Zvinenge zvese zvinoitwa nekambani yenyu nebazi rehurumende reDutch - mvumo, rubatsiro, kuongororwa, faindi, kuramba - zvinotongwa nemutemo mumwe chete: Algemene wet bestuursrecht, kana kuti Awb. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura zvachinoita, pfungwa dzinosarudza nyaya zhinji, uye nzira nenguva yekupedzisira kana musingabvumirani.
Chii chinonzi Awb, uye nei mutemo mumwe chete uchikosha zvakadaro
Awb ndiyo gwaro remutemo wekutonga weDutch . Yakashanda kubvira muna 1994, inovhara hupenyu hwesarudzo yehurumende: kuti inofanira kugadzirirwa sei, chii chinofanira kuyerwa, kuti ingatora nguva yakareba sei, kuti unoipikisa sei, uye chii chinoitika kana zvikasava pamutemo. Haisarudze kana ukawana mvumo yako - izvo ndezvemutemo wechikamu, senge Omgevingswet kana Vreemdelingenwet 2000. Awb inotonga kuti chiremera chinosarudza sei, uye zvaunogona kuita nezvazvo.
Kukosha kwayo ndekwekuti inoshanda muhurumende yese kunze kwekunge mutemo chaiwo uchitaura zvakasiyana: kanzuru, dare remitero, IND, ACM nebhodhi remvura zvese zvinoshanda mukati mehurongwa humwe chete uye nenguva dzakafanana. Kana mutemo chaiwo ukaisa mutemo wakasiyana, mutemo iwoyo unoshanda: lex specialis derogat legi generali . Vreemdelingenwet 2000 inoisa hurongwa hwayo hwekukwidza nyaya; Omgevingswet inoendesa zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvakananga kudare. Asi mutemo chaiwo unobvisa Awb chete kana uchitaura chimwe chinhu chakasiyana; zvese zvausina kubata zvichiri kushanda. Dzidza Awb kamwe chete uye unogona kuzvitungamira mune chero munda wekutonga weDutch.
Pfungwa dzese dzinotanga
Chiremera chekutonga (bestuurorgaan)
Mutemo weAwb unoshanda kumabasa emumiriri wezvemitemo (art. 1:1 Awb): nhengo yemunhu wepamutemo yakagadzwa pasi pemutemo weveruzhinji - nyika, mapurovhinzi, madhorobha, mabhodhi emvura nemakurukota avo, vatungamiriri nemameya - kana chero mumwe munhu kana sangano rakapihwa simba reveruzhinji. Chikamu chechipiri chakakosha mune zvekutengeserana: masangano uye kunyange makambani akazvimirira masimba ekutonga kana mutemo uchivapa simba reveruzhinji, semuenzaniso kubvumidza kana kugovera mari yeveruzhinji. Sarudzo dzavo dzinobva dzakwidzwa pasi peMutemo weAwb, kwete kungobvumirana chete.
Sarudzo (besluit) — uye chii chisiri sarudzo
Besluit chisarudzo chakanyorwa chehurumende yekutonga chine mutemo wepamutemo wehurumende (art. 1:3 Awb): chakanyorwa, kubva kuhurumende yekutonga, chakavakirwa pasimba remutemo wehurumende, uye chakagadzirirwa kugadzira, kuchinja kana kuramba mutongo wepamutemo.
Iyi ndiyo nzira inokosha: nzira yeAwb — kupikisa, kukwidza nyaya, kukwidza nyaya kwepamusoro — yakavhurika chete kana paine munhu asingadi. Mabasa asina mhedzisiro yepamutemo zviito zvechokwadi ( feitelijke handelingen ): kutaura kwemuongorori, tsamba yeruzivo, yambiro yezvingaitwa nechiremera. Hazvigone kupikiswa, uye mhinduro, kana iripo, iri kudare redzimhosva.
Zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha. Kuramba pachakwo chisarudzo, saka chikumbiro chakarambwa chinogona kukwidzwa kudare; uye kukundikana kusarudza nenguva kunoenzaniswa nechisarudzo, saka kunyarara kunogona kuendeswa kudare (art. 6:2 Awb). Kazhinji mitemo inosunga nemitemo yemutemo hazvibvumirwi kukwidzwa kudare neart. 8:3 Awb, saka hapana chinogona kuendeswa kudare rekutonga charo.
Kunyepedzera
Kunyepedzera mhosva ( beschikking ) ibasa risingashandiswi nevanhu vose, kusanganisira kuramba chikumbiro chemunhu mumwe chete (art. 1:3 Awb): sarudzo yemunhu mumwe nemumwe yakanyorerwa munhu kana mamiriro ezvinhu — mvumo yako, rubatsiro rwako, faindi yako, murairo wako wekumanikidza. Chikamu chikuru chechitsauko 4 cheAwb chakanyorerwa beschikkingen.
The anofarira bato (belanghebbende)
Munhu anofarira munhu ane chido chake chinokanganiswa zvakananga nechisarudzo (art. 1:2 Awb). Munhu anofarira chete ndiye anogona kuramba kana kukwidza nyaya, uye bvunzo iyi inoongorora vanyunyuti vazhinji. Dare remhosva rinoda chido chako, chako pachako, chinonzwisisika, chiripo uye chakananga. Muvakidzani anogona kuona nekunzwa kuiswa kweimba anokodzera; mumwe munhu ari mumigwagwa miviri kure haakwanise. Mukwikwidzi anokodzera achipesana nemvumo yemukwikwidzi chete kana ichishanda mumusika nemunzvimbo imwe chete. Chido chinobatwa chete kuburikidza nechibvumirano nemunhu anogamuchira, senge chemurendi, chinowanzo wanikwa uye hachina kukwana. Vanhu vepamutemo vanogona kuita mabasa avo vachitsigira zvido zvavo pamwe chete nemabasa avo chaiwo.
Nheyo huru dzekutonga kwakakodzera
The algemene beginselen van behoorlijk bestuur ndiwo mwero iyo matare anoedza nayo sarudzo. Mamwe akanyorwa, mamwe haana kunyorwa; zvose zvinosunga zvakaenzana. Izvi zvinosarudza nyaya:
- Kutarisirwa kwakakodzera — vane masimba vanounganidza ruzivo rwakakosha nezvezvinhu zvine chekuita nazvo uye zvaunofarira (art. 3:2 Awb). Kukundikana kuferefeta kana kuongorora chokwadi chakakosha ndiyo nzira inowanzo budirira.
- zvikonzero — sarudzo inofanira kutsamira pakufunga kwakanaka (art. 3:46 Awb), kwakataurwa kana kwaziviswa (art. 3:47 Awb). Kufunga kusina, kusingawirirani kana kunyarara papfungwa yako huru hakubvumirwi nemutemo.
- Chokwadi chepamutemo — chisarudzo chinofanira kunge chakajeka zvakakwana kuti chitevedzerwe, uye kodzero dzakapihwa hadzibviswi zvishoma nezvishoma.
- Tarisiro dzechokwadi — vimbiso yakasimba, inopihwa kune vane masimba, yawakavimba nayo zvine musoro inofanira kuremekedzwa, kunze kwekunge zvido zvevanhu zvakanyanya kana zvevamwe zvikapesana nazvo. Dhipatimendi reHurumende reHurumende rakapa bvunzo yezvikamu zvitatu mukutonga kwaro kwa29 Chivabvu 2019 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2019:1694): chekutanga, kana zvirevo kana maitiro zvakapa pfungwa yepfungwa yakatorwa nevanotonga zvine musoro; chechipiri, kana izvozvo zvichigona kunzi ndezvesangano rine hunyanzvi; chechitatu, kana zvido zvakakura zvichimira munzira yekukudza — uye pazvinoita, vane masimba vanogona kusungirwa, sechikamu chechisarudzo chimwe chete, kubhadhara kurasikirwa kwaisazoitika kunze kwekutarisira.
- Kuenzana — nyaya dzakafanana dzinobatwa zvakafanana; zvinonyanya kurwadza kana simba richibva pane tsika yagara iripo kana mutemo wemitemo.
- Kurambidzwa kushandiswa kwesimba zvisina kunaka — simba rinogona kushandiswa chete pachinangwa charakapihwa (art. 3:3 Awb). Kushandisa simba rekuchengetedza chivako kugadzirisa dambudziko rinonetsa hazvibvumirwi nemutemo asi zvinoda mhedzisiro yacho.
Kuenzana: chii chakachinja kubva muna 2022
Chinyorwa 3:4 Awb inoda kuti vane simba vaongorore zvido zvakananga zvine chekuita nazvo, uye inoti migumisiro yakaipa inogona kunge isina kuenzana nezvinangwa zvakapihwa. Kwemakumi emakore matare aingobvunza chete kana vane simba vaigona kusarudza nenzira ine musoro sezvavakaita - muganho wakaderera zvachose.
Izvi zvakachinja nemutongo weDare reHurumende reHurumende re2 Kukadzi 2022 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2022:285), wakapihwa nedare guru mushure mepfungwa dzakabatana dzeAdvocates General Wattel naWiddershoven dza7 Chikunguru 2021 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2021:1468). Dhipatimendi iri rakatsiva fomura ye "manifest unreasonableness" nekuongorora kwakajeka kwekuenzanisa: chiyero chakakodzera kuzadzisa chinangwa; chinodiwa here , kana kuti chiyero chisina kuoma chaizoshanda here; uye chakaenzana here tichifunga nezvemigumisiro yemunhu akabatwa. Harina kuisa simba rimwe chete rekuongorora: kuti dare rinotarisa zvakadii rinosiyana zvichienderana nechiyero chinotsveyama chinoratidza sarudzo yakapihwa, zvido zviri panjodzi uye kuoma kwekupindira.
Nhaurirano dzekuti chiyero chakawandisa pamusoro pechokwadi, chaimbova chisina tariro, ikozvino chave kukosha kutaurwa pamusoro pekuvharwa kwezvivako, mvumo yekubviswa uye mirairo yekumanikidza. Miganhu yacho ndeyechokwadiwo: apo mutemo usingasiyi sarudzo, art. 3:4 Awb haina chainopa, sezvakasimbisa Division musi wa1 Kurume 2023 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2023:772).
Maitiro ekugadzirira sarudzo
Mabasa maviri anotungamira kugadzirira sarudzo yemunhu mumwe nemumwe. Chekutanga ibasa rekutarisira (art. 3:2 Awb). Chechipiri ibasa rekunzwa: usati waramba chikumbiro zvichibva pane chokwadi pamusoro pemunyoreri chakasiyana nechakapihwa nemunyoreri, mvumo inofanira kubvumidza munyoreri kuti ataure maonero ake (art. 4:7 Awb); basa rakafanana rinoshanda kune vechitatu vanotarisirwa kuramba (art. 4:8 Awb). Kana faira rine chimwe chinhu chakakosha pamusoro pako, chigadzirise ipapo, kwete mukurambwa kwemwedzi inotevera.
Maitiro akafanana ekugadzirira veruzhinji
Pazvisarudzo zvinobata vanhu vazhinji, Awb inopa nzira yakaomesesa, maitiro akafanana ekugadzirira veruzhinji muDivision 3.4. Inoshanda chete kana mutemo wepamutemo kana sarudzo yechiremera ichiti ndizvozvo (art. 3:10 Awb) — sezvainowanzoita pazvisarudzo zvikuru zvezvakatipoteredza uye zvekuronga. Chiremera chinoburitsa sarudzo yakanyorwa ine magwaro anotsigira kuti iongororwe (art. 3:11, art. 3:12 Awb), uye mapato anofarira, kana apo mutemo unoti chero ani zvake, anogona kutumira maonero ( zienswijzen ) mukati memavhiki matanhatu (art. 3:15, art. 3:16 Awb).
Migumisiro miviri inotevera. Hapana danho rekupikisa: unokwidza nyaya yako zvakananga kudare redunhu. Uye kana usina kupa maonero ako, maonero ako ekupedzisira anogona kushaikwa simba. Nguva yekusarudza mufaira guru remvumo inouya mwedzi yakati wandei chisarudzo chisati chaitwa.
Nguva dzekuita sarudzo, kunyarara uye chirango chekunonoka kusarudza
Chisarudzo pachikumbiro chinofanira kuitwa mukati menguva yakatarwa nemutemo unoshanda kana, zvikasadaro, mukati menguva yakakodzera, iyo Awb inofungidzira kuti haipfuuri mavhiki masere kubva pakugamuchirwa kwayo (art. 4:13 Awb). Chiremera chinogona kumisa kamwe chete, nekuzivisa (art. 4:14 Awb), uye wachi inomira ichimirira ruzivo rwayakakumbira nemazvo (art. 4:15 Awb).
Kana nguva yakatarwa ikapfuura, hapana chinoitika chega. Unofanira kutumira tsamba yakanyorwa , chiziviso chekusabhadhara chikwereti. Vhiki mbiri mushure mekunge mvumo yagamuchira, muripo wechirango unowedzerwa kwauri pazuva rega rega rekusabhadhara chikwereti, kwemazuva asingapfuure makumi mana nemaviri. Mari yezuva nezuva inokwira muzvikamu zvitatu munguva iyoyo, uye huwandu hwacho pamwe chete nehukuru hwepamutemo hunobuda zvakaiswa muchikamu. 4:17 Awb uye zvakaiswa mu index, saka tora nhamba dziripo kubva muchinyorwa chechinyorwa pane kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yekare. Chirongwa ichi chiri muchikamu. 4:17 kusvika 4:19 Awb, uye ndezvehurumende pachayo kuti isarudze kuti ine chikwereti chei.
Pane musiyano mukuru wabviswa pairi. Chirango chekunonoka kusarudza hachichashandi pazvisarudzo zveImmigration and Naturalisation Service: chakabviswa kune vanonyorera pasi peVreemdelingenwet 2000 kubva musi wa15 Kubvumbi 2025. Mumwe munhu akamirira IND anogona kuramba achizivisa kusaita sarudzo yake oendesa kudare kukundikana kusarudza, uye dare rinogona kuramba richibatanidza muripo wemutongo wedare kumurairo wekusarudza pasi pechikamu. 8:55d Awb, asi mutongo wekutonga otomatiki wapera. Ndiwo muenzaniso wakajeka wepfungwa ye lex specialis: Awb inotonga kusvika mutemo chaiwo wataura zvakasiyana.
Chiziviso chekusaita sarudzo chinovhurawo dare. Kukundikana kusarudza nenguva kunoenzaniswa nechisarudzo, saka chinogona kupikiswa nenzira imwecheteyo (art. 6:2 Awb). Kukwidza nyaya hakusungirwi nenguva yakatarwa, asi musimboti kunogona kuunzwa chete kana chiziviso chekusaita sarudzo chapihwa uye mavhiki maviri apfuura; chiziviso chekusaita sarudzo chinogona kuraswa kana chisingadiwi kwauri, uye kukwidza nyaya kwakanonoka zvisingabvumirwe hakugamuchirwi (art. 6:12 Awb). Kana kukwidza nyaya kukabudirira, dare musimboti richarayira vane masimba kuti vasarudze mukati memavhiki maviri, vachitsigirwa nemuripo wemutongo wedare, kunyange zvazvo zvingaisa nguva yakasiyana muzviitiko zvakakosha (art. 8:55d Awb). Kune nzira pfupi kune rimwe divi zvakare: nechikumbiro chako uye mvumo yeane masimba, kupikisa kunogona kuenda zvakananga kudare redunhu sekwidza nyaya (art. 7:1a Awb), kwakakodzera kubvunzwa kuti gakava riri pamutemo here.
Nzira yakajairika yekudzivirirwa kwepamutemo
Kunze kwekunge mutemo wechikamu kana maitiro ekugadzirira achipa zvimwe, nzira yacho ndeiyi: kupikisa chiremera chakatora danho, kukwidza nyaya kudare redunhu, uye kukwidza nyaya kune rimwe rematare matatu epamusoro-soro.
| Stage | Kwainoenda | Nguva yakatarwa | Chii chinoitika |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kupikisa (bezwaar) | Chiremera chimwe chete chakaita sarudzo | Mavhiki matanhatu kubva pazuva rakatevera kuziviswa (art. 6:7, art. 6:8 Awb) | Kuongororwazve kwakazara kwechokwadi, mutemo nemutemo (art. 7:11 Awb); unowanzo nzwikwa (art. 7:2 Awb). Sarudzo mukati memavhiki matanhatu, gumi nemaviri nekomiti yekupa mazano (art. 7:10 Awb). |
| Kukwidza (kukwidza) | Chikamu chemutemo wekutonga chedare redunhu (rechtbank) | Mavhiki matanhatu kubva pazuva rakatevera kuziviswa kwechisarudzo chekuramba | Ongororo nedare rakazvimirira (art. 8:1 Awb). Mari yekunyoresa inobhadharwa, yakakwira kumakambani. Dare rinogona kubvisa uye, pazvinogoneka, kugadzirisa gakava. |
| Kukwezva kwakanyanya (hoger beroep) | Council of State (Administrative Jurisdiction Division), Centrale Raad van Beroep, kana College van Beroep voor het bedrijfsleven, nenyaya | Mavhiki matanhatu kubva pazuva rakatevera kutumirwa kwemutongo | Muenzaniso wekupedzisira (chinyorwa 8:104, chinyorwa 8:105 Awb). Centrale Raad inoteerera nyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu nedzevashandi vehurumende, nyaya dzezvehupfumi nedzemitemo yeKoreji, Dare reHurumende nezvimwe zvese. Nyaya dzemitero dzinoendeswa kumatare edzimhosva dzekukwirira neDare Repamusorosoro. |
| Kubatsira kwenguva pfupi (voorlopige voorziening) | Mutongi wedare rine hunyanzvi hwekutanga | Chero nguva apo kupokana kana kukwidza nyaya kuchinge kwakamirira | Kumiswa kwechisarudzo kana chimwe chiito chenguva pfupi kana paine chikonzero chekukurumidzira (art. 8:81 Awb). |
Nguva dzekupedzisira, zvipikiso zvinononoka uye kusavapo kwemhedzisiro yekumisa
Mavhiki matanhatu akaoma. Chipikiso chakaiswa zuva rimwe chete hachigamuchirwi uye hachimbofi chakawanikwa. Gwaro rakatumirwa rinowanikwa panguva yakakodzera kana rikatumirwa nguva isati yapera uye rikagamuchirwa mukati mevhiki imwe chete kubva pakupera kwechirongwa (art. 6:9 Awb). Kana usingakwanise kupa zvikonzero, isa chikumbiro chenguva pfupi uye kumbira kuti chiwedzere; chiremera chinofanira kubvumira kuti chikanganiso chacho chigadziriswe (art. 6:6 Awb).
Kunonoka kusingabvumirwi kwakaoma. Kana usingakwanise kupomerwa mhosva yekunonoka, kusagamuchirwa hakutauriki (art. 6:11 Awb). Kusakwanisa kuita basa kwakanyorwa, sarudzo yakatumirwa kukero isiriyo, kana chirevo chisina kana chisina kururama chekugadzirisa nyaya yacho zvinogona kukodzera; kuva kunze kwenyika, kubatikana kana kumirira shanduro hazviiti. Zvisinei, matare epamusoro ekutonga akarerutsa bvunzo. Mukutonga kwayo kwa30 Ndira 2024 (ECLI:NL:CBB:2024:31) Dare Repamusorosoro reTrade and Industry Appeals Tribunal rakatora nzira yakanangana nenyaya yega yega, richipa nzvimbo yakawanda kumamiriro emunhu akadai sekurwara uye zviitiko zvekunze, richitora mhosva shoma sedzisina kukwana kuti munhu anonoka, uye - kune mumwe munhu aisaziva uye aisagona kunge aiziva nezvesarudzo - achibvumira mavhiki matanhatu kubva pakuziva nezvazvo pane mavhiki maviri aidiwa kare. Dhipatimendi reHurumende yeHurumende rakatevera nzira iyoyo, richida kufanana kwemutemo, musi wa3 Kubvumbi 2024 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2024:1406). Saka kuramba kunonoka kwakakodzera kuongororwa pane kusiya, asi pokutangira panoramba paine nguva pfupi uye hapana chinofanira kutaurwa.
Kuramba hakumisi chisarudzo. Kuramba kana kukwidza nyaya hakumisi kushanda kwechisarudzo (art. 6:16 Awb). Mvumo inoramba yakarambwa, kuvharwa kunoramba kuri kushanda, faindi inofanira kubhadharwa. Kuti uimise, unofanira kunyorera wega rubatsiro rwechinguvana.
Rubatsiro rwechinguvana
Kana nyaya yangopikiswa kana kukwidzwa kwenyaya kwaitwa, mutongi anogona kumisa chisarudzo kana kupa imwe murairo wenguva pfupi kana zvido zvichidikanwa (art. 8:81 Awb). Muedzo ndewekukurumidzira, maonero enguva pfupi ezvakanaka uye kuenzana kwezvido; kutongwa kwenyaya kunotevera mukati memazuva kana mavhiki. Kune kambani iri kutarisana nemutemo wekuvharwa kana nguva yekupedzisira yekumanikidzwa, iyi, kwete murairo wekupikisa, ndiyo danho rekukurumidzira.
Kuchiri kupinda dare redzimhosva
Dare rekutonga rine simba pamusoro pevamwe; zvimwe zvese zvinowira kudare rehurumende semutongi asara — maitiro ehurumende chaiwo, zvibvumirano nesangano rehurumende, uye masimba emutemo wepachivande akadai sekuva muridzi wevhu.
Imwe dzidziso inofanirwa kunyeverwa. Kana munhu aipomerwa mhosva akabvuma kupikiswa kana kukwidzwa nyaya uye usina kushandisa nzira iyoyo, dare redzimhosva rinoiona semutemo muzvinyorwa uye mukugadzirira — formele rechtskracht , simba repamutemo repamutemo. Haugone kurega nguva yakatarwa yekutonga ichipfuura wobva wapomera mhosva pamusoro pechisarudzo chimwe chete.
Kusimbiswa kwemitemo, rubatsiro rwemari uye mutoro muchidimbu
Kutevedzwa kwemutemo uye zvirango
Chitsauko 5 cheAwb chine mutemo mukuru wekusimbisa mutemo: ndiani ari mutadzi, masimba ane vatariri, uye mitemo yezvirango (art. 5:1, art. 5:2 Awb). Chinokamura zvirango kuita matanho ekutsiva, ayo anogumisa kana kubvisa kutyorwa kwemutemo - mutemo unomanikidzwa nehutungamiriri, uyo chiremera chinogona kuita nemutengo wako (art. 5:21 Awb), uye mutemo unobhadharwa nechirango (art. 5:31d Awb) - uye anorangwa. Faini yekutonga (art. 5:40 Awb) inoranga, uye inokwezva dziviriro dzekutongwa kwakarurama dzinosanganisira kodzero yekunyarara.
Rubatsiro
Musoro 4.2 weAwb inzira yakakwana yekubhadhara mari yeruzhinji. Rubatsiro rwemari inyaya yekukumbira mari yeruzhinji yemabasa akatarwa, kunze kwekubhadharwa kwezvinhu kana masevhisi anopiwa kuhurumende (art. 4:21 Awb). Zvinhu zviviri zvinobata vanogamuchira: rubatsiro rwemari runowanzo da hwaro hwemutemo (art. 4:23 Awb), uye mubairo nesarudzo yekupedzisira zvisarudzo zvakasiyana zvine nguva yakatarwa yakasiyana. Rubatsiro rwemari runogona kudzikiswa, nekudzoserwa kwemusiyano.
Kukuvadzwa uye muripo
Kukuvadzwa kubva musarudzo isiri pamutemo kunogona kukumbirwa pamberi pedare rekutonga pacharo (art. 8:88 Awb), kugona kugovaniswa nedare redzimhosva zvichienderana nenyaya uye dzimwe nguva nehukuru hwechikumbiro. Pachiito chepamutemo chinorova munhu mumwe zvakanyanya, Musoro 4.5 weAwb unopa hurongwa hwakajairika hwekubhadharisa , hwakavakirwa panjodzi yemagariro evanhu. Pasi peart. 8:89 Awb chikumbiro chemuripo unosvika €25,000 chinogona kuunzwa pamberi pedare redzimhosva; pamusoro pehuwandu ihwohwo dare redzimhosva ndiro nzvimbo huru.
Wagamuchira chisarudzo chekuDutch chausinganzwisisi
- Tsvaga zuva rekuziviswa uye verenga mavhiki matanhatu. Nguva yacho inotangira pazuva rakatevera kutumirwa kwechisarudzo, kwete kubva pazuva rawakachiverenga.
- Verenga ndima yekupedzisira kutanga. Kana chisarudzo chakaitwa chichigona kupikiswa kana kukwidzwa kudare, chiremera chinofanira kutaura izvozvo kana chachizivisa (chinyorwa 3:45). Kugumisa ikoko rechtsmiddelenclausule inotsanangura mushonga, muviri uye nguva yekupedzisira - mutsetse wakavimbika pane zvese zviri mutsamba, uye chikonzero chekuti ugone kuita nemazvo usati wanzwisisa chinhu chacho.
- Faira nenguva, kunyangwe isina kupedzwa. Kuramba kwenguva pfupi kukumbira nguva yekuwedzera nzvimbo kunochengetedza zvese; kwakakwana pazuva rechimakumi mana nematatu hakuchengetedze chinhu.
- Kumbira faira, uye tarisira chiDutch. Unogona kuongorora magwaro ane sarudzo; matambudziko akawanda anobudirira akavakirwa pane zvisina kunyorwa mufaira. Vakuru vanoshandisa chiDutch (art. 2:6 Awb), uye ndizvo zvinoitawo kunzwiwa kwenyaya.
Kuramba kunononotsa chisarudzo chandiri kuramba here?
Kwete. Kupikisa kana kukwidza nyaya hakumisi kushanda kwechisarudzo (art. 6:16 Awb). Kuvhara, murairo wekumanikidza kana mubhadharo unoramba uchishanda apo chipikiso chichiri kumirira. Kuti uzvimise, nyorera woga kumutongi werubatsiro rwekutanga (art. 8:81 Awb), izvo zvinogona kugadziriswa mumazuva mashoma. Uku ndiko kusanzwisisana kunodhura zvikuru kunoitwa nevatsva.
Chii chiri musiyano uripo pakati pechinhu chinonzi besluit nechiito chechokwadi?
Besluit chisarudzo chakanyorwa nedare repamusoro chinopa mutongo wepamutemo (art. 1:3 Awb). Chiito chechokwadi — mashoko emuongorori, tsamba yeruzivo, mufambiro wemuviri — hachiburitse chinhu. Besluit chete ndiyo inogona kupikiswa uye kukwidzwa kudare pasi peAwb; kurwisa chiito chechokwadi nzira, kana iripo, iri kudare redzimhosva, uye kuita izvi zvisirizvo kunopedza mavhiki matanhatu.
Ndadarika nguva yakatarwa yemavhiki matanhatu. Pane chasara here?
Pamwe, asi usazvivimba nazvo. Kuramba kunonoka hakugamuchirwi kunze kwekunge usingakwanise kupomerwa mhosva yekunonoka (art. 6:11 Awb). Zvikonzero zvinozivikanwa zvakamanikana: kero isiriyo, chirevo chisipo kana chisina kururama chekugadzirisa, kutadza kushanda zvakanaka kwakanyorwa. Kuva kunze kwenyika kana kumirira shanduro hazvina kukwana. Isa humbowo nekukasika, uye bvunza kana chiremera chichafungazve nezvazvo.
Ko bvunzo yekuenzanisa yave yakaoma zvechokwadi here?
Ehe, mupfungwa yekuti ongororo haisisina ruremekedzo rwakafanana. Kubva pamutongo weDare reNyika we2 Kukadzi 2022 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2022:285), matare anoongorora kukodzera, kudiwa uye kuenzana pasi pechinyorwa 3:4 Awb pachikero chinotsvedza chakaiswa nesarudzo dzakapihwa, zvido zviri panjodzi uye kuoma kwekupindira. Kana mutemo usingasiyi sarudzo, nharo dzinowanzo kundikana.
Ndingaenda kudare zvakananga here pane kuramba kutanga?
Dzimwe nguva. Kana nzira yekugadzirira nyaya yakajairika paruzhinji yashandiswa hapana danho rekupikisa nyaya uye unokwidza nyaya yacho zvakananga kudare redunhu. Kana zvisina kudaro unogona kukumbira kuti nyaya yacho iendeswe kudare zvakananga, iro rinoda mvumo yemutongi (art. 7:1a Awb) — zvakakodzera kukumbirwa kana gakava riri pamutemo chete. Kana zvikasadaro, danho rekupikisa nyaya rinosungirwa, uye kusvetuka kunoita kuti kukwidza nyaya kusagamuchirwe.
