Kubiridzira hunhu muNetherlands kunorangwa pasi pechikamu 231b cheDutch Criminal Code, icho chine makore mashanu ekugara mujeri kana faindi yechikamu chechishanu. Kana data re biometric rikashandiswa zvisirizvo, chikamu 231a chinoshanda uye huwandu hwepamusoro hunokwira kusvika kumakore matanhatu. Izvo zvipimo, kwete mitero: mukuita mutongo unoenderana nekukuvadzwa, huwandu hwevakabatwa, huwandu hwesangano uye rekodhi yemupomerwi, uye mutadzi wekutanga ane kukuvara kushoma ane mukana mukuru wekugamuchira basa remunharaunda kana mutongo wakamiswa pane mutongo wekugara mujeri.
Chinyorwa 231b cheCriminal Code: chii chinorangwa chaizvo
Chikamu 231b chinoita kuti zvive mhosva kushandisa, nemaune uye zvisiri pamutemo, ruzivo rwemunhu wemumwe munhu rusiri rwe biometric, nechinangwa chekuvanza hunhu hwake kana kuvanza kana kushandisa zvisirizvo hunhu hwemumwe munhu iyeye, mumamiriro ezvinhu anogona kukonzera kukuvara kubva pakushandiswa ikoko. Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chetsananguro iyoyo chinoshanda, uye kupomerwa mhosva kunokundikana kana mumwe wavo asipo.
Ruzivo urwu runofanira kunge rwuri kuratidza: zita, zuva rekuzvarwa, nhamba yebasa remugari, kopi yepasipoti kana kadhi rekuzivikanwa, nhamba yeakaundi yebhangi pamwe chete nedzimwe ruzivo. Kushandiswa kwacho kunofanira kunge kuri kwemaune uye kusiri pamutemo, saka chikanganiso chekutonga kana kushandiswa kwedata nemvumo yemunhu ane chekuita nazvo hazvienderane nemutemo. Panofanira kunge paine chinangwa chekuvanza kana kushandisa zvisirizvo hunhu hwemunhu. Uye kushandiswa kwacho kunofanira kunge kuchikwanisa kukonzera kukuvara; kukuvara chaiko hakudiwi, asi mukana wekufungidzira chete hauna kukwana futi.
Chirango chikuru mujeri kwemakore mashanu kana faindi yechikamu chechishanu. Mari dzakabatanidzwa muzvikamu zvefaindi dzakatarwa muchikamu 23 cheCriminal Code uye dzinogadziriswa nguva nenguva nemurairo wehurumende, saka chero nhamba yakataurwa munyaya yekare inogona kunge isiri yenguva; chikamu, kwete huwandu, ndicho chinhu chakagadzika. Dare rinogonawo kupa mutongo wekuvharirwa uye faindi, uye rinogona kuwedzera murairo wekuripa munhu anenge abatwa.
Kusanzwisisana kumwe chete kunokosha kugadzirisirwa pakutanga. Kutora zita renhema pachako hakusi mhosva muNetherlands. Munhu anozvisuma nezita rakagadzirwa haapara mhosva pasi pechikamu 231b. Zvinova mhosva kana ruzivo rwemunhu chaiye rukashandiswa, nechinangwa chatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, nenzira inogona kukonzera kukuvara.
Data re biometric nechinyorwa 231a
Chikamu 231a chinotaura nezvekubiridzira kwehunhu hwemunhu uye chinopa mutongo wemakore matanhatu mujeri kana faindi yechikamu chechishanu. Chinofukidza kunyepa kwezvinhu zve biometric kana data rakawanikwa kubva mazviri, kushandiswa kwedata rakadaro renhema sekunge rechokwadi, uye kushandiswa kwedata rechokwadi re biometric remumwe munhu kuitira kutungamira kufungira mhosva kumunhu iyeye kana kure naye. Kana chiito ichi chichishanda kugadzirira kana kufambisa mhosva yemagandanga, huwandu hwepamusoro hunowedzerwa nechetatu.
Chikonzero chekuwedzera mari yacho chinoshanda kwete chetsika. Password yakabiwa inogona kuchinjwa uye account yekubhangi yakakanganiswa inogona kuvharwa, asi chigunwe kana chimiro chechiso hazvigone kudzoserwa, uye kunyorwa kwezviratidzo zve biometric zvisirizvo kumunhu asina mhosva kwakaoma zvikuru kubvisa.
Mhosva dzinowanzo perekedzwa nekubiridzira humbowo
Kubiridzira pamunhu hazviwanzomira zvega mumhosva. Kugadzira kana kushandura gwaro kuti riite serechokwadi kunenge kuri kunyepa pasi pechikamu 225 cheCriminal Code, icho chine makore anosvika matanhatu. Kuwana mari, zvinhu kana sevhisi nekushandisa zita renhema kana chinzvimbo chenhema, kana nekunyengera, kubiridzira pasi pechikamu 326, nemakore anosvika mana. Magwaro ekufambisa enhema uye kushandiswa kwegwaro rekufambisa rakapihwa mumwe munhu zvinobatwa muchikamu 231. Kuwana mukana wekushandisa komputa pasina mvumo kutyora mutemo pasi pechikamu 138ab, uye kuendesa mari yacho kubvisirwa mari pasi pechikamu 420bis kuenda ku420quater, chiri muCriminal Code kwete, sezvazvakanyorwa dzimwe nguva, mumutemo wekurwisa kubvisirwa mari.
Izvi zvinokosha pamutongo. Kana mhosva dzakawanda dzikatongwa pamwe chete, mitemo iri muchikamu 57 cheCriminal Code inobvumira dare kuti riise huwandu hwemhosva hunosvika padanho repamusoro-soro rinodiwa kuti huwedzere nechikamu chimwe muzvitatu. Faira rinotanga nekushandisa zvisirizvo kamwe chete gwaro rekuzvizivisa rakakopiwa rinogona kupera kupfuura makore mashanu ekupedzisira echikamu 231b kana manyepo nekubiridzira zvawedzerwa. Ongororo yedu yekubiridzira nemhosva dzemari muNetherlands inoratidza kuti mhosva idzi dzinobatana sei.
Mutongo unotsanangurwa sei mukuita
Hapana muripo wepamutemo wekubiridzira hunhu hwemunhu. Matare eDutch anotonga mukati mehuwandu hwemutemo zvichienderana nezviri kuitika, zvichitungamirirwa nepfungwa dzekutungamira dzakaburitswa neboka remakurukota emhosva dzemarudzi emhosva dzakajairika uye nemitongo inopihwa muzviitiko zvakafanana. Dhipatimendi rekupomera mhosva rinoshanda nemirairo yaro yemukati pakugadzira chikumbiro, asi dare harisungirwe nechero imwe yaro.
Zvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvekuti kukuvara kwemari kwakakura sei, huwandu hwevanhu vakashandiswa data ravo, nguva iyo mufambiro wacho wakaramba uripo, kurongeka kwebasa remupomerwi, uye kana mupomerwi akambotongerwa mhosva dzakafanana. Kune rimwe divi, kubvuma nekukurumidza, kuedza kwechokwadi kuripa vakabatwa, nguva yakareba kubva pamhosva yacho nemamiriro ezvinhu emunhu anoita kuti kugara mujeri kuve kwakaenzana zvese zvinoderedza mutongo.
Zvirango zviripo zvakakura kupfuura jeri. Mutemo webasa remunharaunda unogona kusvika maawa mazana maviri nemakumi mana uye unowanzoiswa pamhosva dzekutanga, kungave uri wega kana pamwe chete nemutongo mupfupi wakamiswa. Mutongo wakamiswa pasi pechikamu 14a cheCriminal Code unouya nenguva yekutongwa uye unogona kusanganiswa nemamiriro ezvinhu akadai sekurapwa kana chisungo chekushuma. Muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki dare rinogona kupa mhosva pasina kupa chirango pasi pechikamu 9a. Kana mhosva yacho yakonzera purofiti yemari, kupomerwa mhosva kunogona kuunza matanho akasiyana ekutorwa kwemari kuti uwane mari yacho, iyo inoshanda pamwe chete nenyaya yemhosva kwete mukati mayo.
Izvo dare risingakwanise kukupa mhosva
Nyaya yenhema yakapararira inofanira kugadziriswa pano, nekuti kuita chimwe chinhu pamusoro payo kunogona kukuvadza. Munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva muNetherlands haasungirwi kupindura mibvunzo. Kodzero iyoyo inobva muchikamu 29 cheMutemo weMaitiro Emhosva, uye yambiro inopiwa pamberi pekubvunzurudzwa kwega kwega inotaura kudaro. Kuita izvozvo hakusi humbowo hwemhosva, uye dare haringapi mutongo wakakura nekuti mupomerwi akaramba mhosva kana kuti akaramba akanyarara. Chingaitwa nedare kuyera kureurura, pamwe chete nekuzvidemba uye muripo, senzira yekuderedza mhosva. Izvozvo hazvisi chinhu chimwe chete, uye musiyano uri muhurongwa hwese hwekudzivirira huri mufaira reuchapupu husina kusimba.
Kodzero yechipiri inoregeredzwa netsaona ikodzero yekuva negweta. Munhu anofungidzirwa ane kodzero yekubvunza gweta asati abvunzurudzwa kekutanga nemapurisa uye kuva negweta panguva yekubvunzurudzwa, uye kune munhu anofungidzirwa kuti akasungwa rubatsiro runorongwa uye, muzviitiko zvakakomba, runobhadharwa nehurumende. Kukumbira gweta hakuiti kuti munhu aite seane mhosva; kupindura mibvunzo nezvekutamiswa kwebhangi kana gwaro rekuzivikanwa rakakopiwa pasina iro ndiko kuti zvirevo zvisingadzivisike zvinoguma sei mufaira. Tsamba yedu pamusoro pesamanisi uye kunzwa kwenyaya yemhosva yekuDutch inotsanangura zvinoitika mushure mekunge kuferefeta kwapera.
Vana vadiki, magwaro ekukwereta zvitupa uye mutemo wemhosva dzevana
Kukweretesa gwaro rekuti munhu azivikanwe imhosva, uye mvumo kubva kune muridzi waro kana kubva kumubereki haichinje izvozvo. Munhu anopa gwaro iri nemunhu arishandisa anogona kupomerwa mhosva, kazhinji pasi pechikamu 231 cheCriminal Code, uye mugumisiro wacho unowanzova unorwadza kupfuura mutongo: gwaro rinotaurwa kuti rakashandiswa zvisirizvo rinogona kuiswa murejista yekuzivisa magwaro ekufambisa, izvo zvinodzivisa kuburitswa kwepasipoti itsva kusvika gwaro racho ragadziriswa.
Vanofungidzirwa kuti vari pasi pemakore gumi nemasere vanotongerwa mhosva pasi pemutemo wevana. Kuvharirwa kwevana kunotarwa mwedzi gumi nemiviri kumwana ari pasi pemakore gumi nematanhatu panguva yemhosva uye pamwedzi makumi maviri nemana kumwana ane makore gumi nematanhatu kana gumi nemanomwe, uye kusimbiswa kuri pamatanho akagadzirirwa kudzivirira kudzokorora pane kutsiva. Kune vechidiki kusvika pamakore makumi maviri nematatu, dare rinogona kuramba richishandisa mutemo wevana apo hunhu hwemupomerwi kana mamiriro emhosva anopa chikonzero, uye zvinopesana nemutemo wevana unogona kusiyiwa padivi kumwana ane makore gumi nematanhatu kana gumi nemanomwe mumhosva dzakakomba.
Kana uri munhu akabatwa nekubiridzira kwekuzvizivikanwa
Tanga wataura nyaya iyi kumapurisa, nekuti pasina mushumo hapana kuferefeta uye hapana faira remhosva. Tora humbowo: tsamba kana ma invoice awakagamuchira, zvirevo zveakaundi, tsamba nebhangi, mapikicha eakaundi kana profile yakavhurwa muzita rako. Zivisa bhangi rako nekukasika, uye kana gwaro rakarasika kana kubiwa mushumo iwoyo zvakare kuitira kuti rinyoreswe.
Pamwe chete nemushumo wemapurisa, nzvimbo huru yekuzivisa nezvekubiridzira kwezvitupa uye zvikanganiso zvezvitupa, iyo iri chikamu chebasa rehurumende rine basa rekuona nezvezvitupa, inobatsira vanhu vakabatwa nemhosva kutsvaga marejista ane data risiri iro uye kuti rigadziriswe. Kuchenesa ikoko kwehutungamiriri kunowanzova chikamu chakarebesa chemaitiro acho, nekuti kunyora zvisiri izvo kunopararira kuburikidza nemarejista, mafaira echikwereti uye masisitimu ekuunganidza zvikwereti.
Kune nzira mbiri dzekudzoserwa mari. Munyaya yemhosva unogona kujoina semunhu akakuvara wokumbira muripo kubva kumupomerwi; kana chikumbiro chikapihwa dare rinowanzo rairawo muripo, uye kana munhu akatongerwa mhosva akasabhadhara mukati menguva yakatarwa, hurumende inopa mari yakapihwa kumunhu akatongerwa mhosva. Imwe nzira, kana kuti kudzoka kana pasina kupomerwa mhosva, chikumbiro chemhosva yepamutemo, chinongoda humbowo hwezvingangoitika pane mwero wemhosva wakaoma. Chisingaitwe nemunhu akatongerwa mhosva ndechekuita kuti uve nemhosva yezvikwereti, mari yekunyorera kana faindi dzakatorwa muzita rako: chibvumirano chakaitwa nemumwe munhu muzita rako pasina mvumo hachikusungi, uye mutoro wekuratidza kuti wakabvuma uri webato riri kuda muripo.
Pasi pemutemo wekuchengetedza data unogona zvakare kukumbira masangano ane data rakanyorwa nezvako nemunyengeri kuti arigadzirise kana kuridzima, uye kunyunyuta kunogona kuendeswa kuDutch data protection authority kana sangano rikaramba. Gwaro redu rekuchengetedza data muNetherlands rinotsanangura matanho ekudzoreredza data zvakadzama.
Nguva inogumira
Kodzero yekupomera mhosva inopera pasi pechikamu 70 cheCriminal Code. Pamhosva dzinopfuura makore matatu asi dziri pasi pemakore masere, dzinofukidza chikamu 231b nechikamu 231a, nguva yekuganhurirwa ndeyemakore gumi nemaviri kubva pazuva rakaitwa mhosva. Nguva yacho inokanganiswa nechero chiito chekupomera mhosva icho munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye anoziva, uye chinotangazve kubva ipapo.
Chikumbiro chemhosva yemugari wenhaka chinoenderera mberi nenzira yakasiyana. Chikumbiro chekuripa muripo kumubiridzira chinotarisirwa kuperera makore mashanu anotangira pazuva rakatevera apo munhu abatwa nemhosva aziva zvese kukuvara kwacho uye munhu ane mhosva yacho, paine muganho wemakore makumi maviri kubva pachiitiko ichi. Nekuti hunyengeri hwekuzivikanwa hunowanzoonekwa kunonoka, nguva iyoyo inowanzova ndiyo nyaya chaiyo yekukakavadzana, uye chikumbiro chakanyorwa chine kodzero yekuita basa chinochimisa.
Kuderedza njodzi yekuve munhu anobatwa chibharo
Kubiridzira kukuru kwezvitupa kunotanga nekopi yegwaro rezvitupa. Usambofa wakaendesa kopi isina kuchekwa kana sangano risina kodzero yepamutemo yekuriwana: kunze kwemamiriro ezvinhu apo mutemo unoda kuti munhu azivikanwe, senge kutanga basa kana kuvhura account yebhangi, muridzi wemba, gym kana webshop haina kodzero yekuwana nhamba yako yebasa remugari kana nhamba yegwaro. Kana kopi ichidikanwa zvechokwadi, shandisa app yegwaro rezvitupa rehurumende kana kumaka kopi nemusi, mugamuchiri nechinangwa, uye dzima nhamba yebasa remugari nemufananidzo.
Zvimwe zvese hazvina mukurumbira asi zvinoshanda. Chengeta pasipoti yako nekadhi rako rekuzivikanwa panzvimbo yakatarwa uye taura nezvekurasikirwa nekukasika. Shandisa password yakasiyana yeakaundi yega yega uye bvumidza zvinhu zviviri kuti zvionekwe kana zvichiwanikwa. Bata meseji yega yega inokumbira ruzivo rwako, muripo kana kodhi sechinhu chinofungirwa kusvika wazvisimbisa kuburikidza nenzira yawakatarisa iwe pachako, nekuti kutevedzera mabhangi, makambani ekutumira zvinhu uye vatungamiriri vemitero ndiyo nzvimbo yakajairika yekupinda. Tarisa magwaro ako ebhangi uye chero kunyoreswa kwechikwereti nguva dzose, sezvo hutsotsi hunoitwa muzita rako hunowanzoonekwa pakutanga sekutengeserana kusingatsananguriki kana tsamba yekuunganidza isingazivikanwe. Chinyorwa chedu pamusoro pehutsotsi nephishing online chinotsanangura kuti humbowo hwenyaya idzi hunovakwa sei.
Zvekuita kana uchifungirwa kuti une hutsotsi hwekuzvizivisa
Usataure usati wataura negweta, uye usafunge kuti faira diki richaramba riri diki: hutsotsi hwekuzvizivisa hunowanzo ferefetwa pamwe chete nekunyepedzera, hutsotsi uye kutsvaira mari, uye mhosva inosarudza mutongo kazhinji haisi iyo inotangwa nemapurisa. Bvunza kuti uri kufungirwa chii uye kuti ndeapi mazuva, uye chengeta chero magwaro anoratidza kubvumirana, chikonzero chepamutemo chekuchengeta data, kana kuti account kana transaction yacho yakanga isiri yako.
Kana humbowo hwakasimba, nzira yacho inochinja kubva pakuramba kuenda pakudzora kukuvara: kuripa vakakuvadzwa, kubatsirana pakutorwa kwemari yese uye kuratidza kuti dambudziko riripo, ringave chikwereti, kupindwa muropa kana kumanikidzwa nevamwe, riri kugadziriswa. Matanho iwayo anonyatso kanganisa mutongo, uye anoshanda zvakanyanya kana atorwa nyaya isati yatanga pane kuziviswa pairi.
Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa pamusoro pezvirango zvekubiridzirwa kwekuzivikanwa
Q1: Iwe unogara uchiwana mutongo wejeri nekuda kwekubiridzira kwekuzivikanwa?
A1: Kwete, vatadzi vekutanga vane kukanganisa kuduku vanowanzogamuchira basa remunharaunda kana mutongo wakamiswa mujeri. Mutongi anorangarira kukomba kwemhaka yacho uye mamiriro ezvinhu omunhu oga.
Q2: Ndinogona kuwana basa renharaunda panzvimbo pemutongo wejeri?
A2: Ehe. Kana paine kukuvara kushoma uye pasina mhosva dzakambowanikwa, murairo webasa remunharaunda wakajairika, wega kana nemutongo wakamiswa; huwandu hwebasa remunharaunda hunowanikwa nemutemo maawa mazana maviri nemakumi mana. Kushandisa kopi yegwaro rekuti munhu azivikanwe nemhosva dzekubiridzira kunorangwawo.
Q3: Chii chinoitika kana ndiri mudiki?
A3: Vechidiki vari pasi pemakore gumi nemasere vari pasi pemutemo wemhosva dzevechidiki, nekuvharirwa kwegore rimwe chete nekuda kwehutsotsi hwekuzivikanwa. Chinotariswa chiri pakutungamira nekudzivirira kudzokorora pane kurangwa chete.
Q4: Nyaya yedare yekubiridzira kwekuzivikanwa inotora nguva yakareba sei?
A4: Paavhareji, 6-12 mwedzi kubva mushumo kusvika kune mutongo. Mhosva dzakaomarara nevakawanda vakakuvadzwa kana mamiriro ekunze anogona kutora makore 1-2. Zvakakosha kuunganidza humbowo, sezvo izvi zvichidikanwa kuratidza hunyengeri hwekuzivikanwa panguva yekutongwa.
Q5: Ndichadzosa pasipoti yangu kana ndikabatwa nemhosva?
A5: Kutongwa kwemunhu mumwe chete hakukurambidzi kunyorera pasipoti itsva yeDutch. Kuburitswa kwenyaya kunogona kurambwa kana wanyorwa mugwaro rekuzivisa nezvemafambiro emunhu, uye dare rinogona kuisa imwe nzira yakasiyana inokanganisa kufamba.
Ndeipi chirango chikuru chekubiridzira hunhu muNetherlands?
Pasi pechikamu 231b cheCriminal Code, huwandu hwepamusoro ijeri remakore mashanu kana faindi yechikamu chechishanu. Kana data re biometric rikashandiswa zvisirizvo, chikamu 231a chinoshanda uye huwandu hwepamusoro imakore matanhatu. Mari yefaindi yakatarwa muchikamu 23 cheCriminal Code uye inogadziriswa nguva nenguva.
Kungonyepedzera kuva mumwe munhu imhosva here nguva dzose?
Kwete. Kungofungidzira kuti munhu haana hunhu hwechokwadi haisi mhosva; panofanira kunge paine mhosva chaiyo inosanganisira kushandisa zvisirizvo hunhu hwemumwe munhu kuti zvionekwe sekubiridzira hunhu hwake.
Pane dzimwe nzira dzekubvisa humbowo hwekuti munhu azivikanwe here panzvimbo pejeri?
Ehe, dzimwe mhosva dzinogona kusanganisira kushandira vanhu munharaunda, mutongo wejeri wakamiswa, kana muripo, zvichienderana nekukomba kwemhosva uye mamiriro ezvinhu anotariswa nemutongi.
Sei hutsotsi hwekuzivikanwa huchirangwa zvakanyanya muNetherlands?
Zvinokanganisa kuvimba nehupfumi hwedhijitari uye hurongwa hwekuzivikanwa kweDutch, zvichikonzera kukuvara kwemari kune vanobatwa nemhosva uye zvinokanganisa kuvimba kweveruzhinji mumapasipoti, makadhi ekuzivikanwa uye masevhisi edhijitari.
sei Law and More anogona kubatsira
Magweta edu emhosva anomirira vanhu vanofungirwa mhosva uye vanhu vanobatwa nemhosva dzekubiridzira hunhu hwavo, kubva pakubvunzurudzwa kwekutanga kwemapurisa kusvika pakunzwa nyaya, uye vanhu vanobatwa nemhosva vanobatana mukutongwa kwemhosva semunhu akakuvara uye mukudzorerwa kwevanhu kunotevera. Tinopawo mazano kumasangano nezvezvavangaita nemakopi emagwaro ehunhu hwavo uye nezvemabasa avo mushure mekutyorwa kwedata. Kana wakadanwa, wakabvunzwa, kana kuti wakaona kuti data rako riri kushandiswa nemumwe munhu, taura nechikwata chedu chemutemo wemhosva kuitira kuti chinzvimbo chako chiongororwe zvisati zvaitwa zvisarudzo zvakaoma kudzoserwa shure.
