Musi wa29 Chikumi 2026 Dare reRotterdam District rakatonga kuti Stichting Nederlands Fotomuseum yakaita mhosva huru mukudzinga director wayo. Museum iyi inofanira kubhadhara muripo wayo we€400,000 uye inofanirawo kuburitsa nekuparadzira gwaro rekugadzirisa. Mutongo uyu, ECLI:NL:RBROT:2026:7443, unonyanya kudzidzisa nekuti unoratidza mashandiro anoita mutemo wekuDutch wekudzinga director kana kudzoserwa pabasa kusiri mushonga unowanikwa, uye kuti izvozvo zvinorevei pakuongorora kunodiwa nebhodhi revatariri.
Chii chakaitika
Mutungamiriri uyu akatungamira Nederlands Fotomuseum muRotterdam kubvira muna Mbudzi 2018. Muzhizha ra2025, pepanhau reDe Volkskrant rakazivisa nyaya yakakosha nezvetsika dzekushanda mumuseum, umo maitiro ake ehutungamiriri akatsanangurwa zvisina kunaka. Nguva pfupi yadarika, Bhodhi reVatariri rakamumisa basa nekuda kwezviratidzo zvemukati. Aifanira kuendesa makiyi ake nekukasika, akarasikirwa nekushandisa email yake, uye akarambidzwa kutaura nevashandi.
Musi wa18 Chikunguru 2025, panguva yemusangano webhodhi, director akadzingwa basa. Bhodhi reSupervisory rakataura nezvekusachengetedzwa kwevanhu munharaunda uye tsika yekutya yakakonzerwa nemaitiro ake ehutungamiriri, uye rakati rakatadza kuzivisa bhodhi zvakakwana nezvekuchinja kwevashandi uye matambudziko ekuchengetedza.
Chinzvimbo chakakosha chemutungamiriri wepamutemo
Kuti unzwisise mutongo uyu, zvinobatsira kutanga watsanangura chinzvimbo chakakosha chepamutemo chemutungamiriri wepamutemo. Mutungamiriri ane hukama hwepamutemo huviri nesangano repamutemo: chinzvimbo chemutemo wekambani kana wesangano semutungamiriri, uye, kazhinji, chibvumirano chebasa pamwe chete nacho. Mutemo wenyaya unoratidza kuti kudzingwa basa remutungamiriri kunowanzo gumisawo chibvumirano chebasa. Zvisinei, kudzingwa basa remutungamiriri kunofanira kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nemutemo wekambani kana wesangano, uye kugumisa chibvumirano chebasa pachako kunoda chikonzero chakanaka chekudzingwa basa pasi peChikamu 7:669(1) cheDutch Civil Code, iyo inoti mushandirwi anogona kugumisa chibvumirano chebasa kana paine chikonzero chakanaka chekuita izvozvo uye kupihwa basa idzva mukati menguva yakakodzera hakuna kukodzera.
Kune vatungamiriri vesangano, muganho wakakosha wave uchishanda kubva pakaunzwa Mutemo weManagement and Supervision of Legal Entities. Chikamu 2:298a(1) cheDutch Civil Code chinotaura zvakajeka kuti dare harigone kuraira kudzorerwa kwechibvumirano chebasa pakati pesangano nemutungamiriri waro. Uyu mutemo wakamanikana uye wakanyatsojeka kupfuura pfungwa yekuti sarudzo yekudzingwa pachayo haigone kuongororwazve. Kudzingwa pabasa remutungamiriri kunogona, musimboti, kumira, asi mhedzisiro yemutemo webasa yesarudzo iyoyo, kureva kuguma kwechibvumirano chebasa, haigone kubviswa nedare. Chikamu 7:671(1) cheDutch Civil Code chinoenderana neizvi nekusunungura zvinodiwa zvemvumo nemvumo zvekubviswa pabasa kwemutungamiriri uyo kudzorerwa kwake pasi peBhuku 2 reCivil Code kusipo.
Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyekuti kuchengetedzwa kwemutemo webasa kwemutungamiriri wesangano kunonyanya kutariswa pamibvunzo miviri: kana paine chikonzero chakanaka chekudzingwa basa, uye kana zvisiri, kuti muripo wemari upi wakakodzera. Chikamu 7:682(3)(a) cheDutch Civil Code chinobvumira dare kupa muripo wakakodzera mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, apo kugumiswa kwacho kwaipesana nechinodiwa chechikonzero chakakodzera. Musiyano uyu pakati pekusadzoserwa kwemushandi semushonga kune rumwe rutivi, uye nzira yekubhadhara kune rumwe rutivi, ndiwo musimboti wenyaya iyi.
Sei pakanga pasina chikonzero chine musoro chekudzingwa basa
Dare rakatanga raongorora kana paine chikonzero chakanaka chekudzingwa basa, uye rakagumisa kuti harina. Kuferefeta kutanhatu kwekunze kwakaitwa mumakore apfuura, kusanganisira mishumo yaBerenschot, komiti yekushanyira yeBazi reDzidzo, Tsika neSainzi, uye mupi wezano wezvekunze, hakuna kuratidza humbowo hwekusachengeteka kwemagariro evanhu. Kuferefeta kuviri kwaishandiswa nebhodhi pakusarudza kudzingwa basa, kuferefeta kwaro kwemukati uye mushumo wesangano reUnravelling, kwakawanikwa nedare kusina kutendeseka uye humbowo hwakakwana. Vainyanya kuvimba nemashoko asina kuzivikanwa, asina kuongororwa uye, zvakare, akaitwa chete mushure mekudzingwa basa.
Nyaya yekuti director akanga ataura zvisirizvo kana kuti asina kuzivisa bhodhi zvakakwana haina kubudirirawo. Dare rakaona kuti bhodhi pacharo harina kumbobvira rabvunza mibvunzo yakakosha mumakore apfuura uye raigara richirumbidza mashandiro aro mumishumo yaro yegore negore. Ongororo imwe chete yekushanda kwakaitwa, muna 2021, uye yakanga yakanaka. Dare rakaona kuti, kusvika paive nezvinetso, hazvina, mumamiriro ezvinhu akapihwa, kuva chikonzero chakanaka chekudzingwa. Bhodhi raifanira kunge raitarisirwa kutanga rataura nezvezvinetso izvozvo nemutungamiriri uye, pazvaidikanwa, kuedza kugadzirisa hukama, semuenzaniso kuburikidza nekuyananisa.
Kupomerwa mhosva kwakakomba: bvunzo yakasiyana
Pamwe chete nemubvunzo wekuti pane chikonzero chakanaka chekudzingwa basa here, dare raifanira kuongorora rakasiyana kana bhodhi rakaita mhosva yakakomba. Uyu muyedzo wakazvimirira unoona mwero wemuripo wakakodzera uye haungoerekana waitika kubva pakushaikwa kwechikonzero chakanaka. Munyaya iyi, dare rakawana mhosva yakakomba, zvichibva pane zvakatevedzana zvakasiyana: kumiswa kwechimbichimbi pasina kutaurirana kana tsananguro, kuramba richirambidzwa kupinda mubhokisi rake retsamba izvo zvakamutadzisa kuzvidzivirira nemazvo, nzira isina hanya uye isina kuzvimiririra iyo bhodhi rakaita nayo kuferefeta, uye nzira iyo bhodhi rakazivisa kudzingwa basa pachena. Dare rakaona kuti hazvigone kubviswa kuti nyaya inokuvadza mu de Volkskrant yakaita basa guru mukudzingwa basa uye yakapa bhodhi chikonzero chekuzviparadzanisa nemutungamiriri pachena.
Mubairo wemuripo
Nekuti kudzoserwa kwechibvumirano chebasa hakubvumirwi nemutemo kune mukuru wesangano, dare rinogona kungopa muripo wakakodzera. Zvichienderana nemutemo wedare repamusoro reDutch, chinangwa chemuripo wakadaro ndechekubhadhara mushandi nekuda kwemhosva huru yemushandirwi, nemari yakatarwa padanho rinoratidza mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana enyaya yacho. Matare epasi akaenderera mberi nekuvandudza izvi kune vatungamiriri vepamutemo vachitaura nezvezvinhu zvakaita senguva yasara yehukama hwebasa, mikana yekuwana rimwe basa, kurasikirwa nemari, kukuvara kwemudyandigere, uye, zvakakosha, chokwadi chekuti kudzokera kubasa hakusi mushonga unowanikwa.
Munyaya iyi, dare rakafunga nezvenguva yasara yebasa yemakore maviri, chokwadi chekuti akanga asati awana chinzvimbo chakafanana nacho kubva ipapo, uye kukomba kwemhosva yebhodhi. Izvi zvakaita kuti apiwe mubairo we€400,000, muhoro wemakore maviri.
Kugadziriswa senzira yekugadzirisa mukurumbira
Mutoro wekuburitsa gwaro rekugadzirisa haufanirwe kuonekwa sechirango chekuwedzera pamwe chete nemubhadharo, asi senzira yakazvimirira uye ine hwaro hwepamutemo yekururamisa mukurumbira. Hwaro hwayo huri muChikamu 6:167(1) cheDutch Civil Code, iyo inobvumira dare kuraira bato rine mhosva yekuburitsa ruzivo rwechokwadi zvisina kururama kana zvisina kukwana kuti riburitse gwaro rekugadzirisa. Muchiitiko ichi, bhodhi rakapomera pachena uye zvakadzama director mhosva yekuvanza uye kuparadzira ruzivo zvisirizvo, nepo dare risina kuwana hwaro hwakakodzera hwekupomerwa ikoko. Kugadzirisa uku kunogadzirisa mafungiro asina kururama kune vezvenhau vamwe chete neboka rimwe chete revashandi varipo nevekare vakambosangana nemhosva idzi. Chirango chakabatanidzwa pakutevedzera gwaro rekugadzirisa chakavakirwa paZvikamu 611a na611b zveDutch Code of Civil Procedure.
Zvinobatsira
Mutongo uyu unoenderana nemutemo wakakura wekudzingwa kwevatungamiriri vepamutemo. Nekuti kudzoserwa pabasa hakusi nzira iripo yekugadzirisa dambudziko, ongororo yedare inoongorora kana paine chikonzero chakanaka chekudzingwa basa uye kungwarira kwemaitiro anotungamira pakudzingwa basa. Bhodhi rekutarisira rinoona nezvekudzingwa kwemutungamiriri rinokurudzirwa kuti ritaure zvakananga uye nenguva yakakodzera, kuve nechokwadi chekuti chero kuferefeta kunoitwa kwakazvimirira uye neuchapupu hwakakodzera, kupa mutungamiriri mukana wekuwana ruzivo rwakakodzera uye mukana wechokwadi wekupindura, uye kuzvidzora mukutaurirana kwekunze uku mhedzisiro yemaitiro isati yasarudzwa. Kukundikana kuita izvi kunoisa njodzi kwete chete kuti kudzingwa basa hakuzononoki, asiwo mubairo wemuripo wakakodzera uye chisungo chekugadzirisa.
Kuti mwero wemuripo wakakodzera unowanikwa sei munyaya dzekudzingwa, uye kuti ndeapi mashoko ane simba, anotsanangurwa munyaya yedu pamusoro pemuripo wakakodzera munyaya dzekudzingwa.
Law & More inopa mazano kumabhodhi ekutarisira uye mabhodhi emasangano, masangano nemakambani pakudzingwa kwemutungamiriri wepamutemo, uye inobatsira vatungamiriri vanotarisana nekumiswa basa kana sarudzo yekudzingwa basa. Nekuti kudzorerwa pabasa kazhinji hakuwanikwe, faira rakagadzirwa mumavhiki ekutanga ndiro rinonyanya kusarudza mhedzisiro. Mamwe mashoko anowanikwa mudura redu nhungamiro dzemutemo wemakambani uye papeji redu kuti uwane gweta rekudzinga basa muNetherlands.
Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa
Chii chinonzi muripo wakakodzera pasi pemutemo webasa weDutch?
Muripo wakakodzera imhando yemuripo unogona kupihwa nedare pasi peChikamu 7:682(3) cheDutch Civil Code kana director akadzingwa basa pasina chikonzero chakanaka kana kuti kudzingwa basa kunokonzerwa nekuzvibata kwakasimba kwemushandirwi maererano nekudzingwa kwedirector. Hapana fomura yakatarwa. Dare Repamusorosoro reDutch rakatonga kuti dare rinofanira kuratidza mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana enyaya iyi, kusanganisira nguva inotarisirwa yehukama hwebasa uye mhedzisiro yekudzingwa kwebasa kwemushandi.
Sei director asingakwanise kudzoserwa pabasa?
Chikamu 2:298a(1) cheDutch Civil Code chinoti dare harigone kuraira kudzorerwa kwechibvumirano chebasa pakati pesangano nemutungamiriri waro. Izvi zvine chekuita nekudzorerwa kwechibvumirano chebasa, kwete chisarudzo chekudzingwa kwebasa kubva pabasa remutungamiriri pacharo. Nekuti kudzorerwa kwebasa hakubvumidzwe, dare rinogona chete kupa muripo wakakodzera kana paine kudzingwa basa zvisiri pamutemo.
Kusavapo kwechikonzero chine musoro kwakafanana nemhosva huru here?
Kwete, idzi ibvunzo mbiri dzakasiyana. Kusavapo kwechikonzero chakanaka kunoreva kuti kudzingwa kwebasa hakuna kusangana nemutemo uri pasi peChikamu 7:669 cheDutch Civil Code. Mhosva yakakomba ipfungwa yakakomba uye yakazvimirira yemaitiro emushandirwi, iyo inosarudza mwero wemubhadharo wakakodzera. Muchiitiko ichi vese vaivepo, asi izvozvo hazvizogara zvakadaro.
Ndezvipi zvikanganiso zvikuru zvakaitwa nebhodhi revatariri?
Bhodhi rakavakira kudzingwa kwacho pakuongorora kwaisava nepfungwa dzakakwana uye kwairatidza humbowo hwakakodzera, rakarambidza director kuwana email yake kuitira kuti asakwanise kuzvidzivirira, harina kuita zvese zvarinogona kugadzirisa hukama hwebasa, semuenzaniso kuburikidza nekuyananisa, uye rakataura zvisina kunaka uye zvakadzama nezvekudzingwa kwacho kune vezvenhau vasina hanya nemigumisiro yaizouya ku director.
Sei miziyamu yaifanira kuburitsa gwaro rekugadzirisa?
Chisungo chekugadzirisa nyaya iyi chakavakirwa paChikamu 6:167(1) cheDutch Civil Code. Nekuti bhodhi rakapa pachena pfungwa isiriyo yekuti director akatadza kuona kuti nzvimbo yekushanda yakachengeteka uye akaviga ruzivo, nepo dare risina kuwana hwaro hwakakodzera hwepfungwa iyoyo, izvi zvaifanira kugadziriswa kune vezvenhau nevane chekuita nazvo.
Mabhodhi ekutarisira anogona kudzidzei kubva pamutongo uyu?
Kunetseka nezvemaitiro kana maitiro ehutungamiriri kunofanirwa kutaurwa zvakananga uye munguva yakakodzera nemutungamiriri. Chero kuferefeta kupi zvako pamusoro pekusashanda zvakanaka kunofanirwa kuitwa kwakazvimirira uye nekungwarira, zviri nani nesangano rekunze risina divi rine humbowo hwakakodzera, uye munhu wacho anofanira kupihwa mukana wechokwadi wekupindura neruzivo rwezvaari kupomerwa.
Mutongo uyu unoshandawo here kune vatungamiriri vemamwe masangano epamutemo, akadai seBV?
Kusabatanidzwa kwekudzoserwa pabasa kwataurwa pano kwakanyatsotsanangurwa kune vatungamiriri vesangano muChikamu 2:298a cheDutch Civil Code. Vatungamiriri veBV kana NV vanotevedzera mitemo yakafanana asi isina kufanana pakudzingwa pabasa nekudzoserwa pabasa. Kana paine mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, zvinokurudzirwa kutsvaga mazano emutemo.
Kana uri mugakava pamusoro pekudzingwa kwemutungamiriri wepamutemo, kana kuti uri bhodhi rekutarisira riri kutsvaga mazano pamusoro penzira yekudzingwa basa nenzira yakarurama uye iri pamutemo, usazeza kutaura newe Law & More kuti pave nehurukuro isina chisungo.
