Kuchaja zvivakwa zvemagetsi muNetherlands: mibvunzo yepamutemo yemabhizinesi nevaridzi vezvivakwa

Vanenge vese vanoshandira, varidzi vemba uye mushandi wezvikepe muNetherlands vava kusangana nechikumbiro chimwe chete: kuisa nzvimbo dzekubhadharisa. Tekinoroji iri nyore; mamiriro epamutemo haasi. Kubhadharisa kunobata mutemo wegrid, mutemo wezvivakwa, mutemo wekurenda, mutemo wefurati, mutemo wesimba, mitemo yebasa uye dziviriro yedata panguva imwe chete, uye mhinduro dzinosiyana zvakanyanya nekwakamira nzvimbo yekubhadharisa.

Nzvimbo nhatu, dzakabatwa zvakasiyana zvikuru

Mubvunzo wekutanga hausi wehunyanzvi: ivhu raani, kubatana kwaani, uye ndiani anoshandisa magetsi? Kuvhiringidza mamiriro matatu ari pazasi ndicho chikonzero chinowanzoita kuti chirongwa chimire.

"Semi-public" inzvimbo isina kunaka: nzvimbo yekupaka mota, hotera kana nzvimbo yekutengesa ine vanhu vega asi iri nyore kusvika. Kupinda, kwete kuva muridzi, kunotanga mitemo yeEurope iri pazasi, saka bhizinesi rinovhura nzvimbo dzaro dzekubhadharisa vashanyi rinotora zvisungo zvisingaitwe nekambani yemukati chete.

Kubatana kwegrid: kazhinji ndiko kunosunga

Muganho hauwanzove wehuwandu hwemari inogona kutengwa nebhizinesi. Ndiwo mafambiro ekubatanidza kwaro. Munharaunda yeBrainport, sezvinowanzoitika munyika yese, nzvimbo huru dze network dzakazara uye kuwedzera kubatana kunogona kutora makore. Nzira nhatu dzinokosha.

• Kuvandudza kubatana. Mushandi wesystem ane basa rekubatanidza nekutakura, ane hunyanzvi kana pasina simba. Pasi peEnergiewet, iyo yakatsiva Elektriciteitswet 1998 neGaswet kubva 1 Ndira 2026, nguva yakatarwa yekubatanidza yakatsiviwa ne "nguva yakakodzera", iyo inoshandura maitiro ekubatana kwakanonoka.
• Kuchaja kwakangwara uye kuenzanisa mutoro. Mhinduro inoshanda muzviitiko zvakawanda: kuvhara nekuchinjisa charging paprofile yemutoro wepaiti kunoita kuti mushandirwi agadzirire mota dzakawanda paconnection iripo. Izvi ndezvechibvumirano kwete zvemutemo, asi zvinofanirwa kunyorwa pasi — ndiani anoisa zvinhu zvinokosha, mari shoma inovimbiswa, uye ndiani ane mhosva kana mota isina kubhadhariswa.
• Zvibvumirano zvekufambisa zvinochinjika. Vashandi vemasystem vanopa zvibvumirano pasi pazvo apo bhizinesi rinobvuma miganho pakukwanisa kwaro panguva dzakatarwa nekudzikiswa kana muripo. Mafomu akati wandei ari pamwe chete nechibvumirano chekubatana kwekambani nekutakura. ATO isiri yekambani inowanikwa chete munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda. Kodzero yekufambisa yenguva inopa kodzero dzakazara mukati mezvibvumirano zvakabvumiranwa pagridi dzedunhu, uye kodzero yekufambisa yakavakirwa pahurefu inovapa maawa akagadzwa pagore pagridi yeTenneT ine voltage yakawanda; ACM yakaunzwa nesarudzo yayo yekodhi ya16 Chikunguru 2024 (Staatscourant 2024, 23594), yakatanga kushanda kubva 1 Kubvumbi 2025. Mukati mekutonga kwekuzara kwemagetsi mune chibvumirano chekudzikamisa kugona, uye nesarudzo yayo ya11 Zvita 2025 (Staatscourant 2025, 42474) ACM yakawedzera chibvumirano chekudzora kugona, umo mushandi wesystem anogona kukumbira bato rine nzvimbo yekuchengetedza kana kugadzira kuti rifambise huwandu hwemagetsi rinopesana nekwakavharirana kwete kungoderedza mutoro; inowedzera chibvumirano chekudzikamisa kugona pane kutsiva. Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino ari muSysteemcode elektriciteit 2026, iyo yakatsiva Netcode elektriciteit apo Energiewet nemakodhi ayo akatanga kushanda musi wa1 Ndira 2026. Kuchaja chinhu chinokwezva nekuti chinochinjika, asi zvinosungirwa kukuvadza: mushandirwi akavimbisa kuderedza mutoro haagone kurega ngarava dzake dzichichaja chero zvaanoda.

Grid connection ine chinyorwa chayo pane ino saiti. Chinokosha pano kutevedzana: bvunza nezve kugona kwemidziyo usati watenga hardware.

Ndiani muridzi wenzvimbo yekubhadharisa?

Nzvimbo yekubhadharisa yakasungirirwa pahwaro hwekongiri haisi michina inofambiswa. Kuva muridzi wevhu kunosanganisira zvakabatanidzwa nayo kwenguva refu, saka muridzi wevhu anova muridzi wenzvimbo yekubhadharisa nekushanda kwemutemo (art. 5:20 BW). Uku ndiko kubvumidzwa , kubvumidzwa, uye zvinoitika chero zvataurwa nechibvumirano nezvekodzero. Muna Rechtbank Gelderland 11 Chivabvu 2023, ECLI:NL:RBGEL:2023:2690, nyaya yemutero wesimba pamusoro penzvimbo dzekubhadharisa dzinowanikwa pachena dzinoshandiswa pasi pemvumo yemuguta, dare rakaenderera mberi richiti nzvimbo dzekubhadharisa dzakanga dzava pfuma yemuguta nekugamuchirwa, nekuti dzakanga dzakabatanidzwa kwenguva refu nenzvimbo uye hapana kodzero yekukwira yakanga yapihwa.

Mhinduro yacho ikodzero ye superficies, opstalrecht (art. 5:101 BW): kodzero chaiyo yakanyoreswa inoparadzanisa muridzi wenzvimbo kubva pamuridzi wenzvimbo. Kana mushandi wechitatu, kambani yekurenda kana mushandirwi akaisa panzvimbo yemumwe munhu uye achida kuchengeta muridzi wenzvimbo, kubvisa pfuma yacho kana kuibhadhara, iyi ndiyo nzira. Inoda gwaro rekusimbisa uye kunyoresa, uye inofanira kubata nenguva, muripo, kuwana, kugadzirisa uye kutengeswa kwenzvimbo. Dambudziko rimwe chete rinomuka kune solar panels padenga rakarendwa.

Nzvimbo dzekubhadharisa panzvimbo dzebhizinesi dzakarendwa

Kuisa nzvimbo yekubhadharisa zvinhu kunochinja imba yakarendwa uye kazhinji kunoda mvumo yemuridzi wemba (art. 7:215 BW). Muroja anowanzova nekodzero yekubvisa zvaawedzera uye anofanira kudzorera imba yacho mumamiriro ezvinhu akabvumiranwa (art. 7:216 BW uye art. 7:224 BW). Vese vatatu vari muchikamu cheBhuku 7 chinotaura nezvezvisungo zvemuroja, zvinoshanda kunzvimbo dzebhizinesi pamwe nedzimba, asi chete muzvibvumirano zvekugara, art. 7:215 BW inosungirwa mukutsigira muroja. Mamodheru eROZ anoshandiswa muzvinenge zvese zvekurenda zvebhizinesi zveDutch anorambidza shanduko uye anoisa chisungo chekudzoreredza, saka chinzvimbo chepamutemo chinzvimbo chekutaurirana, kwete mhedzisiro.

Gadzirisai nekunyora pasi, uye muchibvumirano pachacho:

• Ndiani anobhadhara — mari yekuvaka, kuisa, kugadzirisa nekubatanidza, uye kana paine chimwe chazvo chinopfuudzwa nemubhadharo webasa kune vanorenda vasingabhadharise.
• Kuva muridzi uye kubviswa — kodzero yekuwedzera mari kana muridzi weimba kana mutengesi wayo achizochengeta muridzi weimba; kana zvisina kudaro chibvumirano chakajeka chekuti nzvimbo yacho icharamba iripo, uye kukosha kwayo.
• Kugoverwa kwesimba muchivako chine vanhu vakawanda vanoroja, uko muroja wekutanga kuisa anodya imba yemusoro iyo vamwe vanoda.
• Magetsi — yakayerwa zvakasiyana, yakabhadhariswa pamutengo, kana kuti yakadzoserwa kuburikidza nemari yebasa, uye kana muridzi wemba achipa mari inodarika mutengo.

Zvivako zvemafurati neVvE

Kana nzvimbo yekupaka mota iri chikamu chinowanzoonekwa chechivako chakakamurwa kuita kodzero dzemafurati, muridzi wega haagone kungoisa. Zvikamu zvinoonekwa zvinotarisirwa nesangano (art. 5:126 BW), saka shanduko yacho inoda kuti pave nesarudzo yemusangano wevaridzi pasi pegwaro rekupatsanura nemirau. Kana mvumo yesangano, nhengo dzaro kana vamwe varidzi ikarambidzwa pasina chikonzero chine musoro, kana kuti bato rinofanira kuipa risingapindure, muridzi anoida anogona kukumbira dare redunhu kuti ritsive mvumo iyoyo nemvumo (art. 5:121 BW). Kana nzvimbo ichizoshandiswa chete kana kuti marongerwo acho achichinja zvakanyanya, kugadziriswa kwegwaro rekupatsanura kunogona kudiwa, izvo zvinorema zvakare.

Zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha. Muzvivakwa zvinoshandisa mitemo yemuenzaniso ya2017, kuzivisa sangano kunogona kunge kwakatokwana, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Uye bhiri rinogadzirisa Bhuku 5 reMutemo weVanhu rinounza hurongwa hwekuzivisa, saka muridzi anosangana nemamiriro ezvinhu akatarwa anofanira kungozivisa pane kuwana mvumo, ruzivo rwuchisiyiwa kune murairo wedare. Bhiri iri rave richiitwa kuburikidza neinternet consultation asi harina kugadzwa pakanyorwa chinyorwa ichi, uye murairo wedare remakurukota wekuisa mamiriro acho hausati waburitswa; tarisa mapepa eparamende usati wavimba nawo. Kusvika panguva iyoyo sarudzo yesangano ichiri kukosha, uye masangano anofanira kugadzirisa izvo hurumende isingazopindure: kuyerwa kwemitengo nekubhadhara, inishuwarenzi, kuchengetedzeka kwemoto, uye kuti ndiani anobhadhara kusimbisa kubatana kwechivako.

Basa rekuchaja: mapato matatu akasiyana

Mabhizinesi anogara achibatanidza mabasa matatu: mushandi wepachaji (CPO) , uyo ane kana kuti anoshandisa hardware uye anotengesa mukana wekushandisa; mupi webasa re e-mobility (eMSP) , uyo anopa kadhi rekuchaja kana app uye anobhadharisa mutyairi, kazhinji kuburikidza nemamwe ma network kuburikidza ne roaming; uye mutengesi wemagetsi , anopa connection iri kuseri kwechaji.

Kana kutengesa magetsi panzvimbo yekubhadharisa kuchida rezenisi rekugovera ndiwo mubvunzo unobvunzwa nemabhizinesi. Rezenisi inodiwa kuti ipe simba kune vashandisi vekupedzisira vane connection diki (art. 2.17 Energiewet), uye ACM inoburitsa runyorwa rwezvisizvo zvakavharwa, zvinosanganisira kupa kune imwe imba yaunayo kuburikidza neconnection imwe chete, kupa kune vatengi vakawanda, uye kushanda semutengesi nemutengesi ane rezenisi.

Ongororo yepamutemo ndeyekuti mushandi ndiye pachake anoshandisa kubatanidza kwake uye anotengesa sevhisi yekuchaja, kwete magetsi pamusoro pekubatanidza, saka hapana rezinesi rinodiwa. Zvinova zvisina kunaka kana bhizinesi richibvumira vamwe kutora mari kubva pakubatanidza kwaro vovabhadharisa: muridzi wemba anochajazve vanorenda, sangano revagari varo, kana vavakidzani vanogovana imwe nzvimbo. ACM haina kuburitsa gwara rakanangana nekuisa mari pasi peEnergiewet; chainoburitsa runyorwa rwezvimwe zvisingabatanidzwe, izvo zvinofukidzawo kupa kune makambani madiki emakanzuru emabasa avo everuzhinji uye kupa nesangano remagetsi risingatsvage purofiti kune nhengo dzaro. Kana paine kusava nechokwadi, bvumirana nemutengesi ane rezinesi kana CPO pane kuva mumwe wavo.

Kubhadharisa veruzhinji, zvibvumirano uye mabhenefiti emakanzuru

Kubhadharisa vanhu muNetherlands kunonyanya kuve musika unodzorwa nemutemo unogadzirwa nechibvumirano. Matunhu nemasangano emunharaunda anopa zvibvumirano zvekuisa nekushandisa nzvimbo dzekubhadharisa vanhu munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, kazhinji kwenguva refu uye kazhinji pamwe chete mumatunhu akawanda. Kambani inokwikwidza imwe ndeyekukwikwidza chibvumirano cheveruzhinji: mutemo wekutenga unoshanda, zvinodiwa pakupihwa mibairo zvinopikisa, uye vanokwikwidza vanoodzwa mwoyo vanokwikwidza nyaya.

Tarisa usati waita bhidhi: ndiani muridzi wenzvimbo dzekubhadharisa panguva uye mushure menguva yacho, uye kana kodzero yekuwedzera yakapihwa kana kuti mvumo yekushanda yabvumidzwa here; muripo unobhadharwa kumasipala, unowanzo bhadhariswa pa kWh; maitiro ekuisa, kusanganisira sarudzo yekufamba nemotokari panzvimbo inochengeterwa nzvimbo; nguva yekushandisa uye mazinga ebasa; mitero; uye hand-back.

Kujeka kwevatengi uye mitengo panzvimbo dzekubhadhara veruzhinji

Mutemo (EU) 2023/1804 pamusoro pezvivakwa zvemafuta anotsiva (AFIR) unoshanda kubva musi wa13 Kubvumbi 2024 uye unoshanda zvakananga. Mabasa ayo anotarisana nevashandisi ari muchikamu. 5 AFIR:

• Kuchaja kwemahara — vashandisi vanofanira kukwanisa kubhadharisa pasina chibvumirano nemushandi kana mupi webasa.
• mubhadharo — nzvimbo dzinosvikika pachena dzine simba rinenge 50 kW dzinofanira kugamuchira muripo wemagetsi kuburikidza nekadhi reader kana mudziyo usina kubata. Nzvimbo dzatove kushanda usati washandisa zvinodiwa izvozvo hadzisiyiwi zvachose: art. 5 AFIR inomanikidza vashandi kuti vagadzirise muripo usina kubata kune nzvimbo dziripo dzirisvikika pachena dzine simba rinenge 50 kW panosvika 1 Ndira 2027, kungave nekadhi terminal kana nekubhadhara kuburikidza neQR code.
• Price transparency — mitengo yemagetsi inofanira kunge iri inonzwisisika, yakajeka uye isingasaruri, inopiwa nguva isati yatanga, uye zvichibva pamutengo pa kWh panzvimbo dzinenge 50 kW, chero chinhu chekushandisa chinoratidzwa chakasiyana.
• Vashandi vebasa — eMSP inofanira kupa mutyairi zvinhu zvese zvemutengo wechikamu, kusanganisira roaming, pachine nguva.

Mutemo wevatengi weDutch unoshandawo pamwe chete. AFIR inoshanda zvakananga, pasina mutemo weDutch unoshandisa, uye kutarisirwa kwekujeka kwemitengo yepamberi uye zvibvumirano zviri pasi peACM neRDW.

Kona yekushanda: kuchaja mota yekambani kumba

Apa ndipo panonyanya kuoneka vashandirwi uye pavasina kugadzirira. Kana mushandi aine mota yekambani yemagetsi, magetsi anoshandiswa kumba mutengo wemotokari yemushandirwi, anotakurwa nemushandi. Saka kudzoserwa mari kunowanzoonekwa sekudzoserwa kwemari yepakati uye kusingabhadharwi mutero - asi chete kana ichienzaniswa nemutengo chaiwo wemushandi. Mune imwe nzvimbo yakaburitswa, boka reruzivo reBelastingdienst rakaramba mutengo wepakati wenyika, nekuti kupararira pakati pevashandi kwakakura zvakanyanya (KG:204:2024:13). Nzvimbo yekare inotaura nezvekudzoserwa kwemari yacho pachayo uye kushandisa kodzero ye superficies kuchengetedza zita remushandi (KG:204:2022:5). Nzvimbo dzemitero yepamusoro chete, kwete mazano emitero.

Nzvimbo dzebasa dzakasiyana, uye dziri muchirongwa chemotokari kana kuti chibvumirano:

• Ndiani muridzi, anochengetedza uye anochengetedza nzvimbo yekubhadharisa pamba pemushandi, uye chii chinoitika kana mushandi abva, akatama kana kuchinja mota.
• Kuyerwa uye kudzoserwa kwemari inoshandiswa, uye humbowo hupi hwemutero hunofanira kupihwa nemushandi.
• Kana mushandirwi angadzosa mari yekuisa kana kubvisa vashandi kana vamiswa basa — mubvunzo wekudzikiswa kwemuhoro unoda chikonzero chakajeka.
• Kushandiswa kwemotokari yechipiri pachivande, uye makadhi ekubhadharisa pakubuda. Kuchinjana kwemotokari nedivi rimwe chete kwakaoma: tsika yekubhadhara mari inoshanda kwemakore inogona kuva nguva yekushanda.

Dziviriro yedata panzvimbo dzekubhadharisa

Nguva yekuchaja haisi yekuzivikanwa. Makadhi ekuchaja, maRFID tag, maapp account uye marongero ekutenderera zvinobatanidza nguva nemunhu, nguva nenzvimbo, saka GDPR inoshanda uye mushandi, mupi webasa uye mushandirwi mumwe nemumwe anofanira kuziva kuti ndiani wavo ari mutongi. Ruzivo rwekuchaja runoratidza kuti mushandi aive kupi uye riini: kurishandisa kupfuura mari yaakagoverwa kunoda hwaro hwepamutemo pasi pechinyorwa. 6 GDPR, chiziviso uye, kana zvichireva kutarisa, kubatanidzwa kwekanzuru yemabasa. Ramba uchichengeta zvinodiwa nebhiri.

Kuchengetedzeka, mitemo yekuvaka uye mapemiti

Nzvimbo dzekuchaja dzinotongwa neBesluit bouwwerken leefomgeving (Bbl) pasi peOmgevingswet. Bbl inoshandisa zvisungo zvekuchaja zveEPBD yakagadziridzwa, uye shanduko dza2026 dzakazvisimudza. Pakuvaka kutsva uye kugadziriswa kukuru kwechivako chisiri chekugara chine nzvimbo dzekupaka dzinopfuura shanu, chinodiwa ikozvino kuti pave nenzvimbo imwe chete yekuchaja panzvimbo shanu - imwe chete pambiri muchivako chine hofisi - kuisa matambo epamberi kweinenge hafu yenzvimbo uye kuisa mapayipi epamberi kune dzimwe (art. 4.160b Bbl). Zvivako zvisiri zvekugara zviripo zvine nzvimbo dzekupaka dzinopfuura makumi maviri zvakada nzvimbo imwe chete yekuchaja kubvira 1 Ndira 2025; kubva 1 Ndira 2027 zvinoda nzvimbo imwe chete yekuchaja panzvimbo gumi kana kuisa mapayipi epamberi kwehafu yadzo, uye zvivakwa zveveruzhinji zvinosangana nechimwe chinodiwa kuti pave nenzvimbo yekutanga yekuchaja kubva 1 Ndira 2033.

Nzvimbo dzekupaka mota dzakavharwa dzinofanirwa kutariswa zvakasiyana. Hapana mutemo wekurambidza kuchaja mune imwe chete, asi chivako chinofanira kusangana nezvinodiwa zveBbl, kuiswa kwacho kunofanirwa kutevedzera mitemo inoshanda, uye chiremera chinogona kuisa zvinodiwa zvakatemwa. Inishuwarenzi nevanodzima moto vanotarisira kuiswa pedyo negedhi kana pasi pemhepo, switch yepakati yekukurumidzira, zviratidzo zvinoratidza panoitika kuchaja, uye kusimbisa kuti inishuwarenzi yechivako ichiri kupindura. Kune nzvimbo dzekuchaja munzvimbo yepasi pevhu pasi pechivako chine basa rekurara, Bbl inoenderera mberi, ichida kuchaja mode 3 kana mode 4, switch yepakati yakabatana nekuisa alarm yemoto, uye sprinkler yakakura uye kupihwa kwemhepo. Kana mvumo ichidikanwa, tendeudzai panzvimbo kwete pahardware: basa rekuvaka rehunyanzvi rinowanzo shaya mvumo, asi omgevingsplan inogona kuita kuti kuisa omgevingsplan kuve chiitiko chinodiwa mvumo, uye kusiya chirongwa kunotora nguva yakareba. Tarisa omgevingsplan yemuguta iri kuburikidza neOmgevingsloket usati waraira hardware.

Rondedzero yekutarisa mushandirwi ari kuisa mari panzvimbo yake

• Simbisa kuti pane mukana wekushandisa system operator usati watanga kushandisa hardware, uye tenga zvimwe zvingasarudzwa: kuvandudza, kuchaja ne smart charging, kana chibvumirano chekutakura chinochinjika.
• Kana ukarenda imba, tsvaga mvumo yakanyorwa yemuridzi wemba, muripo, muridzi uye kubviswa kwayo zvagadziriswa, uye ipa mvumo yekuva nekodzero yekuva nemagwaro epamusoro kana muridzi wemba achizogara chero kupi zvako kunze kwemuridzi wemba.
• Sarudza kana nzvimbo dzekubhadharisa dzichavhurirwa vashanyi; kana zvakadaro, funga kuti AFIR inoshanda.
• Gadzirisai modhi yekubhadhara, uye teverai mazano musati machaja magetsi kune mumwe munhu wechitatu.
• Tarisa zvinosungirwa paBbl, uye dziviriro yemoto kana nzvimbo yekupaka mota yakavharirwa.
• Nyora mitemo muchirongwa chemotokari: kukodzera, kubhadharisa imba, kudzoserwa mari, makadhi ekubhadharisa, kubuda.
• Isa chiziviso chekudzivirira data uye mitemo yekugadzirisa data pamwe chete nemushandi pamwe nemupi webasa, uye bvumiranai nemazinga ebasa, vimbiso uye nzira yekubuda nayo.