Kurambana kwakakosha muNetherlands kunosarudzwa pasi peBhuku 1 reBurgerlijk Wetboek, asi mibvunzo mitatu inoratidza mhedzisiro yemari isingawanzo kumutswa nenyaya dzemazuva ese: kuti ndeipi mitemo yepfuma yemuchato inoshanda, kuti zvido zvebhizinesi nekodzero dzepenjeni zvakakosha sei, uye kuti ndeipi mitemo yenyika inotonga chikamu ichi. Kuongororwa kwebhizinesi, mapotifoliyo ezvivakwa, midziyo iri kunze kwenyika uye kodzero dzepenjeni zvinoshandura mhedzisiro sezvinoita chokwadi chiripo. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura hurongwa uye chinoratidza kuti makakatanwa anomuka kupi chaizvo.
Mutemo weDutch wekurambana kwevanhu vane pfuma yakawanda
Kurambana kwemari yakawanda muNetherlands kunotongwa neBhuku 1 reBurgerlijk Wetboek uye, uko kune masangano epasi rose, neEU Regulation 2016/1103 pamusoro pemitemo yemidziyo yewanano uye Rome III Regulation pamusoro pemutemo wekurambana unoshanda. Zvinhu zviviri zvinotsanangura hurongwa hwekugoverwa kwemidziyo mune zvese zviitiko: nguva iyo vaviri vakaroorana, uye kana vakapinda muchibvumirano chepamberi pewanano (huwelijkse voorwaarden).
Kuchinja kwa2018: kubva kunharaunda yakazara yezvivakwa kuenda kune nharaunda shoma yezvivakwa
Kugadziriswa kwakaitwa musi wa1 Ndira 2018 ndiyo shanduko yakakosha zvikuru mumutemo wepfuma yewanano wekuNetherlands kwemakumi emakore, uye ichiri kusarudza kuti ndeapi midziyo iri patafura mukurambana kwepfuma yakawanda.
Musi wa1 Ndira 2018 usati wasvika, mutemo weDutch wakarega kushandisa midziyo yese (algehele gemeenschap van goederen). Zvese zvaiva zvemurume nemukadzi, kusanganisira midziyo yaiunzwa muwanano nenhaka kana zvipo zvakagamuchirwa panguva yacho, zvakazova midziyo yemuchato yakabatana, kunze kwekunge muridzi wenhaka kana mupi akaisa chikamu chekusabatanidzwa (uitsluitingsclausule) kunhaka kana chipo.
Kune vakaroorana vakapinda musi wa1 Ndira 2018 kana kuti mushure mayo, kutadza kwavo kunosanganisira kudyidzana kwepfuma (beperkte gemeenschap van goederen). Izvo chete zvinovaka vakaroorana panguva yekuroorana zvinowira munharaunda; pfuma isati yaroorwa inoramba iri yemunhu, uye nhaka nezvipo zvinobviswa nekushanda kwemutemo pasi pechikamu 1:94 cheBurgerlijk Wetboek. Kusabatanidzwa kunongoshanda chete kana zvichigona kurondwa, ndosaka kunyora zvakanyorwa zvezvaivepo muchato usati waroorwa kuri kwechokwadi.
Kune vakaroorana vakaroorana pasi pehurumende yekare vane pfuma yakawanda vasati varoorana, midziyo yenhaka, kana kuti bhizinesi ravo rekare, kuverenga kupatsanurwa kwakaoma zvikuru. Manyoro ezvakanga zviripo vasati varoorana anowanzo pikisana, uye ongororo yekutevera nyaya dzematare edzimhosva inowanzo dikanwa.
Zvido zvebhizinesi mukurambana: dambudziko reDGA
Kune vemabhizinesi vanoita mabhizinesi avo kuburikidza neBV (besloten vennootschap), kurambana kunokonzera mibvunzo inopfuura kupatsanurwa kwemidziyo. Nyaya idzi dzinoda nyanzvi yemutemo wemhuri negweta remakambani vanoshanda kubva mufaira rimwe chete, nekuti mubvunzo wekuongorora mutengo nemubvunzo wepfuma yewanano hazvigone kupindurwa zvine musoro zviri zvega.
Kukosha kwemugove
Kana migove yeBV iri chikamu chenhaka yewanano, inofanira kukosheswa sechikamu chechikamu. Matare eDutch anoshandisa nzira dzinozivikanwa dzekuongorora mabhizinesi - kazhinji nzira yekubvisa mari yakaderedzwa kana ongororo yekutengeserana yakafanana - asi mapato anowanzo gakava nzira yacho nezvainobatsira. Nyanzvi dzekuongorora dzinogara dzichibatanidzwa, uye mishumo yavo inova musimboti wemari yemakakatanwa.
Maumbirwo eDGA nemidziyo yewanano
Mumwe mutungamiriri-grootaandeelhouder (DGA) ane migove muBV yake anotarisana nemibvunzo yakati wandei inoenderana mukurambana:
- Ko migove yeBV iri chikamu chemhuri yewanano here pasi pemutemo wepfuma unoshanda?
- Ndeipi mutengo wemasheya pamusika wakakodzera, uye ndeipi nzira yekuyera kukosha kwayo inoshanda?
- Ko BV ine midziyo kana zvikwereti zvinokanganisa kukosha kwemari here?
- Mudzimai asiri muridzi wekambani ane kodzero yekuwana mugove webasa kana kuti wezvinhu zvese zviripo chete here?
- Pane zvibvumirano zvevanemasheya zvinorambidza kutamiswa kwemasheya here?
Kodzero dzepensheni muchimiro cheDGA
MaDGA mazhinji akaunganidza kodzero dzepenjeni mukati meBV yavo (pension in eigen beheer) mutemo wegore ra2017 usati wabvisa mari yepenjeni yekambani. Kubatwa kwekodzero idzi dzepenjeni dzekare mumatare ekurambana inzvimbo yakakosha munharaunda yagara iri nyanzvi, uye inoda kudyidzana kwakanyatsonaka pakati pemutemo wemhuri nehunyanzvi hwekambani.
Zvivakwa nezvitoro zvekudyara
Kurambana kwezvinhu zvakawanda kunowanzosanganisira kuva nezvivakwa zvakawanda: dzimba dzekugara, dzimba dzekudyara, uye mapotifoliyo ekurenda. Imba yega yega inoda kutariswa kwepamutemo neanoongorora (mutero), kuongororwa kwezvikwereti zvemortgage uye kupihwa kwadzo, uye sarudzo yekugoverwa - rimwe bato richitenga rimwe, kana kutengeswa nedare.
Pamaportfolio ekudyara mari, mubvunzo mukuru ndewekuti purofiti inowanikwa panguva yekuroorana ipfuma yemubatanidzwa here kana kuti inodzokera kumashure kupfuma isina kubhadharwa vasati varoorana. Nhoroondo dzakadzama dzekutengeserana uye ongororo yehunyanzvi yekutevera inowanzo kuve yakakosha muzviitiko zvepfuma yakawanda.
Chikamu chepenjeni pasi pemutemo weDutch
Pensheni yekukwegura inowanikwa panguva yemuchato inoenzaniswa pasi pemutemo weWet verevening pensioenrechten bij scheiding (WVPS): mumwe nemumwe ane kodzero yekuwana hafu yepensheni yekurega basa imwe yakavakwa pakati pemuchato nekurambana. Kuenzana hakusi kwega muchimiro chechokwadi. Kana mupi wepensheni akaziviswa pafomu repamutemo mukati memakore maviri ekunyoreswa kwekurambana, anobhadhara mugove wakaenzana zvakananga kune wekare; mushure menguva iyoyo kodzero yacho inoramba iripo, asi inofanira kugadziriswa pakati pevakaroorana pachavo. Vakaroorana vanogona kusiyana kubva pakugovaniswa kwakaenzana, kana kusarudza kushandurwa (conversie) kuita kodzero yepensheni yakazvimirira, nechibvumirano chepamberi pewanano kana mukubvumirana kwekurambana, uye mune zviitiko zvine pfuma yakawanda, kutengeserana kunowanzoitwa kune zvimwe zvinhu. Pensheni yemumwe wevakaroorana inotongwa nePensioenwet kwete neWVPS uye inotevera mitemo yayo.
Bhiri raizotsiva kuenzana nekushandurwa semutemo wekutadza kushanda, reWet pensioenverdeling bij scheiding 2022, rave richiripo pamberi peTweede Kamer kubvira 2019 uye zuva rayo rekutanga kushanda rakambomiswa kanopfuura kamwe chete. Harina kugadzwa, saka WVPS inoshanda zvizere kune kurambana kwakaiswa izvozvi. Pension yakawanikwa mukati meBV Wet uitfasering pensioen mu eigen beheer yakavharwa nzira iyoyo muna 2017 inowirawo pasi peWVPS, asi kubhadharwa kwechikamu chakaenzana kubva kukambani kunomutsa mibvunzo yekukwanisa kubhadhara mari uye migove iyo mupi wepension akajairwa asingambosangana nayo.
Matambudziko emunyika dzakasiyana: kurambana kwenyika dzakawanda kwakakosha
Kune vakaroorana vanofamba-famba pasi rose - vanobva kune dzimwe nyika muNetherlands, zvizvarwa zveDutch zvine pfuma kunze kwenyika, kana vakaroorana vanobva kunyika mbiri - kurambana kunosanganisira mitemo yepasi rose yemunhu isingadiwi nenyaya dzakajairwa. Hurongwa hwese hunotevera hunoshanda hwakazvimiririra uye hunofanira kuongororwa pakutanga kwenyaya.
Mutemo unoshanda: Mutemo weRome III
Mutemo weRome III Regulation (EU 1259/2010) unosarudza kuti ndeipi nyika inotonga kurambana. Vakaroorana vanogona kusarudza mutemo unoshanda kubva pane zvakatarwa; pasina chikamu chesarudzo yemutemo, mutemo uyu unoshanda nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Kune vazhinji vanogara muNetherlands, mutemo weDutch unoshanda - asi izvi hazvingoerekana zvaitika, uye mhedzisiro yekufungidzira zvisiri izvo yakakomba.
Mutemo wepfuma yewanano: Mutemo weEU 2016/1103
Kugovaniswa kwemidziyo kunotongwa zvakasiyana nekurambana chaiko. Kune vakaroorana musi wa29 Ndira 2019 kana kuti mushure maizvozvo vane chikamu chepasi rose, EU Regulation 2016/1103 ndiyo inosarudza zvakananga kuti ndeipi nyika inoshanda mukugovaniswa kwemidziyo. Izvi zvinogona kusiyana nemutemo unodzora kurambana.
Nzvimbo yekutonga: Brussels IIb
Hutongi pamusoro penyaya dzekurambana munyika dziri nhengo dzeEU hunotongwa neBrussels IIb (EU 2019/1111), iyo yakatanga kushanda muna Nyamavhuvhu 2022. Mutemo uyu unodzorawo kuzivikanwa nekusimbiswa kwekutongwa kwekurambana uye sarudzo dzemutoro wevabereki munyika dziri nhengo dzeEU.
Midziyo iri munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana
Kana midziyo yakapararira munyika dzakawanda, chikamu ichi chinova chiitiko chine vatongi vakawanda. Mutongo weDutch hausviki pamidziyo yese yoga: dzimwe nguva zvinodiwa kuti zvichemo zvizivikanwe kana kuti zvitevedzwe kunze kwenyika, uye kutevedzana kwezvichemo kunoitwa kunogona kukosha kupfuura kunaka kwazvo. Dambudziko rakasiyana rinomuka apo mumwe wevakaroorana naye haagone kuwanikwa, izvo zvinopa mutemo weDutch nzira yekurambana nemumwe wake asipo.
Nyaya dzevana vanodarika miganhu
Kune vakaroorana vane vana vakagara munyika dzakawanda, kodzero dzevabereki nehurongwa hwekugara hunosanganisira mutemo wemuno weDutch pamwe nemisangano yepasi rose - kunyanya 1996 Hague Child Protection Convention uye, kana zvichikodzera, 1980 Hague Abduction Convention. Mitemo iyi inoshanda neBrussels IIb uye inofanirwa kubatwa negweta rine ruzivo rwakasiyana rwemutemo wemhuri pasi rose.
Alimony muzviitiko zvepfuma yakawanda
Mari yemubatsiri (partneralimentatie) inoratidza kudiwa (behoefte) uye kugona kubhadhara (draagkracht). Tremanormen, gwara rakagadzirwa nevatongi vemutemo wemhuri, rinopa nzira yekuverenga, asi matare anoramba achiziva kana kuverenga kwakajairika kunoenderana nemari kusingaratidze mararamiro aifarirwa nevaviri ava. Sezvo Wet herziening partneralimentatie yakatanga kushanda musi wa1 Ndira 2020, nguva yepamusoro ihafu yehurefu hwemuchato nemuganhu wemakore mashanu, zvichienderana nekusarudzika kwemutemo kwewanano dzemakore anopfuura gumi nemashanu apo mugamuchiri ari pedyo nezera repension yenyika uye kune mhuri dzine vana vadiki. Makakatanwa munyaya dzepfuma yakawanda anowanzo itika pa:
- Kuwanikwa kwemari inobhadharwa se "mari inowanikwa" yekubatsira vanotambura.
- Mari inobhadharwa kubva mubhizinesi uye maumbirwo eDGA.
- Nguva yemabasa ekuchengetedza vana muwanano refu ine musiyano mukuru wepfuma.
- Kudyidzana pakati pemari yerubatsiro nekugoverwa kwemidziyo muchikamu chekubhadhara chese.
sei Law & More kusvika pakurambana kwemari yakawanda
Law & More ikambani yemagweta yekuNetherlands ine mahofisi mu Eindhoven uye AmsterdamChikwata chedu chemutemo wemhuri chinopa mazano panyaya yekurambana kwakaoma muchiDutch neChirungu, uye chinoshanda nemagweta emakambani ekambani panyaya dzinosanganisira zvivakwa zveBV, migove yeDGA uye kuyera kukosha kwebhizinesi. Tinoshanda mu:
- Kugoverwa kwezvinhu mukurambana kwemari yakawanda, kusanganisira dzimba nemitengo yekudyara.
- Kuongororwa kwemari yeBV uye maumbirwo eDGA muchikamu chekugoverwa kwepfuma yewanano.
- Nyaya dzekurambana pasi rose dzinoshandisa Rome III, EU 2016/1103, uye Brussels IIb.
- Chikamu chepension pasi peWVPS uye chezvirongwa zvepension zveDGA.
- Mari yerubatsiro inoshanda pamwe chete muzvirongwa zvakaoma zvemari, kusanganisira mihoro yeDGA uye zvikamu zvemari yemubhadharo.
- Simba revabereki rinopfuura miganhu yenyika uye urongwa hwekugara kwevana.
- Kugadzirisa nyaya dzekurambana uye kuyananisa nyaya senzira yekupinda mumatare edzimhosva anokwikwidzana.
Kukosha kwekuongorora nekukurumidza ndekwekuti kunogadzirisa mibvunzo inozopedzisira yadhura: kuti ndeipi nzira inoshanda, chii chinofanira kuteverwa kumashure usati waroorana, uye kuti dare ripi rine simba. Kana kurambana kwenyu kuchisanganisira bhizinesi, midziyo yekune dzimwe nyika kana chibvumirano chepamberi pewanano chisina kujeka, taurai nesu kuti mukurukure maonero enyu. Nyaya yedu pamusoro pemutengo wekurambana muNetherlands inotsanangura kuti nyaya idzodzo dzinobhadharwa sei.
Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa
Ko shanduko yemutemo wepfuma yewanano weDutch wegore ra2018 inokanganisa here vakaroorana vakaroorana gore ra2018 risati rasvika?
Kwete. Vakaroorana vakaroorana musi wa1 Ndira 2018 usati wasvika vanoramba vari pasi pemutemo wekare wezvekugara nhaka kunze kwekunge vachinja chibvumirano chavo chezvekugara nhaka negwaro renotarial. Vakaroorana chete vakaroora musi wa1 Ndira 2018 kana kuti mushure maizvozvo ndivo vanongoerekana vabatanidzwa mukugara nhaka nenzvimbo.
Chii chinoitika kubhizinesi rangu kana ndarambana neDutch?
Kana migove yako yeBV iri pfuma yewanano pasi pemutemo unoshanda, inosanganisirwa muchikamu chemidziyo uye inofanira kukosheswa nemutengo wakakodzera wemusika. Murume kana mukadzi asiri muridzi ane kodzero yekuwana hafu yemugove wewanano wemutengo iwoyo. Izvi zvinowanzogadziriswa nemurume kana mukadzi ari muridzi webhizinesi achibhadhara mumwe nemari, achichinja zvimwe zvinhu zvine mutengo wakaenzana, kana - mune zvisingawanzoitiki - kuchinjisa chikamu chemugove. Mhedzisiro yacho inoenderana nemutemo wepfuma yewanano unoshanda uye zvibvumirano zvechero chibvumirano chepamberi pewanano.
Chibvumirano chepamberi pewanano chingabvisa bhizinesi rangu muchikamu here?
Ehe, musimboti. Chibvumirano chakanyorwa zvakanaka chinokwanisa kubvisa zvido zvebhizinesi usati waroorana uye, mune dzimwe nguva, kukura kwebhizinesi panguva yemuchato. Zvisinei, kunyora kwacho kwakakosha, uye zvikamu zvekusabatanidzwa zvisina kunyorwa zvakanaka zvinowanzotongwa. Kana uine chibvumirano chisati charoorana uye uri kupinda mumatare ekurambana, ita kuti nyanzvi iongorore chinangwa chacho usati wafunga kuti chinodzivirira zvido zvebhizinesi rako.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pekupa mari yemubhadharo (alimony) nekupatsanurwa kwemidziyo (asset division) muNetherlands?
Kugoverwa kwemidziyo (vermogensverdeling) kugoverwa kwepfuma yemuchato kamwe chete. Mari yekuchengeta mwana (alimentatie) muripo unoenderera mberi unobhadharwa kune waimbova mukadzi kana kuti wekuchengeta mwana. Izvi zvibvumirano zvakasiyana pamutemo uye mune zvemari. Munyaya dzine pfuma yakawanda, zviviri izvi zvinowanzo tauriranwa pamwe chete sechikamu chekugadzirisana kwakazara.
Kurambana kwakakosha kunotora nguva yakareba sei muNetherlands?
Kurambana kwemari yakawanda kunosanganisira kukwikwidzana kwemitengo yebhizinesi, gakava repenjeni, kana masangano epasi rose zvinotora mwedzi gumi nemiviri kusvika makumi maviri nemana. Nyaya dzinoenderera mberi nematare edzimhosva akazara panyaya dzese dzinogona kutora nguva yakareba. Kugadzirisa nyaya dzemari nedzevabereki kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya nguva yakatarwa, kunyangwe munyaya dzakaoma.
Basa regweta pakurambana kwevanhu vekuNetherlands nderei?
Mugovanisi (notaris) anodiwa kune zvimwe zvinhu zvenyaya dzekurambana muNetherlands, kusanganisira kugovaniswa kwezvivakwa zviri pamutemo uye kunyoreswa kwekuchinjisa pfuma. Mugovanisi haamiriri chero bato ripi zvaro - ivo vashandi vehurumende vasina divi ravakarerekera. Mukurambana kunosanganisira kuchinjisa masheya eBV, mugovanisi anonyora uye anoita gwaro rekuchinjana.
