizvo kwemabasa hakugone kumisikidzwa kwaari. Anogonawo kunge asina kuregeredza mukutora matanho kuitira kudzivisa mhedzisiro yekuzadzikiswa kusakafanira kwemabasa. Iko kuremerwa kwehumbowo mukuzungunuka kuri pamutungamiriri. Izvi zvinobva muzvinyorwa zvataurwa pamusoro uye zvinogadziriswa mumutemo wazvino wedare reDutch Supreme Court. [6]
Chikwereti chekunze chinobva pachiitiko chekutambudza
Vanotungamira vanogona zvakare kuve nemhosva nekuda kweichi chiito chekutambudza, icho chinobva kuchinyorwa 6: 162 Dutch Civil Code. Chinyorwa ichi chinopa hwaro hwese hwekuremara. Mhosva yevakatungamira yakavakirwa pachiitiko chekutambudza inogona zvakare kukumbirwa nemunhu akweretesa munhu.
Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch rinosiyanisa marudzi maviri emutoro wevatungamiriri zvichienderana nechiitiko chekukanganisa. Chekutanga, mutoro unogona kugamuchirwa pahwaro hweBeklamel standard. Panyaya iyi, mutungamiriri apinda muchibvumirano nemumwe munhu akamiririra kambani, nepo aiziva kana kuti zvine musoro aifanira kunge anzwisisa kuti kambani yaisakwanisa kutevedzera zvisungo zvinobva muchibvumirano ichi.[7] Rudzi rwechipiri rwemhosva ndeyekushungurudzika kwezviwanikwa.
Muchiitiko ichi, mutungamiriri akakonzera chokwadi chekuti kambani haisi kubhadhara vakweretesi vayo uye haikwanisi kuzadzisa zvisungo zvake zvekubhadhara. Zviito zvomutungamiriri hazvina hanya, zvokuti pomero yakakomba inogona kuitwa kwaari.[8] Mutoro wehumbowo mune izvi uri kune mukweretesi.
Mutoro we director wepamutemo director
MuNetherlands, munhu wechisikigo uyewo zviri pamutemo mubato anogona kuve director wesangano repamutemo. Kuita kuti zvinhu zvive nyore, munhu wepanyama anova director anozodaidzwa kunzi director wezvemutemo uye chinzvimbo chepamutemo ari director anozodaidzwa kuti director director mundima iyi. Iyo nyaya yekuti mubato wepamutemo inogona kuve director, hazvireve kuti mhosva yevatungamiriri inogona kungodzivirirwa nekugadza mubatanidzwa wepamutemo semutungamiriri. Izvi zvinotorwa kubva kuchinyorwa 2:11 Dutch Civil Code. Kana director director akabatwa aine mhosva, ichi chinzvimbo chinowanikwawo nevatungamiriri vezvisikwa zvemukuru wedare iri.
Chisungo 2:11 Dutch Civil Code inoshanda kumamiriro ezvinhu umo mutoro wevatungamiriri unofungidzirwa zvichibva pachinyorwa 2:9 Dutch Civil Code, chinyorwa 2:138 Dutch Civil Code uye chinyorwa 2:248 Dutch Civil Code. Zvakadaro, mibvunzo yakamuka kana chinyorwa 2:11 Dutch Civil Code chinoshandawo kune vadhairekitori mhosva zvichienderana nechiitiko chekukanganisa. Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch rakasarudza kuti ndizvo zvazviri. Mumutongo uyu, Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch rinonongedzera kunhoroondo yemutemo.
Chisungo chechipiri:2 Dutch Civil Code ine chinangwa chekudzivirira vanhu venyama kuti vasahwande kuseri kwevatungamiriri vemasangano kuti vadzivise mhosva. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuti chinyorwa 11:2 Dutch Civil Code inoshanda kune ese nyaya iyo director wesangano anogona kupihwa mhosva zvichienderana nemutemo.[11]
Kuraswa kwevatariri vebhodhi
Mutoro weDirector unogona kudzoreredzwa nekupihwa discharge kune yevatariri bhodhi. Kuraswa kunoreva kuti mutemo webhodi revatungamiriri, sekuitwa kusvika panguva yekurasa, unobvumidzwa nebumbiro repamutemo. Discharge saka yekumuremara kwekuremerwa kwevanotungamira. Discharge harisi iro term rinogona kuwanikwa mumutemo, asi rinowanzo kuverengerwa muzvinyorwa zvekubatanidzwa kweyemutemo mubatanidzwa. Discharge ndeye yekubvisa yemukati yezvikwereti. Naizvozvo, kuraswa kunongoshanda kune chisungo chemukati. Matatu mapato achiri kugona kuendesa mhosva yevatungamiriri.
Kuburitswa kunoshanda chete kune chokwadi nemamiriro ezvinhu aizivikanwa kune vagovani panguva yekubvumidzwa. [10] Chikwereti chezvisingazivikanwe chokwadi chichava chiripo. Naizvozvo, kuburitswa hakusi kuzana muzana kwakachengeteka uye hakupi vimbiso kune vatungamiriri.
mhedziso
Bhizimusi rezvemabhizimusi rinogona kuita basa rakaoma uye rinonakidza, asi zvinosuwisa kuti zvinouya nenjodzi. Mabhizimusi mazhinji anotenda kuti anogona kusabvisa dhizari nekutanga chibvumirano chepamutemo. Aya mabhizimusi achave ari mukukanganisa; pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, mhosva yevatungamiriri inogona kushanda. Izvi zvinogona kuva nemhedzisiro yakakura; maneja anozobhadhara zvikwereti zvekambani nezvinhu zvake zvakavanzika. Naizvozvo, njodzi dzinobva mukuremara kwevatungamiriri hazvifanirwe kurerutswa. Kwave kuri kuchenjera kuti vatungamiriri vemasangano epamutemo vatevedzere zvese zvakataurwa pamutemo uye kuti vatarise sangano repamutemo nenzira yakavhurika uye nemaune.
Iyo yakakwana vhezheni yechinyorwa ichi inowanikwa kuburikidza neiyi link
udza mashoko
Kana uine mibvunzo kana zvirevo mushure mekuverenga chinyorwa ichi, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kubata Ruby van Kersbergen, gweta pa Law & More Via [email inodzivirirwa], kana Tom Meevis, gweta pa Law & More Via [email inodzivirirwa], kana kufonera +31 (0)40-3690680.
[1] ECLI: NL: HR: 1997: ZC2243 (Staleman / Van de Ven).
[2] ECLI: NL: HR: 2002: AE7011 (Berghuizer Papierfabriek).
[3] ECLI: NL: GHAMS: 2010: BN6929.
[4] ECLI: NL: HR: 2001: AB2053 (Panmo).
[5] ECLI: NL: HR: 2007: BA6773 (Bhuruu Nyanya).
[6] ECLI: NL: HR: 2015: 522 (Glascentrale Beheer BV).
[7] ECLI: NL: HR: 1989: AB9521 (Beklamel).
[8] ECLI: NL: HR: 2006: AZ0758 (Ontvanger / Roelofsen).
[9] ECLI: NL: HR: 2017: 275.
[10] ECLI: NL: HR: 1997: ZC2243 (Staleman / Van de Ven); ECLI: NL: HR: 2010: BM2332.
