Kusarurwa kwemabasa muNetherlands: hurongwa hwemutemo

Kusarurana kubasa hakubvumidzwe muNetherlands, asi kwete nemutemo mumwe chete. Mitemo iyi yakapararira muBumbiro reMitemo, mitemo mina yekubatwa zvakaenzana, zvinyorwa zvakawanda muMutemo weVanhu uye chimwe muMutemo weCriminal Code, chimwe nechimwe chichitaura zvikonzero zvakasiyana uye chimwe nechimwe chine zvisizvo zvacho. Chinhu chakakosha pane zvinotarisirwa nevanhu: hapana faindi yekutonga yekusarura pachayo, saka kusimbiswa kwemutemo kunoitwa nemushandi, Netherlands Institute for Human Rights nematare edzimhosva.

Peji rino rinotsanangura mutemo unoshanda pane chikonzero chipi, ndiani anofanira kuratidza kuti chii, kupi kunyunyuta, uye nguva yekupedzisira yekugumisa chikumbiro.

Pane faindi here kana munhu achisarura vamwe pabasa?

Kwete. Netherlands Labour Authority (Nederlandse Arbeidsinspectie) haibhadharisi faindi nekuda kwerusarura pacharwo. Uku ndiko kusanzwisisana kunowanzoitika pamusoro pemutemo wekuNetherlands wekubata vanhu zvakaenzana.

Zvinogona kusimbiswa neLabour Authority ibasa rakasiyana pasi pemutemo wemamiriro ekushanda: mushandirwi anofanira kutevera mutemo unorambidza basa repfungwa, uye rusarura runoumba chikamu cheizvozvo. Iro ibasa rekuva nemutemo uye kushandisa mutemo, kwete chirango chesarudzo yemunhu. Rusarura pacharwo runosimbiswa nemushandi, kuburikidza nematare, neNetherlands Institute for Human Rights (College voor de Rechten van de Mens) sedanho repakati rakasununguka.

Mutemo upi unoshanda pachikonzero chipi?

Nzvimbo imwe neimwe yakachengetedzwa ine chikamu chayo chemutemo kana kuti Civil Code. Chikamu 1 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinotaura musimboti: nyaya dzakaenzana dzinofanira kubatwa zvakaenzana, uye rusarura pane chero chikonzero harubvumidzwe. Izvi zvinosunga dare reparamende kwete mushandirwi wega wega. Mugakava rebasa, unovimba nezviito zvinoshanda musimboti wacho.

Zvikonzero zvacho zvingori zvinyorwa zvakavharwa. Izvozvo zvinokosha mukushanda. Kuramba zvichibva pane chimwe chinhu chisiri pane chero runyorwa, senge chinhu chinoitwa nevanhu, postcode kana mhinduro yebvunzo yehunhu, hakusi kusarura pamutemo, zvisinei nekuti zvinoita sei zvisina kunaka. Zvingave zvichiri kutyora basa remushandirwi rekuita semushandirwi akanaka, inova nzira yakasiyana.

Ndezvipi zvisarudzo uye ndevapi vanhu vanofukidzwa nazvo?

Mitemo iyi inofukidza hukama hwese hwekushanda. Kutsvaga vashandi uye kushambadzwa kwebasa, chipo, mitemo yebasa nemubhadharo, kudzidziswa, kukwidziridzwa pabasa, nzira iyo basa rinogoverwa, uye kubviswa kwevashandi zvese zvinowira mukati mebasa razvo. Zvinodzivirirawo vanhu vasiri vashandi mupfungwa chaiyo: vanonyorera basa, vashandi vemasangano uye, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana, vanhu vanozvishandira vanoshanda pasi pechibvumirano chebasa.

Musiyano uripo pakati pekusarurana kwakananga nekusarurana kusina kunanga ndeupi?

Kusarurana zvakananga kunogona kururamiswa chete kana mutemo pachawo uchibvumidza. Kusarurana kusina kunanga kunogona kururamiswa kana paine chinangwa chepamutemo uye nzira dzacho dzakakodzera uye dzinodiwa.

Kusarurana zvakananga mutsauko unoitwa nekuda kwechikonzero chakachengetedzwa: kusabhadhara mumwe munhu nekuti ane pamuviri, kana kuisa zera repamusoro rekusava nebasa. Nhaurirano yebhizinesi haidziviriri. Zvinotenderwa chete kana mutemo uchipa musiyano, semuenzaniso chinodiwa chechokwadi chebasa, chiyero chezviito zvakanaka, kana chimwe chezvinhu zvisingabvumidzwe neMutemo weRusarura rweMakore pazera remudyandigere wenyika uye pazvinangwa zvehurongwa hwebasa.

Kusarurana zvisina kunanga mutemo usina kwawakarerekera unobvisa rimwe boka zvisina kunaka. Funga nezvechinodiwa cheDutch chisina mhosva pabasa risingade, maitiro ekuchinja-chinja ayo mukuita asingabatanidzi vashandi venguva pfupi, kana mutemo wekuti vashandi venguva yakazara chete ndivo vanokodzera kuwana bhonasi. Mutemo wakadaro unobvumirwa chete kana wakarurama: chinangwa chinofanira kunge chiri chepamutemo, uye nzira dzinofanira kunge dzakakodzera uye dzichidiwa. Kukosha ndiko kunowanzo kundikana vashandirwi. Kana chinangwa ichi chikagona kuwanikwa nenzira inobvisa vanhu vashoma, mutemo wacho haurarami.

Kushungurudzwa kunoonekwa serusarura here?

Ehe, kana zvakabatana nenzvimbo yakachengetedzwa. Maitiro asingadiwe ane chekuita nenzvimbo yakachengetedzwa ane chinangwa kana mhedzisiro yekukanganisa chiremerera chemunhu, kana kugadzira nharaunda inotyisa, ine hasha, inonyadzisa kana inogumbura, inobatwa nemabasa akaenzana senzira yekusarura. Maitiro asina chekuita nenzvimbo yakachengetedzwa anowira pasi pemutemo wemamiriro ekushanda uye basa rekushandira vanhu zvakanaka. Tinofukidza divi rinoshanda mugwaro redu rekutungamira nezvekushungurudzwa uye maitiro asina kukodzera kubasa.

Kusarurwa kwepamuviri kunobatwa sei?

Musiyano nekuda kwepamuviri, kubereka kana kusununguka isarudzo yakananga inobva pakudanana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi. Hapana nharo dzebhizinesi dzinogona kururamisa izvi.

Izvi zvinoshandawo pasarudzo yekusatora vashandi, sarudzo yekusawedzera chibvumirano chenguva yakatarwa, kugoverwa kwebasa kana munhu adzoka, uye kusarudzwa kwemunhu anodzingwa basa.

Mitemo miviri iri pamwe chete nayo. Chekutanga, chinyorwa 7:670 cheCivil Code chinorambidza kubviswa kwebasa panguva yekuzvitakura uye panguva yezororo rekusununguka, uye kwemavhiki matanhatu mushure mekunge mushandi atangazve basa mushure mezororo iroro. Chechipiri, kana chibvumirano chenguva yakatarwa chikangopera, hapana kudzingwa basa kunopikisa. Sarudzo yekusavandudza inogona kuramba iri rusarura, uye mushandi anogona kukumbira muripo nekuda kweizvozvo.

Uchapupu hunowanzova panguva yacho. Nguva iyo mushandirwi akanzwa nezvepamuviri, uye zvakachinja mushure menguva iyoyo, ndiyo nzira inotsvagwa nedare.

Chii chinofanira kuitwa nemushandirwi ane hurema kana chirwere chisingaperi?

Mushandirwi anofanira kugadzirisa zvinhu zvinobudirira, kunze kwekunge vachizoisa mutoro wakawandisa. Kuramba kugadzirisa zvinhu kunodiwa pachako kusarura kunorambidzwa.

Mutemo weEqual Treatment (Disability or Chronic Illness) Act haungorambidzi mutsauko chete. Unomanikidza mushandirwi kuti agadzirise zvinobudirira (doeltreffende aanpassingen) apo mushandi kana munyoreri anoda kuti vashande. Kukundikana kugadzirisa zvinodikanwa kuverengwa semutsauko unorambidzwa, kwete sekusasiya kwakasiyana uye kushoma.

Chinoonekwa sechibvumirano chinoongororwa chiitiko chimwe nechimwe uye kazhinji kacho hachina kunyanya kuipa: maawa akagadziriswa kana maitiro akasiyana ekuchinja, software yekuverenga skrini, nzvimbo yekushandira yakagadziriswa, kudzoka zvishoma nezvishoma mushure mekurwara, kana shanduko mukuti mabasa anogoverwa sei mukati mechikwata. Kana mushandi ari pazororo rekurwara kwenguva refu, basa iri rinoenderera pamwe chete nezvisungo zvepamutemo zvekudzorerwa kubasa, zvatakaisa mugwaro redu rehurongwa hwekudzorerwa kubasa.

Kana mutoro wacho usina kuenzana zvichienderana nehukuru hwemushandirwi uye zviwanikwa zvake, mutengo wechiyero chacho uye kana rutsigiro rwemari rwuripo. Mushandirwi mudiki haabatirwi semunhu mukuru, asi mari chete ndiyo isingawanzo sarudza mubvunzo uyu.

Zvinhu zviviri zvinoshanda zvinotevera. Basa rinotanga nekuda kwechikumbiro, saka mushandi anofanira kukumbira, zviri nani nekunyora kuitira kuti zuva racho ritarwe. Uye mushandirwi anofanira kupindura zvine musoro. Kurambwa kwemubhadharo pasina kuongororwa kwekushanda kwawo uye mutengo kwakaoma kudzivirira kana mutoro weuchapupu wachinja, nekuti hapana chiri mufaira chinotsigira kuramba.

Mutemo unoti chii pakutsvaga vashandi nekusarudza vashandi nhasi uno?

Kushambadzira basa hakungaratidze sarudzo inobvisa vanhu vanokwikwidza panzvimbo yakachengeteka. Maitiro ekusarudza anogona kusaita zvisina kunanga izvo kushambadzira kungasaita zvakananga. Izvi zvave mutemo wakagara kwenguva yakareba kwemakumi emakore.

Zvisipo, zvinopesana nezvinowanzo nyorwa, ibasa repamutemo rekuva negwaro rakanyorwa, risina kwarakarerekera, rekuongorora zvikanganiso, kana kupa kudzidziswa kwekusiyana-siyana kwegore negore. Dare reSeneti rakaramba bhiri raizotanga nzira dzekutsvaga vashandi dzinotarisirwa, iro rinonzi Equal Opportunities in Recruitment and Selection (Supervision) Bill, musi wa26 Kurume 2024. Bhiri renhengo yega yega rakagadziriswazve rakaunzwa. Dare reHurumende rakaburitsa zano raro pamusoro paro musi wa4 Chivabvu 2026. Rakabvunza kukosha kwechirongwa ichi, kana chaizoisa mwero wakajeka, uye basa rekutarisira rarinopa kuNetherlands Labour Authority. Bhiri iri harina kugamuchirwa, saka hapana rimwe remabasa iwayo rinogona kusimbiswa.

Ichocho hachisi chikonzero chekusazviteerera. Kana munhu anenge akumbira basa ataura nezvekusarura, mushandirwi anofanira kuramba. Mushandirwi asina gwaro rezvinodiwa, ongororo nezvikonzero haana chekuramba nazvo. Magwaro haasi chisungo chekutevedzera mutemo pano; humbowo hwako.

Ko maalgorithms neAI mukutsvaga vashandi zvinodzorwa here?

Ehe, kuburikidza nemitemo miviri yakasiyana. GDPR inoshanda izvozvi; zvinosungirwa neAI Act huru yezvishandiso zvekutora vanhu zvinoshanda kubva musi wa2 Zvita 2027.

• Pasi peGDPR, sarudzo ine mhedzisiro yepamutemo kana yakafanana yakafanana yakavakirwa pakugadzirisa otomatiki inobvumirwa chete mune zviitiko zvishoma. Mukwikwidzi ane kodzero yekuwana ruzivo nezvepfungwa dzinobatanidzwa uye kupindira kwevanhu. Kurambwa kwakazara otomatiki ndiyo chaiyo mhando yesarudzo yakanyorerwa mutemo.
• Mutemo weAI unoisa masisitimu anoshandiswa pakutsvagisa, kusarudza, kukwidziridzwa uye kubviswa pabasa seane njodzi huru pasi peAnnex III. Mabasa makuru emasisitimu ane njodzi huru, anosanganisira manejimendi yenjodzi, kutonga kwedata, kunyora pasi uye kutarisirwa kwevanhu, akamiswa pasi nemutemo weDigital Omnibus uye ikozvino anoshanda kubva 2 Zvita 2027. Mabasa ekujekesa ari muchikamu 50, anoda kuti vanhu vaudzwe pavanenge vachitaurirana neAI system, akashanda kubvira 2 Nyamavhuvhu 2026. Mitemo yekurambidza tsika dzisingagamuchirwi yakashanda kubvira 2 Kukadzi 2025 uye haina kumbomiswa.

Mugumisiro unoshanda kune vashandirwi: kutenga chishandiso hakusundi njodzi. Kana modhi yemutengesi ikabvisa vanonyorera nenzira inoenderana nenzvimbo yakachengetedzwa, mushandirwi ndiye akaita mutsauko.

Ko kujeka kwemari yakaenzana uye kujeka kwemari?

Mari yakaenzana yebasa rakaenzana kana rakaenzana yatovepo kubva pamitemo yekubatwa kwakaenzana uye inogona kushandiswa nhasi. Chiri kuchinja ndechekujeka kwezvinhu zviri kuitika.

Murairo (EU) 2023/970 waifanira kuchinjwa musi wa7 Chikumi 2026. Netherlands haina kusvika pazuva iroro. Bhiri rekushandisa, iro rinogadzirisa Mutemo weEqual Treatment of Men and Women, rakaendeswa kuDare reVamiriri muna Chivabvu 2026 uye harisati ragamuchirwa. Kutanga kushanda kwaro kuchagadzwa nemutemo wehumambo, pamwe panguva dzakasiyana dzezviga zvakasiyana, saka hapana zuva rinogona kuvimbwa naro parizvino.

Panguva ino mamiriro acho ndeekuti. Murairo hauna simba rakanangana, saka mushandi haagone kuushandisa zvakananga kune mushandirwi wepachivande. Mabasa ekuzivisa vanhu nezvebasa anoda mitemo yenyika isati yashandiswa. Zvisinei, matare eDutch anofanira kududzira mutemo weDutch uripo zvichienderana nemurairo, uyo unovandudza mwero wekubhadhara wakaenzana unoshanda kare. Vashandi vehurumende vari munzvimbo yakasiyana: vanogona kuvimba nezvisungo zvakajeka zvakakwana uye zvisina miganhu.

Takataura zviri muhurongwa hutsva, kusanganisira miganho yekushuma nezvemihoro isina kukwana uye kurambidzwa kubvunza vanonyorera nezvemihoro yavo yazvino, papeji redu nezvemutemo wekujekesa mihoro.

Ndiani anofanira kuratidza rusarura?

Mutoro wekupa humbowo unogovaniswa, mumatanho maviri. Mutemo uyu unosarudza nyaya zhinji, uye unowanzotaurwa zvisirizvo munzira dzose dziri mbiri.

Kutanga, mushandi kana munhu anenge achikumbira basa anofanira kutaura zvinhu zvinoita kuti munhu afungidzire kuti pane rusarura. Kwete humbowo; zvinhu zvechokwadi. Ipapo, uye ipapo chete, mutoro unoshanduka: mushandirwi anofanira kuratidza kuti hazvina rusarura. Kana mushandirwi asingakwanise, chikumbiro chinobudirira.

Zvinhu zvinogona kukonzera fungidziro zvinosanganisira:

• kushambadzira kwebasa rine zera kana mutauro izvo basa racho risingade;
• kurambwa kunotevera nguva pfupi mushure mekunge mushandirwi aziva nezvepamuviri;
• nhamba dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vane dzinza rimwe chete havambopfuuri chikamu chekutanga;
• mashoko ataurwa mubvunzurudzo;
• musiyano wemubhadharo newaanoshanda naye ari kuita basa rakaenzana naro iro mushandirwi asingakwanise kutsanangura nechimwe chinhu.

Chisina kukwana pachacho ndechekutenda kwemunyoreri pachake kuti chikonzero chaicho chaive rusarura, kana kuti chokwadi chekuti ndeweboka rakachengetedzwa pamwe chete nekuramba.

Unodzivirirwa here kana ukanyunyuta?

Ehe. Mushandi anonyunyuta nezverusarura, anotsigira zvichemo zvemumwe munhu kana kuti anomhan'ara nyaya yacho haafanirwe kukanganiswa nazvo.

Chinyorwa 7:647 cheMutemo weVanhu chinorambidza mushandirwi kusaremekedza mushandi nekuda kwekushandisa mitemo yekubatwa zvakaenzana nekuda kwebonde. Chiziviso chekudzingwa basa chakapihwa nekutyora mutemo iwoyo chinogona kubviswa nemushandi. Mitemo yakafanana yekushungurudzwa inoshanda kune zvimwe zvikonzero pasi pemitemo yekubatwa zvakaenzana uye, kwemaawa ekushanda nerudzi rwechibvumirano, pasi pechinyorwa 7:648 na7:649 cheMutemo weVanhu.

Dziviriro haitsamiri pakuti chichemo chiripo chabudirira here, chero bedzi chakaitwa nekutenda kwakanaka. Ndiyo pfungwa yacho: kodzero inobhadharisa munhu ari kushandisa chinzvimbo chake haisi kodzero. Chichemo chekutsiva chinotevera mutoro wematanho maviri weuchapupu sechichemo chekusarura. Kutevedzana kwezviitiko kunowanzoita basa, kunyanya chero chinhu chakachinja mushure mekunyunyuta.

Kune mushandirwi, izvi zvinonyanya kuenderana nemaitiro ebasa. Kana chichemo chaitwa, sarudzo dzine chekuita nemunyunyuti dzinofanira kunyorwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa kare. Kana zvichibvira, mumwe munhu asiri iye akanyunyutirwa ndiye anofanira kuzvitora.

Ungaendesa kupi chichemo?

Mukati, nebazi rezvekudzivirira rusaruraganda remakanzuru, neNetherlands Institute for Human Rights, kana nedare redunhu. Hakuna dare rezvemabasa rakasiyana uye hapana mumiriri wevashandi muNetherlands.

• Mukati. Maneja kana HR, mupi wezano wepachivande kana mushandirwi aine mumwe, uye maitiro ekunyunyuta. Dare rebasa rine basa mumutemo, kwete munyaya yega yega.
• Bazi rekudzivirira rusaruraganda remakanzuru. Kanzuru yega yega inofanira kupa imwe. Hazvibhadharwi, inopa mazano akazvimiririra, uye inogona kubatsira kunyoresa nekugadzirisa chichemo.
• Sangano reNetherlands Institute for Human Rights. Munhu wese anogona kuunza nyaya, asina gweta uye pasina muripo. Institute inoferefeta uye inopa pfungwa ine musoro pamusoro pekuti mutemo wekubata vanhu zvakaenzana wakatyorwa here. Miganhu miviri inokosha: pfungwa yacho haisungi, uye Institute haigone kupa muripo wekubhadhara kana kubvisa kudzingwa kwemunhu. Huremu hwayo hunoonekwa, uye dare rinogona kuifungisisa.
• The subdistrict court (kantonrechter). Iyi ndiyo nzira yechero chinhu chinoda murairo unosunga: kubviswa kwekudzingwa basa, muripo, muripo wakakodzera kana muripo wekudzokera shure.
• Chikumbiro chemhosva. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, rusarura mukushanda muhofisi, basa kana bhizinesi imhosva pasi pechikamu 429quater cheCriminal Code. Nzira iyi haiwanzo shandiswa, uye pamwe chete nechikumbiro chemhosva pane pachinzvimbo chayo.

Ndeipi nguva yekupedzisira inoshanda?

Nguva pfupi dziri mumutemo wekudzinga vashandi, uye dzakaoma.

• Kuti ukumbire dare kuti ribvise chiziviso ichi, kana kuti ripe muripo wakakodzera, unofanira kunyorera mukati memwedzi miviri kubva pakupera kwechibvumirano chebasa.
• Chikumbiro chemubhadharo wekuchinja (transitievergoeding) chinofanira kuitwa mukati memwedzi mitatu kubva pakupera kwechibvumirano.
• Chikumbiro chekuripa mari chisiri chekupikisa kudzingwa kwekambani chinotevedzera mitemo yemiganhu. Izvi zvinotanga kubva panguva iyo munyoreri anoziva nezvekuripa mari uye yemunhu ane mhosva. Kana nguva yasvika, ita kuti zviongororwe pane kungofungidzira.

Sangano reNetherlands Institute for Human Rights harishandisi nguva yakatarwa. Zvisinei, kuunza nyaya ikoko hakumisi nguva yemwedzi miviri yekudzingwa kwemhosva. Kana nzira dzese dziri mbiri dzikakosha, chikumbiro chedare ndicho chinotanga.

Chii chinogona kurairwa nedare?

Dare rinogona kuzivisa kuti chisarudzo cherusarura hachina basa, kubvisa kudzingwa basa, uye kupa muripo wemari kana kuti muripo wekudzosera.

• Chisungo kana sarudzo inosarura haishande. Chikamu chiri muchibvumirano kana muchirongwa chinotyora mutemo wekubatwa zvakaenzana hachina simba.
• Kudzingwa basa kunogona kubviswa, kuitira kuti basa rirambe richienderera mberi, kana kuti dare rinogona kupa muripo wakakodzera panzvimbo pezvo.
• Kukuvadzwa, kusanganisira muripo wekurasikirwa kusiri kwechinhu chikuru uko chiremerera chakakanganiswa.
• Mari yekudzoserwa pamubhadharo, uko musiyano wemubhadharo usingagone kusimbiswa.

Chisingakwanise kuitwa nedare kubhadharisa faindi inoyerwa sechikamu chemari inoshandiswa nevashandi. Nhamba iyoyo inobva kumutemo wemakwikwi nekuchengetedza data uye haina imwe yakafanana nemutemo wekuDutch wekubata vanhu zvakaenzana. Chinhu chaicho chinowanikwa muvashandirwi muripo, muripo wemubhadharo pakati pevashandi apo chirongwa chemubhadharo kana mabhenefiti chinozove chekusarura, mari dzematare, uye kushambadzirwa kwepfungwa kana mutongo wakabudiswa.

Vashandirwi vangaderedza sei njodzi?

Nekuvaka rekodhi. Tichifunga mashandiro anoita basa rekupa humbowo, matanho anobatsira ndiwo anosiya gwara repapepa.

• Nyora pasi zvinodiwa pabasa usati waona vanhu vanokwikwidza, uye chengeta runyorwa rwakashandiswa.
• Nyora kuti ndiani akanyorera, ndiani akaongororwa, zvichienderana nezvinodiwa, uye nei sarudzo yakawira papi. Mitsetse miviri pamunhu anenge achinyorera yakakwana.
• Tarisa maturusi. Bvunza mutengesi kuti modhi yavo yakadzidziswa data ripi uye kuti inogadziridza chii, wobva wachengeta mhinduro yacho.
• Tsanangurai musiyano wemari yavanobhadhara panguva yavanobuda, kwete makore maviri gare gare pavanobvunzwa.
• Iva nenzira yekunyunyuta uye mupi wezano wepachivande, uye iva nechokwadi chekuti chichemo chinosvika kune mumwe munhu asiri iye munhu ari kunyunyuta nezvake.
• Tora chiziviso chekubata pamuviri, chikumbiro chekugadzirisa hutano uye sarudzo yekuvandudza chibvumirano senguva apo faira rinofanira kunge rakarurama.

Muchidimbu

• Mutemo wekuDutch wekubata vanhu zvakaenzana unoshanda nerunyorwa rwezvikonzero zvakavharwa, rwakapararira pamitemo mina uye zvinyorwa zvakati wandei zveMutemo weVanhu.
• Hapana faindi yekutonga kana munhu asarura; mushandi anotevedzera mitemo kuburikidza neInstitute for Human Rights nematare edzimhosva.
• Kana mushandi angotaura zvinhu zvinoratidza rusarura, mushandirwi anofanira kuratidza kuti haana rusarura.
• Kupikisa kudzingwa basa kunofanira kuitika mukati memwedzi miviri kubva pakupera kwechibvumirano; nyaya kuInstitute haigumiri nguva iyoyo.
• Kune vashandirwi, magwaro akaitwa panguva yesarudzo ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yekudzivirira.

Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa

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