Gweta muNetherlands: zvingaitwa negweta reDutch uye kuti ungasarudza sei rimwe

Gweta muNetherlands igweta rakapika pamberi pedare reDutch uye rakanyoreswa murejista yenyika inochengetwa neNederlandse Orde van Advocaden (NOvA, iyo Dutch Bar Association). Gweta chete ndiro rinogona kutungamira nyaya dzemutengi pamberi perechtbank (dare redunhu), gerechtshof (dare repamusoro) kana Hoge Raad (Dare Repamusorosoro), uye zita racho rinodzivirirwa: hapana munhu ari kunze kwerejista anogona kurishandisa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemutemo, dzakadai segweta kana mupi wezano wezvemitemo wemukati, dzinogona kupa mazano, kunyora uye kutaurirana, asi hadzigone kuuya panzvimbo yako apo mutemo unoda kumiririrwa nemumiriri.

Gwaro iri rinotsanangura zvinorehwa nemusiyano iwoyo mukuita: kuti ndeapi mamiriro ezvinhu aungatonga iwe pachako uye kuti ndeapi ausingazotonge, kuti mumiriri anodzidziswa sei uye anotariswa sei, kuti ruzivo rwehunyanzvi rwunofukidza sei zvakavanzika, kuti mari dzinobvumiranwa sei, uye kuti ungaongorora sei mumaminitsi mashoma kana munhu ari pamberi pako akanyoreswa zvechokwadi. Rakanyorwa kumakambani nevanhu vari kusangana nemutemo weDutch kekutanga, kusanganisira makambani ekune dzimwe nyika nevanobva kunze kwenyika.

Chii chinonzi mumiriri, uye chinosiyana sei nenyanzvi yezvemitemo?

Mumiriri wese wepamutemo igweta, asi haasi gweta rese rinomiririra. Izwi rechiDutch rekuti jurist rinoreva chero munhu ane dhigirii remutemo uye haritauri chinhu nezvekubvumidzwa kuBar. Mumiriri anenge apedza dhigirii remutemo reDutch rine simba rehurumende (chinodiwa kuti munhu apinde mumutemo), apika mhiko pamberi pedare, uye anoonekwa patableau, rejista yesangano remagweta remunharaunda mune rimwe rematunhu gumi nerimwe ematare. Kunyoresa ikoko, kwete dhigirii, kune kodzero yekumhan'arira.

Mutemo weAdvocadenwet (Counsel Act) ndiwo unoisa hurongwa hwacho. Chinyorwa 10a chinoisa zvinhu zvishanu zvinokosha zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa nemumiriri wese: kuzvimiririra, kutsigira mumiriri, hunyanzvi, kuvimbika uye kuvanzika. Kutsigira mumiriri kunofanirwa kusimbiswa nekuti kunowanzo verengwa zvisizvo. Mumiriri haasi mutongi asina kwaakarerekera asi anofanira kuita zvakanakira mutengi mumwe chete, uye anofanira kuramba mirairo kana zvakanakira mumiriri iyeye zvichipesana nezvaanofarira.

Kutarisirwa kunoitwa nebazi remagweta emunharaunda, iro rinoongorora zvichemo uye rinogona kuunza nyaya kumatare edzimhosva. NOvA ndiyo inogadza mitemo yehunyanzvi, inochengetedza rejista yenyika uye inotarisira dzidzo inoenderera mberi. Chimiro ichocho ndicho chikonzero nei mumiriri weDutch achigona kuongororwa, kupomerwa mhosva uye, kana zvakaipisisa, kubviswa, nenzira isingagone kupiwa mupi wezano wezvemitemo asina kudzorwa.

Kana kumiririrwa negweta kuchidikanwa

Mutemo uyu uri muchikamu 79 cheWetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvorordering (Rv, iyo Code of Civil Procedure): munyaya dziri pamberi pemapato eKantonrechter anogona kuita zvaanoda, uye mune dzimwe nyaya dzese dzematare edzimhosva vanogona kuita zvaanoda kuburikidza negweta chete. Saka mutsetse wekuparadzanisa unotevera kutonga kweKantonrechter, chikamu chidiki chedare redunhu, iro pasi pechikamu 93 Rv rinonzwa zvikumbiro zvemari kusvika pamuganho wepamutemo weEUR 25,000 pamwe nekukakavadzana kwebasa, rendi, masangano uye zvikwereti zvevatengi chero huwandu huri panjodzi.

Zviri nyore kutaura kuti mugumisiro wacho ndewekuti. Nyaya yekudzingwa kana gakava rerendi inogona kuendeswa pasina gweta; chikumbiro chekutengeserana cheEUR 100,000, gakava revaridzi vemasheya kana kurambidzwa kwemutemo pamberi pevoorzieningenrechter hazvigoneke. Pakukwirira kumiririrwa negweta regerechshof kunosungirwa, uye mukutonga pamberi peHoge Raad, mumiriri ane chitupa chekuwedzera cheadvocaat bij de Hoge Raad ndiye chete anogona kuita basa. Nyaya yedu pamusoro pezvinoreva kumiririrwa kwemutemo pasi pemutemo weDutch inotsanangura izvi zvakadzama.

Minda miviri inoshanda zvakasiyana. Mumutemo wekutonga pasi peAlgemene wet bestuursrecht unogona kuendesa nyaya yekupikisa uye kukwidza nyaya yacho iwe pachako kana kubatsirwa nechero mumiriri ane mvumo, uye hapana gweta rinodiwa. Munyaya dzemhosva munhu anofungidzirwa haambosungirwi kudzidzisa gweta rekudzivirira, asi ane kodzero yekubvunza rimwe gweta risati rasvika uye panguva yekubvunzurudzwa kwemapurisa, uye gweta rinopihwa kana munhu anofungidzirwa asungwa.

Munhu anova sei mutsigiri muNetherlands

Nzira yacho inogadzwa nemutemo uye inotora makore kwete mwedzi. Inotanga nenyanzvi yemitemo yeDutch inosangana nezvinodiwa nemutemo wehurumende, ichiteverwa negwaro rekuzvibata (verklaring omtrent het gedrag, VOG) uye mhiko pamberi pedare. Kubva panguva iyoyo mutsva anenge ari mutsigiri: chikamu 9b cheAdvocatenwet chinoda kuti makore matatu ekutanga ekudzidzira aitwe pasi pekutarisirwa kwemubatsiri, mutsigiri ane ruzivo anotarisira mudzidzi, nenguva yacho ichiwedzerwa zvakaenzana kune chero ani zvake anoshanda nguva isina kukwana.

Pamwe chete nekudzidziswa uku, Beroepsopleiding Advocaten, chirongwa chekudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi chemakore maviri chakarongwa neNOvA. Chinosanganisa hunyanzvi hwekumhan'ara nyaya, tsika dzehunyanzvi uye mutemo wekuranga nezvidzidzo zvemutemo zvine musoro uye chinopera nebvunzo; kukundikana bvunzo idzi kunogumisa kudzidza.

Kukodzera hakusi kuguma kwechisungo. Mumiriri wega wega anofanira kuwana mapoinzi edzidzo makumi maviri pagore rega rega, hafu yacho iri pamutemo, pamwe nemapoinzi gumi epamutemo pamunda wega wega unonyorwa murechtsgebiedenregister. Mumiriri haanyore pasi pemunda mumwe chete uye kwete kupfuura mina, izvo zvinoita kuti kunyoresa ikoko kuve gwara riri nani rehunyanzvi hwechokwadi kupfuura runyorwa rwenzvimbo dzekudzidzira dziri pawebhusaiti. Inishuwarenzi yehunyanzvi uye hofisi inosangana nezvinodiwa zveNOvA zvinosungirwawo.

Kuvanzika uye ropafadzo yepamutemo yehunyanzvi

Chikamu 11a cheMutemo weAdvocate chinoisa basa rekuchengetedza zvakavanzika rinofukidza zvese zvinozivikanwa nemumiriri mubasa iri. Rinoshanda kune wese munhu anoshanda pasi pegweta, harina zuva rekupera uye rinogara riripo kusvika pakuguma kwemumiriri.

Chikamu chayo chemaitiro i verschoningsrecht, kodzero yekuramba kupa humbowo, inozivikanwa nemagweta muchikamu 218 cheWetboek van Strafvordering uye inoshandiswawo mumatare edzimhosva. Saka kunyorerana tsamba negweta rako hazvigoneke kune vane masimba vanoferefeta uye kune vanopikisa. Ndiyo chikonzero chinoshanda chekubvunza mubvunzo wakaoma kune mumiriri pane kumupi wezano asina dziviriro yakadaro.

Pane miganhu, uye inokosha kuziva. Mutemo wekurwisa kubiwa kwemari (Wwft) unoshanda kune vanotsigira masevhisi akatsanangurwa, akadai sekubatsira mukutenga kana kutengeswa kwezvivakwa kana mukuvaka makambani, asi hapana panosvika gweta parinosarudza chinzvimbo chemutengi kana kuita chimwe chinhu mumatare edzimhosva. Kuvanza zvakavanzika hakupewo dziviriro yekubatsira mutengi kupara mhosva.

Maitiro ekuona kuti gweta rakanyoreswa

NOvA ine gwaro repamutemo iro munhu wese anogona kutsvaga nezita rake kana nehofisi yake. Rinoratidza kana kunyoresa kuripo, kubvira panguva iyo munhu wacho akagamuchirwa, hofisi yaanoshanda uye minda yemutemo yaakanyoresa. Kune magweta ane hunyanzvi kune dzimwe nzvimbo muEuropean Union, European e-Justice Portal inobatanidza nemarejista enyika akafanana. Cheki yacho inotora miniti imwe chete uye ndiyo nzira imwe chete inoshanda yekuchenjerera usati wasaina tsamba yekuvimbisana.

Tarisa kupfuura zviri pachena. Ko minda yakanyoreswa inoenderana nedambudziko rako here, pane chibvumirano chekubhadhara chakanyorwa here, uye hofisi ine inishuwarenzi here sezvinodiwa nemitemo? Mazita ekuremekedza akadai semupi wezano wezvemitemo, mupi wezano kana mubatsiri wemutemo haana dziviriro: munhu anoshandisa rimwe racho anogona kunge akanaka kwazvo, asi haasi pasi peAdvocatenwet, haasi pasi pekutarisirwa kwechirango uye asina kufukidzwa nekodzero dzehunyanzvi.

Mari yekushandisa mumiririri wezvemitemo uye kuti mari inobvumiranwa sei

Makambani emutemo ekuNetherlands akasununguka kuzvisarudzira mitengo yawo yeawa; hapana mutero wepamutemo webasa remutemo. Chinonyanya kukosha kupfuura nhamba iyi chibvumirano chiri shure kwayo. Kumbira tsamba yakanyorwa yekubatana inotaura mutero, kana mari yehofisi iri pamusoro, kuti mari dzakadai semari yedare nemari yedare remhosva dzinobatwa sei, uye kuti VAT inowedzerwa. Mari dzakagadziriswa uye bhajeti dzakarongwa zvakajairika pabasa rakatsanangurwa sekubatanidza kambani kana kunyora zvibvumirano. Ongororo yedu yemari yegweta muNetherlands inoratidza maitiro akajairika.

Mari nhatu dzinogara dzichiregeredzwa. Mari dzedare (griffierecht) dzinobhadharwa pachine nguva, dzinogadzwa nemutemo uye dzinogadziriswa nguva nenguva, uye dzinoenderana nedare nehukuru hwechikumbiro. Vanhu vazhinji nemabhizinesi madiki vatova neinishuwarenzi yemari yepamutemo kana kuti vanokodzera rubatsiro rwemutemo runotsigirwa kuburikidza neRaad voor Rechtsbijstand, iyo inopa mvumo yekudzivirira mupiro wemunhu wega unoenderana nemari yaanowana uye unogadziriswazve gore rega rega. Uye murairo wemari inopesana neanokundwa unoverengerwa padare redzimhosva, iro rinowanzo vhara chikamu chebhiri chairo: kukunda nyaya hakuna kufanana nekuitwa yese.

Zvinoitwa nekambani yemagweta yeDutch pabhizinesi

Kune kambani yakavambwa muNetherlands, basa remumiriri hariwanzo kungova rekutonga nyaya chete. Rinotanga padanho rekuronga, nekusarudza fomu repamutemo uye njodzi dzekuita basa usati wapedza kunyoresa, nzvimbo yatinotaura mugwaro redu reBV mukuumbwa . Rinoenderera mberi muzvibvumirano zvine chekuita nebhizinesi: mazwi akajairika, zvibvumirano zvekugovera nekugovera, uye chibvumirano chebasa chinoshandiswa kune vanobhadhara vekuNetherlands.

Kana vashandi vangosvika, mutemo webasa wekuNetherlands unowanzo bvunzwa mibvunzo, nekuti kudzingwa, kurwara uye mitemo yenguva yakatarwa yakasiyana zvakanyanya neiri munyika dzine mutemo wepamutemo. Nyaya dzepfuma dzinopfuura negweta rezvivakwa uye notary wemutemo wehurumende, avo vane chekuita nekuchinjisa pfuma yakanyoreswa. Pamwe chete neizvi zvese pane zvinodiwa zvekutevedzera mutemo zvinoshanda mubazi iri, kubva pakuchengetedzwa kwedata kusvika pakuongororwa kwezvirango. Gwaro redu remutemo webhizinesi rekuNetherlands rinoratidza kuti nzvimbo idzi dzinoenderana sei.

Magweta ekunze ari kushanda muNetherlands

Magweta ane hunyanzvi mune imwe nyika yeEEA kana muSwitzerland anogona kupa mabasa muNetherlands dzimwe nguva pasi pezita ravo rebasa repamba, uye anogona kutanga basa rekugara pano mushure mekunyoresa nesangano remagweta remunharaunda, zvakare pasi pezita iroro repamba. Mushure menguva yekushanda zvakanaka uye nguva dzose mumutemo weDutch vanogona kugamuchirwa muDutch Bar zvizere. Kudare, gweta rinoshanda pasi pezita remba rinofanira kushanda negweta reDutch chero kupi zvako kumiririrwa negweta kunosungirwa.

Magweta ane hunyanzvi kunze kweEEA haafanire kuvimba nehurongwa ihwohwo: vanoda dhigirii remutemo wekuDutch rine chekuita nemutemo wehurumende uye vanofanirwa kupedzisa kudzidza. Kune bhizinesi rekunze kwenyika izvi hazvina basa sezvazvinoita, nekuti chinowanzo diwa kambani yekuDutch inogona kumhan'ara nyaya iyi uye kushanda pamwe chete negweta rekunze kwenyika, pane kuti gweta rekunze rimire pamberi pedare reDutch.

Zvikanganiso zvakajairika, zvichemo uye mutemo wekuranga

Chikanganiso chinodhura zvikuru kunonoka. Mutemo weDutch uzere nenguva pfupi dziri nyore kupotsa: mavhiki matanhatu ekupa mhosva pamusoro pechisarudzo chehurumende (chinyorwa 6:7 Awb), mwedzi mitatu yekukumbira dare kuti ribvise kudzingwa kana kukumbira muripo wekuchinja (chinyorwa 7:686a ndima 4 BW), uye, kune akawanda mareferensi ekukuvadzwa, makore mashanu kubva pazuva raunoziva zvese kukuvara uye munhu ane mhosva, nekumira kwenguva refu kwemakore makumi maviri (chinyorwa 3:310 BW). Gweta rakarairwa vhiki imwe chete nguva isati yapera rine sarudzo shoma pane rakarairwa mwedzi wapfuura.

Zvimwe zvikanganiso zvinogara zvichiitika ndezvenyaya imwe chete: kusarudza pamutengo weawa chete pane pabasa rakanyoreswa uye ruzivo, kusiya chibvumirano chekubhadhara chisina kunyorwa, kufunga kuti chero mupi wezano wezvemitemo anogona kuendeswa kudare, uye kuvanza chokwadi chisingabatsire. Mumiriri anonzwa kusasimba kwenyaya kunonoka haakwanise kuvaka zano rakamupoteredza, uye bato rinopikisa richazviwana zvakadaro.

Kana hukama hwacho hukatadza kushanda zvakanaka, kambani yega yega yekuDutch inofanirwa kushandisa nzira yekunyunyuta mukati (kantoorklachtenregeling), uye ndipo panofanira kutanga. Kana pasina chabuda, kunyunyuta kunoenda kudare remagweta emunharaunda, iro rinoongorora uye rinogona kutumira nyaya yacho kudare remagweta eRaad Van, nekukwidza nyaya yacho kudare remagweta eHof Van. Matanho acho anosanganisira yambiro nekutsiurwa kusvika pakumiswa basa nekubviswa parejista. Mutemo wekuranga unotaura nezvemaitiro, kwete muripo: chikumbiro chekurasikirwa nemari chinokonzerwa nezano risina hanya chiito chehurumende chakasiyana, ndosaka inishuwarenzi yehunyanzvi yekuripa mhosva ichidikanwa. Kusawirirana nezvebhiri iri kunogonawo kuendeswa kuGeschillencommissie Advocatuur uko kambani yacho yakabatana nayo.

Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa nezve magweta muNetherlands

Ndingava nechokwadi sei chekuti mumwe munhu mumiriri akanyoreswa? Tsvagai rejista yeruzhinji inochengetwa neNOvA nezita kana nehofisi. Izvi zvinosimbisa kana kunyoresa kuripo uye zvinoratidza minda yemutemo yakanyoreswa negweta. Kune gweta rine hunyanzvi kune dzimwe nzvimbo muEU, European e-Justice Portal inobatanidza nerejista yenyika inobatanidzwa.

Gweta rekune dzimwe nyika rinogona kundimiririra here muNetherlands? Gweta rinobva kune imwe nyika yeEEA kana Switzerland rinogona kushanda pano pasi pechitupa chebasa repamba, dzimwe nguva kana zvachose mushure mekunyoresa nesangano remagweta remunharaunda, uye rinogona kugamuchirwa muDutch Bar mushure menguva yekushanda nesimba uye nguva dzose mumutemo weDutch. Kana kumiririrwa negweta kuchimanikidzwa, gweta reDutch rinofanira kunge richibatanidzwa.

Mari yekubhadhara gweta muNetherlands inodhura zvakadii? Hapana muripo wakatarwa. Makambani anoronga mitengo yavo yeawa, anowedzera VAT uye dzimwe nguva mari yehofisi, uye mari dzakadai segriffierecht dzinobhadhariswa. Bvunzai muripo nepfungwa dzacho mukunyora basa risati ratanga, uye tarisai kana inishuwarenzi yemari yemutemo kana rubatsiro rwemutemo runotsigirwa nemi.

Zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kuti uve mumiriri? Mushure medhigirii remutemo weDutch rine simba rehurumende, kudzidziswa uku kunogara kwemakore matatu pasi pemumiriri, umo Beroepsopleiding Advocaten wemakore maviri anofanira kupedzwa uye kupasa.

Ndingaitei kana ndisingagutsikane negweta rangu? Tanga washandisa nzira yekunyunyuta yemukati mekambani. Kana izvozvo zvikakundikana, endesai chichemo kudare remagweta emunharaunda, avo vanogona kuchiendesa kudare remagweta eRaad Van; dare remagweta rinonzwa zvichemo. Chikumbiro chekurasikirwa nemari inyaya yakasiyana yematare edzimhosva.

Ndinogara ndichida mumiriri wedare here kuti ndiende kudare? Kwete. Chikamu 79 Rv chinokutendera kuti uzviite pamberi pekantonrechter, iyo inovhara nyaya zhinji dzebasa nedzekurenda uye zvikumbiro zvemari kusvika pamuganho wepamutemo. Mune dzimwe nyaya dzese dzematare edzimhosva, pakukwidza nyaya uye mukurambana, mumiriri anodiwa.

Kushanda navo Law and More

Law and More ikambani yemagweta yekuDutch inopa mazano kumabhizinesi nevanhu, muchiDutch neChirungu, panyaya dzatsanangurwa pamusoro apa: zvibvumirano nemaumbirwo emakambani, mabasa, dzimba, mutemo wemhuri nematare pamberi pematare eDutch. Pakutanga takatsanangura kuti basa iri rinosanganisirei, zvingangoita kuti rive nemarii uye kuti mhedzisiro yacho ndeyei, kuitira kuti sarudzo yekuenderera mberi ive yeruzivo. Kana muchida kukurukura nyaya, ndapota taurai nesu.