Mutoro wekambani mumutemo weDutch: izvo mabhizinesi anofanira kuziva

Mutoro wekambani mumutemo weDutch unoenderana nenzira nhatu: mutoro wekutyora chibvumirano, mutoro wemhosva yekuzvibata zvisiri pamutemo, uye mutoro wakasimba kana wemhando yepamusoro wevanhu, zvinhu nezvigadzirwa izvo bhizinesi rinofanira kuzvidavirira. Zvese zvitatu zvakanyorwa muBhuku 6 reDutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek), uye chimwe nechimwe chine mamiriro acho, mutoro wacho wekupa humbowo uye nguva yaro yekugumira. Chikumbiro chinokundikana pane imwe nzira chinogona kubudirira pane imwe, ndosaka mubvunzo wekutanga mushure mekurasikirwa usingambovi kuti ndiani akakonzera, asi kuti ndiani achamhan'arira.

Nzira nhatu dzekuzvidavirira pasi pemutemo weDutch

Mutoro wechibvumirano unomuka kana bato rikatadza kuita zvarakasungirwa. Mutoro wemhosva unomuka pasina chibvumirano, apo mufambiro usiri pamutemo kune rimwe bato uye unogona kunzi ndewemunhu akakonzera. Mutoro wehunhu unobatanidza kugona pane kuita: mushandirwi ane mhosva yekukanganisa kwevashandi vake, muridzi wechinhu chakakanganisika, mugadziri wechigadzirwa chakakanganisika, kungave kuti pane akange asina hanya here kana kuti kwete. Muchokwadi, munhu anonyunyuta anowanzo kumbira zvikonzero zvakawanda panguva imwe chete, uye dziviriro inofanira kuvakwa yega yega yega.

Chero nzira ipi zvayo inotorwa, zvinhu zvina zvinodzoka: kutyorwa kwemutemo kana chiito chisiri pamutemo, kupiwa mhosva, kukuvara, uye kubatana kwechikonzero pakati pezviviri. Mutemo weDutch unosefawo zvichemo kuburikidza nezvinodiwa zvehukama, zvinoreva kuti mutemo wakatyorwa unofanira kunge wakagadzirirwa kudzivirira rudzi rwekukuvara kwakaitika, uye kuburikidza nedzidziso yekunzwisisa uye kururamisira (redelijkheid en billijkheid), izvo zvinogona kupfavisa kana kurodza zvinotaurwa nechibvumirano. Kukanganisa kwemubatsiri kudivi remunyoreri kunoderedza mubairo zvakaenzana.

Mhosva yekutyora chibvumirano

Bato risingaite zvarakavimbisa rinotyora mutemo (tekortkoming) uye rine mhosva yekukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nechikamu 6:74 cheMutemo weVanhu, kunze kwekunge kukundikana kwacho kusingagone kunzi kwakakonzerwa nako. Kushomeka kwevashandi, mutengesi anokugumbura kana kukwira kwemitengo kunowanzo kuve mukati menzvimbo yako yenjodzi, uye chikamu che contract force majeure ndicho chinoshandura chiyero ichocho, kwete mutemo.

Nguva ndiyo inohwinwa kana kurasika zvikumbiro zvakawanda zvechibvumirano. Kukuvadzwa kana kunonoka kubhadhara kunowanzo kubhadharwa kana munhu ane chikwereti atadza kubhadhara (verzuim), uye kutadza kubhadhara kunowanzoda chiziviso chakanyorwa chinopa nguva yakakodzera yekuita, kunze kwekunge nguva yekupedzisira yaifa, munhu ane chikwereti akati haizobhadhara, kana kuti kutadza kubhadhara kwava kusingagoneki zvachose. Mukweretesi anodarika chiziviso chekukundikana kubhadhara oenda zvakananga kune damage inowanzorasikirwa nepfungwa iyoyo chete. Mutoro wekubatana uri kune anogamuchira damage rakakanganisika, uyo anofanira kunyunyuta mukati menguva yakakodzera yekuona damage pasi pechinyorwa 6:89; kunyunyuta kunoitwa kunonoka kunodzima chikumbiro.

Kumiswa kwekutyora mutemo (ontbinding) pasi pechinyorwa 6:265 kunowanikwa kune chero kutyora mutemo kunze kwekunge kuri kudiki zvakanyanya kuti zvikwanise kururamiswa, uye kunogona kubatanidzwa nechikumbiro chekuripiswa. Kugumisa, kumisa kushanda kana kumanikidza kuti zviitwe chisarudzo chekutengeserana chine mhedzisiro yepamutemo, uye chinofanira kutorwa zvisati zvanyorwa, kwete mushure mezvo.

Mhosva mumhosva: kana mufambiro usiri pamutemo

Chinyorwa 6:162 cheMutemo weVanhu ndicho chikamu chemutemo wemhosva uye chinonyanya kushungurudza mutsika yeDutch. Maitiro haabvumirwi nemutemo kana achityora kodzero, achityora basa repamutemo, kana achikanganisa maitiro akakodzera emagariro evanhu zvichienderana nemutemo usina kunyorwa. Chikamu chechitatu ichocho ndicho chinobata makakatanwa mazhinji ebhizinesi: nzvimbo dzisina kuchengetedzeka, kutaura zvinotsausa kune mumwe munhu, kubata vashandi zvisiri pamutemo nenzira inopfuura makwikwi akakodzera, kana kuenderera mberi nebasa iro mushandi akangwara angadai akamisa. Chiito ichi chinofanira kunge chakakonzerwa nemupomerwi, nekuda kwemhosva kana nekuda kwemutemo kana tsika inogamuchirwa.

Pamamiriro ezvinhu asina kuchengetedzeka, matare eDutch ave achishandisa kwenguva yakareba zvinodiwa munyaya yaKelderluik: zvingangoita sei kuti mumwe munhu asateerere, zvingangoita sei kuti tsaona iitike, zvingangoita sei kuti migumisiro yacho ingave yakakomba, uye kuti zvingadai zvakava mutoro wakadini kutora matanho ekudzivirira. Zvinhu zvina izvozvo, zvinoshandiswa pakushanda kwako, inyaya yekutarisa mukati menzvimbo, michina, mabasa mumigwagwa yeruzhinji nezviitiko.

Mamwe mafirita maviri anoganhurira kuratidzwa. Chinodiwa chehukama muchikamu 6:163 chinoreva kuti hapana chisungo chekuripa chinoitika kana mutemo wakatyorwa usingashandi kudzivirira kukuvara kwakaitika. Uye chikamu 6:98 chinongobvumira chete kukuvara kudzoserwa uko kunogona kuverengerwa kune chiitiko chacho, tichifunga nezvemhando yemhosva uye kukuvara, iyo ndiyo nzira iyo kurasikirwa kwakakonzerwa nako kunochengetedzwa kure.

Mutoro wevanhu vako nezvinhu zvisina kunaka

Mabhizinesi ane mutoro wekukuvadza kwaasina kukonzera ivo pachavo. Mutoro uyu wehutano ndipo panowanzoonekwa makambani, nekuti hapana dziviriro pakuratidza kuti vatungamiriri vakaita nokungwarira.

Vashandi, makondirakiti uye zvinhu

Chinyorwa 6:170 chinoita kuti mushandirwi ave nemhosva kune vamwe vanhu nekuda kwezvikanganiso zvakaitwa nevashandi vake apo hukama hwebasa hwakawedzera njodzi yekukanganisa uye mushandirwi ndiye aive nesimba pamusoro pemaitiro acho. Chinyorwa 6:171 chinowedzera pfungwa imwechete kune makontrakita asiri pasi pevashandi vanoshanda pamabasa ebhizinesi, saka kuhaya kontrakita anozvishandira pachako hakubvisi njodzi kunze kwekambani. Varidzi vane mhosva yezvinhu zvinofambiswa zvisina kunaka uye kuiswa pasi peChinyorwa 6:173, kune zvivakwa nezvimwe zvivakwa pasi peChinyorwa 6:174, uye kune zvinhu zvine njodzi pasi peChinyorwa 6:175. Varidzi vezvivakwa, varidzi venzvimbo uye vatariri vezvivakwa vanofanira kuverenga zvinyorwa izvozvo sechisungo chekuchengetedza chine mutengo wakabatanidzwa.

Kukuvadzwa kwakaitwa nevashandi vako

Kuvashandi vake, mushandirwi anotongwa nechikamu 7:658, chinopa basa rekuronga nzvimbo yebasa nebasa kuitira kuti mushandi asakuvadzwe pakuita mabasa ake. Mutoro wekupa humbowo unodzoserwa shure: kana mushandi angoratidza kuti kukuvara kwakaitika panguva yebasa, mushandirwi anofanira kuratidza kuti akatevedzera basa rake rekutarisira, kana kuti kukuvara kwacho kwakakonzerwa zvikuru nechinangwa chemushandi kana kusangwarira nemaune. Kutevedzera mitemo yekuchengetedza chikamu chinhu chidiki uye hachingori chakakwana. Pamwe chete neizvozvo, basa rekushanda semushandirwi akanaka pasi pechikamu 7:611 rakashandiswa kuti vashandi vatore inishuwarenzi yakakwana mumigwagwa sechikamu chebasa ravo.

Mutoro wezvigadzirwa uye shanduko iri kuuya yeEU

Mutoro wezvigadzirwa muNetherlands unotongwa nezvinyorwa 6:185 kusvika 6:193 zveCivil Code, zvinoshandisa mutemo weEuropean Civil Code. Mugadziri ane mhosva yekukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nekukanganisa kuri muchigadzirwa chake, uye chigadzirwa chine mhosva kana chikasapa kuchengetedzeka kunotarisirwa kubva kwacho, tichifunga nezvekuratidzwa kwacho, kushandiswa kwacho kunotarisirwa uye nguva yachakashandiswa. Munhu akakuvadzwa haafanire kuratidza mhosva, asi chete kukanganisa, kukuvara uye hukama hwacho. Vanopinza zvinhu muEuropean Union nemabhizinesi anoisa zita ravo kana zita ravo pachigadzirwa vanobatwa sevagadziri, inova nyaya inobata vagovanisi nevatengesi vepachivande.

Dziviriro dzemutemo dzakaganhurirwa uye dzakananga, pakati padzo ndedzekuti mugadziri haana kuisa chigadzirwa muropa, kuti chikanganiso chakanga chisipo panguva iyoyo, kana kuti mamiriro esainzi neruzivo rwehunyanzvi panguva iyoyo haana kubvumira chikanganiso kuti chiwanikwe. Zvikumbiro zvinoenderana nenguva yazvo: nguva yemuganho wemakore matatu kubva pazuva iro munhu akakuvara aiziva nezvekukuvadzwa, chikanganiso uye kuzivikanwa kwemugadziri, uye nguva yese yemakore gumi mushure mekunge chigadzirwa chaiswa muropa, mushure mezvo kodzero yacho inopera.

Hurongwa uhwu huri kutsiviwa. Directive (EU) 2024/2853 inovandudza mutoro wezvigadzirwa muEuropean Union, ichiuwedzera kune software, masevhisi edhijitari ane chekuita nezvigadzirwa nemabhizinesi anochinja chigadzirwa zvakanyanya, uye kugadzirisa mutoro weuchapupu muzviitiko zvakaoma. Nyika dziri Nhengo dzinofanira kunge dzatanga kushanda musi wa9 Zvita 2026, uye bhiri reDutch rekushandisa raive richiri kuenderera mberi nemaitiro emutemo mukati megore ra2026. Kusvika mutemo wekushandisa watanga kushanda, zvinyorwa zviripo zveCivil Code zvinoshanda, uye mitemo mitsva ichashanda kune zvigadzirwa zvakaiswa pamusika mushure mezuva rinotarwa nemutemo wekushandisa. Vagadziri, vanopinza nevatengesi vesoftware vanofanirwa kuongorora magwaro avo, mafaira ehunyanzvi uye zvibvumirano zvevatengesi izvozvi pane mushure mekuchinja.

Mutoro wemutungamiriri: kana nhoo yekambani isingabati

Kambani yakazvimirira ine miganhu (besloten vennootschap) inodzivirira vagovani vayo, asi kwete vatungamiriri vayo vega. Mukati, director anokundikana kuita mabasa avo nemazvo anosungirwa kambani pasi pechinyorwa 2:9 cheCivil Code, asi chete kana paine kuzvidzwa kwakakomba (ernstig verwijt) kunogona kuitwa; sarudzo yebhizinesi inozoguma yakaipa haina kukwana. Kunze, director anogona kuve nemhosva yekukanganisa kune anokweretesa, kazhinji apo director akapinda muzvisungo panzvimbo yekambani achiziva, kana kuti achisungirwa kunzwisisa, kuti kambani haizokwanisi kuita uye haizopi rubatsiro, kana apo director akarambidza kubhadhara chikumbiro chiripo.

Mukusabhadhara mari, chinzvimbo chinokura. Kana bhodhi rakaita mabasa aro zvisina kunaka uye icho chiri chikonzero chikuru chekusabhadhara mari, director wega wega ane mutoro pamwe chete uye mumwe nemumwe wekushomeka kwemari munhaka. Kukundikana kuchengeta maakaundi akakodzera kana kuisa maakaundi egore negore nenguva kunoonekwa sekushanda kusina kunaka uye kunoita kuti pave nefungidziro yekuti ndizvo zvakakonzera kusabhadhara mari, izvo director anofanira kuzviramba. Nguva yekutarisa kumashure inosvika makore matatu kusati kwabhadhara mari. Kuisa mari nenguva uye kuchengetedza manejimendi anoongororwa saka harisi basa rekutonga asi inishuwarenzi yemhosva yakachipa iyo bhodhi inogona kutenga.

Kuderedza mutoro: zvibvumirano, mazwi akajairika uye inishuwarenzi

Pakati pemabhizinesi, mutemo weDutch unosiya mukana wakakura wekupa njodzi kuburikidza nechibvumirano: muganho wezvakakuvadzwa, kusabviswa kwekurasikirwa kunotevera, nguva pfupi yekuzivisa, chiyero chakatsanangurwa chekuendeswa kwemari. Zvikamu izvozvo zvinogara kwenguva refu kupfuura zvinofungidzirwa nevanhu, asi kwete pasina miganhu. Kusabatanidzwa hakuzoshandiswi kana kuvimba nazvo kusingagamuchirwi zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvine musoro uye zvakarurama, uye ndiwo mhedzisiro yakajairika apo kukuvara kwakakonzerwa nechinangwa kana kusangwarira kwevatungamiriri vekambani, kana apo kuchengetedzeka kwevanhu kwaive panjodzi.

Mitemo nemipimo zvinosunga mumwe munhu chete kana zvakawanikwa kare kana panguva yekupa chibvumirano, nenzira iyo mugamuchiri anogona kuchengetedza, uye seti yemagetsi inoda kuti mumwe munhu akwanise kuichengeta. Chikamu chiri museti chisina kumbopihwa chinogona kubviswa, izvo zvinoita kuti muganho wakanyorwa nokungwarira usave chinhu. Kune vatengi, runyorwa rwemitemo rwezvikamu zvinorambidzwa uye zvinofungidzirwa zvinoshandawo, uye kusabatanidzwa kwemhosva yekukuvara kwemunhu hakuzorarami.

Inishuwarenzi ndiyo chikamu chechitatu. Chifukidzo chemhosva dzekutengeserana, chifukidzo chehunyanzvi chekuripa mabasa ekupa mazano, chifukidzo chekudzosa zvigadzirwa uye vatungamiriri nevakuru vanofukidza kero yega yega nenzira yakasiyana, uye mikaha iri pakati pavo ndiyo nzvimbo ine kurasikirwa kusina inishuwarenzi. Mitemo inoisa mabasa ekuzivisa ane nguva pfupi uye inowanzo bvisa faindi nezvisungo zvechibvumirano zvinopfuura mutemo, saka mazwi emutemo anofanirwa kuverengwa zvakafanana nechibvumirano chainoda kutsigira. Magweta edu emhosva anoongorora chibvumirano, mazwi akajairika uye chifukidzo sepakeji imwe chete, nekuti ndizvo zvichavakanganisa kana paine chikumbiro.

Mazuva ekupedzisira uye zvekuita kana chikumbiro chasvika

Nguva yekuganhurirwa kwezvikumbiro zvekukuvadzwa ndeyemakore mashanu kubva pazuva rakatorwa munhu akakuvadzwa kuti azive nezvekukuvadzwa uye munhu ane mhosva, uye nguva yekuganhurirwa ndeyemakore makumi maviri mushure mechiitiko ichi, pasi pechikamu 3:310 cheMutemo weVanhu. Mamwe mapoka, akadai semhosva yezvigadzirwa uye kukuvara kwemunhu nezvinhu zvine njodzi, ane maitiro awo. Nguva yekuganhurirwa inogona kudzoserwa nechiziviso chakanyorwa umo mukweretesi anochengetedza kodzero yake yekuita basa, pasi pechikamu 3:317, uye tsamba yekuganhurirwa yakanyorwa zvakanaka ndeimwe yemitemo yepamutemo yakachipa iripo.

Kana chikumbiro chasvika, kutevedzana kwenyaya kunokosha. Zivisai kambani yenyu yeinishuwarenzi nekukasika, nekuti kunonoka kuzivisa kunogona kudhura mari inovharwa. Chengetedza humbowo huripo: zvinyorwa zvekugadzira, magwaro ekuchengetedza, tsamba dzeemail, manotsi ekutumira, shanduro dzemashoko akajairwa akatumirwa. Musabvuma mhosva, uye musapa chibvumirano cherudo rwechokwadi musati mava pachena, nekuti zvese zvinogona kushandiswa pamusoro penyu uye zvinogona kutyora mutemo wenyu. Wobva waongorora kuti muri kupomerwa mhosva papi, kana hwaro ihwohwo huchienderana nechokwadi, kana mumhan'ari akanyunyuta nenguva, uye kana kukuvara kuri kutaurwa kunogona kuverengerwa pachiitiko chacho zvachose.

Kudzivirira ndiko kumwe chete kwakaitwa kare. Ongorora zvibvumirano zvako zvakajairwa uye mitemo yakajairika uchienzanisa nenjodzi dzauri kuita, tarisa kuti mitemo yako yakapihwa zvechokwadi chibvumirano chega chega chisati chapera, nyora pasi sarudzo dzekuchengetedza uye dzemhando yepamusoro dzaunotora, chengetedza manejimendi yekambani uye nyora maakaundi egore nenguva, uye dzidzisa vashandi vanoita zvibvumirano panzvimbo yako. Hapana chimwe chezvizvi chinodhura kana tichienzanisa nechikumbiro chinokakavadzana.

Law & More inopa mazano kumakambani nezvekuva nemhosva uye inoadzivirira kana paine chikumbiro, kubva pakuongororwa kwechibvumirano uye mazwi akajairika kusvika kumatare edzimhosva, mhosva yezvigadzirwa uye mhosva yemutungamiriri. Eindhoven uye Amsterdam uye shandira vatengi vekuDutch nevekunze kwenyika. Ndapota udza mashoko Law & More B.V. kana uchida kuti chinzvimbo chako chiongororwe.