Mhosva yebhizinesi pasi pemutemo weDutch inotsamira pazvikonzero zviviri. Kambani ine mhosva yekutyora chibvumirano pasi pechikamu 6:74 cheBurgerlijk Wetboek, uye yekuitira munhu asina chibvumirano naye pasi pechikamu 6:162 BW. Pamusoro pezvo, Civil Code inoti bhizinesi rinoita mabasa evashandi varo uye evashandi varo, uye njodzi dzezvinhu zvinofambiswa, zvivakwa nezvinhu zvine njodzi zvarinoshanda. Ruzhinji rwekusangana ikoko kunogona kuganhurirwa nechibvumirano, asi kwete zvese, uye chikamu chemiganhu chinoshanda chete kana chakabvumiranwa nemazvo.
Chinyorwa chino chinobata nemhosva kubva pamaonero ekambani: kwainobva, njodzi dzipi dzinonzi dzinoitwa nemutemo, uye kuti chibvumirano chinogona kudzideredza kusvika papi. Zvinodiwa zvemhosva zvakatsanangurwa muchinyorwa chedu pamusoro pekuti uri mutoro wei pakukuvadzwa , uye nzira kubva pakukumbira muripo kuenda kune muripo mugwara redu rekukumbira mhosva.
Zvikonzero zviviri zvemhosva yebhizinesi, uye nei musiyano wacho uchikosha
Mutoro wechibvumirano unomuka kana bato rikatadza kuita chisungo uye kukundikana ikoko kunokonzerwa nacho. Chinyorwa 6:74 BW chinomanikidza bato rakatadza kubhadhara kukuvara, asi kazhinji kana mukwereti atadza kubhadhara, izvo zvinoda chiziviso chakanyorwa chinopa nguva yakakodzera yekuita pasi pechinyorwa 6:82 BW. Chiziviso hachidikanwi kana kuita kwave kusingagoneki zvachose kana kuti nguva yakatarwa yapfuura, uye kutyorwa kwakakomba kunovhurawo nzira yekugumiswa kwechibvumirano pasi pechinyorwa 6:265 BW.
Mutoro wemhosva ndiyo nzira yasara. Chinyorwa 6:162 BW chinosanganisira mapoka matatu ezviito zvisina kururama: kutyorwa kwekodzero, chiito kana kusaita zvinopesana nebasa remutemo, uye maitiro akasiyana nezvinodiwa munharaunda. Chiito chinofanira kunge chakakonzerwa, panofanira kunge paine kukuvara, kubatana kwechikonzero, uye mutemo wakatyorwa unofanirwa kunge wakagadzirirwa kudzivirira rudzi rwekukuvara kwakaitika, chinodiwa chehukama muchikamu 6:163 BW. Kukuvadzwa kunoripwa kusvika panogona kuverengerwa nechiitiko semhedzisiro pasi pechinyorwa 6:98 BW, icho mumakakatanwa ekutengeserana ndipo panoitika nharo zhinji.
Musiyano uyu une chekuita nebhizinesi. Chikumbiro chechibvumirano chinogona kuvharwa, kusabviswa kana kuitwa zvichienderana nenguva pfupi yekuzivisa; chikumbiro chekutyora mutemo nebato rechitatu hachigone kuganhurirwa nechibvumirano chisina kumbosainwa nebato. Ndosaka chiitiko chimwe chete, kuiswa kwemvura, kutama kusina kufambiswa zvakanaka, boka rakakanganisika, zvinogona kupa chikumbiro chidiki kubva kumutengi uye chikumbiro chisina kuvharwa kubva kune rimwe bato rakarasikirwa.
Mutoro wevanhu nezvinhu zvinoshandiswa nebhizinesi
Chikamu chikuru chekufumurwa kwemakambani chinokonzerwa nemutemo kwete nemhosva. Pasi pechinyorwa 6:170 BW, mushandirwi ane mhosva yekukuvadzwa kwakakonzerwa kune mumwe munhu wechitatu nemhosva yemushandi wake, uko njodzi yekukanganisa yakawedzerwa nebasa raakapihwa uye mushandirwi ndiye aive nesimba pamusoro pemaitiro acho. Chinyorwa 6:171 BW chinowedzera pfungwa imwechete kune makontrakita asiri pasi pevashandi anoshandiswa mukuita bhizinesi, saka kuhaya mukontrakita mudiki hakubvisi njodzi kunze kwekambani. Chinyorwa 6:172 BW inoita zvakafanana kune vamiririri vanoshanda mukati mesimba ravo.
Mutemo uyu unotiwo njodzi dzezvinhu. Muridzi wechinhu chisina kunaka chinofambiswa ane mhosva pasi pechinyorwa 6:173 BW, muridzi wechivako kana chivakwa pasi pechinyorwa 6:174 BW, uye mushandisi wechinhu chine njodzi pasi pechinyorwa 6:175 BW. Kana zvinhu izvozvo zvichishandiswa mukuita bhizinesi, chinyorwa 6:181 BW chinochinja mutoro kubva kune muridzi kuenda kune mushandi webhizinesi, ndosaka muridzi wefekitori, kwete muridzi wemba, achiwanzova ndiye ane mhosva.
Mutoro wechigadzirwa, uye shanduko inouya kwachiri
Mugadziri ane mhosva yekukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nechigadzirwa chisina kunaka pasi pechinyorwa 6:185 BW nezvinotevera. Munhu akakuvadzwa anofanira kuratidza kuti chakakanganisika, chakakuvadzwa uye chikonzero chacho, kwete kuregeredza. Dziviriro dzakaganhurirwa uye dzinosanganisira dziviriro yenjodzi yekukura, uye, zvakakosha pakunyora, chinyorwa 6:192 BW chinoti mhosva iyi haigone kusiyiwa kana kuganhurirwa kune munhu akakuvadzwa. Mutengesi asingakwanise kuziva mutengesi wake anogona kuzviwana achibatwa semugadziri.
Hurongwa uhwu hwava kuda kuchinja. Directive (EU) 2024/2853 inotsiva murairo wemhosva yezvigadzirwa wa1985, inowedzera pfungwa yechigadzirwa kusoftware uye kumafaira ekugadzira edhijitari, inowedzera kukuvara kwakadai sekurasikirwa kana kuora kwedata, uye inorerutsa mutoro weuchapupu muzviitiko zvakaoma. Nyika dziri nhengo dzinofanirwa kuichinja panosvika 9 Zvita 2026 uye inoshanda kune zvigadzirwa zvakaiswa pamusika mushure mezuva iroro. Bhiri reDutch rinogadzirisa Bhuku 6 BW rakapfuura nekubvunzurudzwa neveruzhinji muna 2025 uye harisati ratanga kushanda, saka zvinyorwa zviripo zvino zvichiri kushanda parizvino; makambani esoftware nevanopinza vanofanirwa kuongorora magwaro avo neinishuwarenzi yavo izvozvi.
Vatungamiriri nekambani
Kana kambani isingakwanise kubhadhara, vanokumbira mari vanotarisa bhodhi. Mutungamiriri ane chikwereti chekushanda mabasa ake nekambani pasi pechinyorwa 2:9 BW, uye anogona kuva nemhosva kune anokweretesa pasi pechinyorwa 6:162 BW apo akapinda muchisungo achiziva, kana kwaaifanira kunge akanzwisisa, kuti kambani yaisazokwanisa kuita basa rayo uye yaisazopa rubatsiro. Mukubhuroka, chinyorwa 2:248 BW chinoita kuti bhodhi rive nemhosva yekushomeka kwemari apo rakaita basa raro zvisina kunaka uye icho chaive chikonzero chikuru chekusakwanisa kubhadhara, nekukundikana kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvakakodzera kana kuisa maakaundi egore nenguva zvichikonzera fungidziro kubhodhi. Zvinyorwa zvedu pamusoro pemhosva yevatungamiriri uye pamusoro pemhosva yemakambani neboka zvinoongorora zviyero izvozvo zvakadzama.
Kuderedza mutoro pachibvumirano: zvinotenderwa nemutemo weDutch
Chitsauko chekuregererwa, chinoganhurira kana kusabvisa mutoro, chinonyanya kushanda pakati pemabhizinesi pasi pemutemo weDutch. Miganhu yacho inoiswa muchikamu 6:248 ndima 2 BW: bato harigone kuvimba nechikamu apo kuita izvozvo kwaisazogamuchirwa nematanho ekunzwisisa uye kururamisira. Mukuita, dare rinoongorora kukomba kwekutyorwa kwemutemo, rudzi rwekukuvara, hukama pakati pemapato, kana chikamu chacho chakatauriranwa, uye kana njodzi yacho yaive neinishuwarenzi kana kuti isina inishuwarenzi. Chitsauko chinowanzoiswa parutivi kana kukuvara kwacho kwakakonzerwa nemaune kana nekushaya hanya kwekambani kana avo vanoitungamirira.
Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nemutemo wakajeka wekunyora: muganho wemari unoramba uripo, muganho wemari unowanzoramba uripo. Muganho unoratidzwa sehuwandu hwemari inobhadharwa pasi pechibvumirano, kana semari inobhadharwa neinishuwarenzi, pamwe chete nekusabatanidzwa kwekurasikirwa kwakakonzerwa neprofit yakarasika uye kukanganiswa kwebhizinesi, wakasimba kupfuura chikamu chinoratidza kusabatanidzwa kwemhosva dzese.
Mapoka matatu haagone kubatwa nenzira iyi zvachose. Mutoro wechinhu chisina kunaka haugone kusiyiwa kune munhu akakuvara. Mutoro kune vatengi unosungirwa nemazita matema negrey ari muBhuku 6 BW, uye chikamu chisingasanganisi mutoro werufu kana kukuvara kwemunhu hachizomiri. Uye chikamu hachigone kudzikamisa chikumbiro chemunhu wechitatu mukukanganisa, nekuti bato iroro harisi bato muchibvumirano; chikamu chechitatu chakanyorwa zvakanaka kana cheni yezvibvumirano ndicho chinogona kugadzirisa izvozvo.
Chitsauko chinofanirawo kunge chakabvumiranwa
Chirevo chekuregererwa mumashoko akajairika chinobatsira chete kana mashoko acho akabatanidzwa zviri pamutemo. Mushandisi anofanira kupa mumwe munhu mukana wakakodzera wekucherechedza mashoko acho, nekupa chibvumirano chisati chapera kana panguva iyoyo; kana izvozvo zvikasaitika, mashoko acho anogona kubviswa uye muganho unonyangarika nawo. Kana mapato ese ari maviri achitaura nezvemashoko avo, chirevo chekutanga chinokunda kunze kwekunge mumwe wacho aramba. Tsananguro yedu yemashoko akajairika nemamiriro ezvinhu inoratidza mashandiro acho.
Zvimwe zvibvumirano zviviri zvinoshanda chaizvo. Chikamu chekunyunyuta chinogadza nguva iyo zvikanganiso zvinofanira kutaurwa, iyo inotsigira basa repamutemo riri muchikamu 6:89 BW rekuratidzira mukati menguva yakakodzera, uye kurasikirwa nebasa iroro ndeimwe yedziviriro dzinoshanda kwazvo dzinowanikwa kune mutengesi. Uye muripo, kusiyana nekuregererwa, unoshandura chikumbiro chebato rechitatu kune mumwe wevanoshanda naye; ndiyo mhinduro yakajairika apo kontrakita mudiki anoshanda panzvimbo yemutengi wako.
Nguva yakatarwa: makambani ekudzivirira anokanganwa kuunganidza
Mutoro usingambokumbirwi panguva haufanirwe kubhadharwa. Chikumbiro chekuripiswa nekuda kwechiito chisina kururama kana kutyora mutemo chinova nenguva yakatarwa makore mashanu mushure mezuva iro munhu akakuvadzwa akaziva zvese kukuvara uye munhu ane mhosva, uye chero mushure memakore makumi maviri mushure mechiitiko ichi, pasi pechinyorwa 3:310 BW. Chikumbiro chekuitwa kwechibvumirano chinowanzo kuve nenguva yemakore mashanu kubva pazuva raifanira kuitwa. Nguva yekuganhurirwa inogona kukanganiswa nechiziviso chakanyorwa chinochengetedza kodzero yekuita, sezvinodiwa nechinyorwa 3:317 BW; kunyunyuta kusina kurongeka hakugari kwakakwana.
Pamwe chete nemuganhu uyu pane basa rekunyunyuta muchikamu 6:89 BW. Mutengi kana mutengi anowana chikanganiso anofanira kuratidzira mukati menguva yakakodzera, uye zvinonzwisisika zvinoenderana nerudzi rwechibvumirano uye kukuvara kwacho. Ziva kuti nguva yakatarwa yemwedzi miviri dzimwe nguva inotorwa inoshanda chete pakutengeswa kwezvinhu zvinofambiswa nevatengi, kwete kumakondirakiti ekutengeserana kana kutenga imba, uko mwero unoramba uri nguva yakakodzera. Kumakambani mhedzisiro inoshanda iri nyore: nyora zvichemo nekunyora, nemusi, uye usarega hurukuro ichienderera kwemwedzi yakawanda usina kuinyora.
Mabasa ekutonga anoshanduka kuita mutoro
Chikamu chiri kukura chekufumurwa kwemakambani chinobva pamabasa emutemo ayo kutyorwa kwawo kuri chiito chisina kururama, kana kuti ayo vatongi vanomanikidza nefaindi. Kubva musi wa15 Nyamavhuvhu 2026, Cyberbeveiligingswet, kushandiswa kweNIS2 Directive yekuNetherlands, inoda kuti masangano ari muzvikamu zvakatarwa anyorese neNational Cyber Security Centre, atore matanho akakodzera ekugadzirisa njodzi, uye anyore chiitiko chakakosha mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana nemushumo wakazara mukati memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri. Pasi peGeneral Data Protection Regulation, kutyorwa kwedata remunhu kunofanirwa kuziviswa kuAutoriteit Persoonsgegevens mukati memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri, uye avo vakakanganiswa vanogona kukumbira muripo wekukuvadzwa.
Panyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwemakambani, mamiriro acho akachinja nekuvandudzwa kweOmnibus. Directive (EU) 2026/470 yakachinja Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive: mutemo wekuti murairo wekutanga waivepo wabviswa, muganho wezvirango wakaiswa pa3 muzana, shanduko inofanira kubhadharwa musi wa26 Chikunguru 2028 uye chikumbiro chinotanga musi wa26 Chikunguru 2029. Saka zvichemo zvinopomerwa makambani pamusoro pemamiriro ekunze nekukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvinoramba zvichiunzwa zvichienderana nechikamu 6:162 BW, sezviri mukutongwa kweShell, umo mutongo wa2021 wakabviswa musi wa12 Mbudzi 2024 ukuwo kuvapo kwebasa rekutarisira kwakaramba kuripo uye kutongwa kuri kumirira. Hazvina kururama kutaura kuti Klimaatwet inoisa mutoro kumakambani ega ega; inoisa zvinangwa zvehurongwa hwehurumende.
Kune njere dzekugadzira, chinzvimbo ichi chinowanzo taurwa zvakanyanya. Pasi pemutemo weAI, zvinorambidzwa, mitemo yeAI models dzebasa rakajairika uye zvisungo zvekujekesa zviri kushanda, nepo hurongwa hwenjodzi hwakambomiswa, kusvika 2 Zvita 2027 kune masisitimu akanyorwa muAnnex III uye kusvika 2 Nyamavhuvhu 2028 kune ari pasi peAnnex I. Mutemo weAI Liability Directive wakakurudzirwa wakabviswa, saka kukuvara kunokonzerwa neAI system kunoongororwa pasi pemitemo yakajairika yemutemo weDutch liability uye, kana wangoshandurwa, pasi pehurongwa hwechigadzirwa hwakagadziriswazve.
Zvekugadzirira izvozvi
Tanga nezvibvumirano zvine mari yakawanda uye tarisa zvinhu zvitatu: kana mitemo yako yakajairika yakapihwa chibvumirano chisati chapera, kana chikamu chemhosva chine muganho wakaenzana uye kusabviswa kwekurasikirwa kunotevera pane kusabviswa kwese, uye kana nguva yekunyunyuta nebasa rekuzivisa zvichibatanidzwa. Wobva watarisa hukama huri kunze kwezvibvumirano izvozvo, makambani madiki, mapato echitatu ari panzvimbo, zvigadzirwa zviri mumunda, nekuti ndipo panopihwa muganho nemutemo uye haugone kuvharwa.
Chechipiri, enzanisa inishuwarenzi nezvikamu. Muganho uri pasi pemari ine inishuwarenzi unosiya kukosha patafura; muganho uri pamusoro payo unosiya kambani iine mutsauko. Mutoro wezvese, muripo wehunyanzvi, kudzoserwa kwechigadzirwa, cyber nevatungamiriri nevakuru vanofukidza mhinduro yega yega chikamu chakasiyana chemufananidzo, uye mamiriro ekuzivisa mumitemo iyoyo akaomarara.
Chechitatu, chengetai zvinyorwa. Mumakakatanwa pamusoro pemhosva, bato rinogona kuratidza zvakabvumiranwa, zvakashumwa uye rini, uye matanho akatorwa anowanzo shanda, chero chirevo chinotaura. Izvozvo zvinoshanda zvakaenzana kubhodhi: maminetsi, kuongororwa kwenjodzi uye kunyorwa kwemaakaundi egore nenguva ndizvo zvinoita kuti hurukuro pamusoro pehutungamiriri husina kunaka ive pfupi.
sei Law and More anogona kubatsira
Law and More inopa mazano kumabhizinesi panyaya yemhosva: kunyora nekuongorora zvirevo zvekusunungurwa uye zvekuripa mhosva uye mazwi akajairika, kuongorora kuratidzwa kwemhosva pasi pechibvumirano uye mukukanganisa, kudzivirira nekutumira zvichemo, uye kupa mazano kumabhodhi pamusoro pemhosva yemunhu. Kana uchida kuti zvibvumirano zvako kana chikumbiro chakati chiongororwe, ndapota taura nesu.
