Zvinodiwa zvemutemo wekutengesa paindaneti muNetherlands zvinobva muzvikamu zvitatu zvemitemo: mabasa ekuziva nekupa ruzivo muBhuku 3 neBhuku 6 reDutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW), mirairo yevatengi vekuEurope inoshandiswa mukodhi imwecheteyo, uye mitemo yeEU inoshanda zvakananga pakudzivirira data, kuchengetedzeka kwechigadzirwa, geo-blocking uye masevhisi epuratifomu. Pamwe chete zvinosarudza zvinofanirwa kuratidzwa newebhusaiti isati yatanga bhatani reodha, izvo mutengi anogona kukanzura mushure mezvo, uye izvo mutengesi anofanira kukwanisa kuratidza kuNetherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM).
Njodzi chaiyo haisi faindi. Inyaya yekuti chibvumirano chakaitwa chisina kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvepamutemo chinogona kuchinjwa: nguva yekurega kutenga inotora gore kupfuura zvaitarisirwa, odha iyo mutengi asingasungirwe nayo, kana seti yemitemo yakajairika isingavimbike nayo nekuti haina kumbobvira yawanikwa nemazvo. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura zvinodiwa zvinoshanda kune chitoro chepamhepo cheDutch chinotengesa vatengi muNetherlands nedzimwe nyika dzeEuropean Union, uye zvakachinja munguva pfupi yapfuura.
Kugadzira bhizinesi uye kurizivisa online
Bhizinesi rinotengesa online muNetherlands rakanyoreswa muCommercial Register inochengetwa neChamber of Commerce (Kamer van Koophandel), iyo inopa nhamba yekunyoresa inofanira kuoneka pawebhusaiti. Kunyoresa inyaya yechokwadi kwete chimiro: chisungo chinobva pakuita bhizinesi, kwete kubva panzira yepamutemo yakasarudzwa, uye zvakafanana zvinoshanda kune chisungo chekunyoresa VAT. Maitiro ekunyoresa nekuisa magwaro anotsanangurwa munyaya yedu pamusoro pekuisa magwaro emagetsi mumarejista ekutengeserana.
Chinyorwa 3:15d BW inomanikidza mupi wese webasa reruzivo kuti agadzire ruzivo rwakatsanangurwa zviri nyore, zvakananga uye zvechigarire: zita rebhizinesi, kero yaro, ruzivo rwekuonana naro kusanganisira kero yeemail inobvumira kukurumidza kuonana, nhamba yeCommercial Register nenhamba yekuzivikanwa yeVAT, uye, kana basa racho richitenderwa, ruzivo rwevane simba rekutarisira. Chinongedzo chepazasi kune peji rine ruzivo urwu chinozadzisa zvinodiwa; fomu rekuonana naro rega hariite, nekuti mutengi anofanira kukwanisa kusvika kumutengesi zvakananga.
Chinyorwa 6:230m BW chinowedzera ruzivo runofanira kupihwa chibvumirano chedaro chisati chapedzwa. Chinosanganisira hunhu hukuru hwechigadzirwa, hunhu nekero yemutengesi, mutengo wese unosanganisira mitero uye zvese zvinotumirwa nezvimwe, marongero ekubhadhara nekutumira, nguva yechibvumirano, kuvapo kwevimbiso yekutevedzera mutemo, uye mamiriro, nguva uye maitiro ekushandisa kodzero yekubvisa, pamwe chete nefomu rekubvisa remuenzaniso. Kana mutengesi akatadza kutaura kuti mutengi ndiye achabhadhara mari yekudzorera zvinhu, mutengesi ndiye achabhadhara.
Maitiro ekuodha uye mazwi akajairika
Mutemo weDutch unoisa zvinodiwa zvakananga padanho rekuodha. Mutengi asati aisa odha, mutengesi anofanira kuratidza hunhu hukuru, mutengo wese, nguva uye nguva shoma yemubhadharo unoramba uchienderera mberi. Bhatani rinoshandiswa kuisa odha rinofanira kunyorwa zvakajeka kuratidza kuti odha ine mubhadharo wekubhadhara; kana isiriyo, mutengi haasungirwi nekondirakiti. Webhusaiti inofanirawo kupa nzira dzakakodzera dzehunyanzvi dzinobvumira mutengi kuona nekugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvekupinda odha isati yaiswa, uye mutengesi anofanira kusimbisa kugamuchira odha nemagetsi pasina kunonoka.
Mitemo nemipimo zvinoshanda chete kana mutengi akawana mukana wakakwana wekuzvinyora chibvumirano chisati chapera kana kuti pachapera. Muchibvumirano chepamhepo izvi zvinoreva kuti mitemo inofanira kuwanikwa nenzira inobvumira mutengi kuichengeta uye kuibvunza gare gare; chinongedzo chinovhura peji risingagone kuchengetwa hachina kukwana. Mitemo inokundikana bvunzo iyi inogona kubviswa chikamu nechikamu. Bhuku 6 BW rinewo runyorwa rwezvikamu zvinogara zvichinetsa zvibvumirano zvevatengi uye runyorwa rwezvikamu zvinofungidzirwa kuti ndizvo, zvichifukidza nyaya dzakadai sekusabatanidzwa kukuru kwemhosva, shanduko dzega dzega pachigadzirwa uye nguva dzekuzivisa dzisina musoro. Kutengesa kubva kumabhizinesi kuenda kumabhizinesi hakusi pasi pemutemo iwoyo, ndosaka seti dzakasiyana dzemitemo yevatengi nevatengi vemabhizinesi dzakakodzera kushanda nesimba. Kunyora chikamu chezano redu repamutemo kumabhizinesi.
Kodzero yekubvisa mari uye kudzorera mari
Mutengi anotenga ari kure anogona kubvisa chibvumirano mukati memazuva gumi nemana asina kupa zvikonzero. Pazvinhu, nguva yacho inotanga pazuva rinotevera mutengi, kana mumwe munhu wechitatu akasarudzwa nemutengi, kugamuchira zvinhu; pamasevhisi uye zvemukati medhijitari inotanga zuva rinotevera chibvumirano chapera. Kana mutengesi asina kuzivisa mutengi nezvekodzero yekubvisa nenzira yakatarwa, nguva yacho inowedzerwa nemwedzi gumi nemiviri, inova chikanganiso chimwe chete chinodhura zvikuru chingaitwa nechitoro chepamhepo.
Kana mutengi abvisa zvinhu, zvinhu zvinofanirwa kudzoserwa mukati memazuva gumi nemana uye mutengesi anofanira kudzorera mari yese yaakagamuchira, kusanganisira mari yekutumira, mukati memazuva gumi nemana mushure mekuziviswa. Mutengesi anogona kuramba kubhadhara kusvika zvinhu zvadzorerwa kana mutengi apa humbowo hwekutumira. Mutengi ndiye anotakura mari yakananga yekudzorera zvinhu chete kana mutengesi akamuzivisa nezvazvo pachine nguva, uye ane mutoro wechero mutengo wakaderera wezvinhu zvinobva mukubata unopfuura zvinodiwa kuti uratidze hunhu hwazvo uye hunhu hwazvo.
Zvisizvo zvacho zvishoma uye zvakakwana. Zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nevatengi kana kuti zvakagadzirwa nemunhu, zvinhu zvinokurumidza kuora, zvinhu zvakavharwa zvisina kukodzera kudzoserwa nekuda kwekuchengetedzwa kwehutano kana hutsanana kana zvavhurwa, marekodhi eaudio nemavhidhiyo akavharwa uye software kana zvavhurwa, mapepanhau nemagazini, pekugara, masevhisi ekufambisa nekuzorora ezuva rakatarwa, uye zvemukati zvedhijitari zvisina kupihwa panzvimbo inobatika apo mutengi akabvuma pachena kuti zvinhu zvichaitwa ipapo ipapo uye akabvuma kurasikirwa nekodzero yekubuda. Zvisizvo zvinoshanda chete kana zvaziviswa kumutengi asati atenga.
Kodzero yekubviswa yakasiyana nevimbiso yekutevedzera mutemo. Pasi peBhuku 7 BW chigadzirwa chinofanira kunge chine zvinhu zvinotarisirwa nemutengi, uye pakutengeswa kwemutengi chikanganiso chinoonekwa mukati megore rimwe chete rekutumirwa chinofungidzirwa kuti chaivepo panguva yekutumirwa, saka ndezvemutengesi kuratidza kuti zvakasiyana. Hapana nguva yakatarwa yevimbiso yemutemo mushure mezvo mutengesi anosunungurwa otomatiki; chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti chii chingatarisirwa kubva kuchinhu chataurwa. Zvemukati zvedhijitari nemasevhisi edhijitari ane hurongwa hwawo, kusanganisira chisungo chekupa zvichangobva kugadziriswa chero bedzi mutengi anogona kutarisira zvine musoro.
Mitengo, kukwidziridzwa uye kushambadza
Mitengo inoratidzwa kune vatengi inofanira kunge iri mutengo wese kusanganisira VAT uye chero muripo usingadzivisike, uye mimwe mari inofanira kuonekwa odha isati yaiswa. Sezvo mirairo yevatengi yakagadziridzwa muna 2022, mimwe mitemo mitatu inoshanda. Kana kuderedzwa kwemutengo kwaziviswa, mutengesi anofanira kutaura mutengo wakaderera wakashandiswa mukati memazuva makumi matatu kuderedzwa kusati kwaitwa. Kana mhinduro dzekutsvaga dzarongwa, parameter huru dzinoona chinzvimbo uye kukosha kwadzo dzinofanira kuziviswa, uye nzvimbo yakabhadharwa inofanira kuzivikanwa saizvozvo. Kana ongororo dzichiratidzwa, mutengesi anofanira kutaura kana uye sei achisimbisa kuti dzinobva kune vatengi vakatenga chigadzirwa chaicho; kupa ongororo dzisina kusimbiswa sedzakasimbiswa itsika inotsausa.
Mitemo iyoyo iri mukati mekurambidzwa kwetsika dzisina kururama dzekutengeserana muBhuku 6 BW, iro rinofukidza zviito zvinotsausa uye zvisizvo uye tsika dzechisimba, uye izvo ACM inosimbisa nekubhadhara faindi dzekutonga nemirairo. Dhizaini yeinterface inosundira vatengi kusarudzo yavaisazomboita, senge mameseji ekushomeka kwekugadzira kana imwe yakawedzerwa, inowira mukati mayo.
Dziviriro yedata, makuki uye kuwanikwa
Nzvimbo yega yega yewebhu inoshandisa ruzivo rwemunhu uye nekudaro inoda hwaro hwepamutemo hwechinangwa chimwe nechimwe, gwaro rekuchengetedza ruzivo rwunosanganisira mapoka eruzivo, zvinangwa nenheyo dzemutemo, vagamuchiri, nguva dzekuchengetedza nekodzero dzemunhu ari pasi pedata, kugadzirisa zvibvumirano nemapoka anogadzirisa ruzivo panzvimbo yaro, uye matanho ekuchengetedza ehunyanzvi nesangano. Kutamiswa kwemari kunze kweEuropean Economic Area kunoda imwe yenzira dzekutumira data muGDPR. Chiyero chepamusoro chemari yeGDPR chinoshanda pakutyorwa kwemitemo yekutanga nekodzero dzemunhu ari pasi pedata, uye chinoverengerwa pakuchinjana kwemari pagore kwepasi rose uko kunoburitsa huwandu hwakawanda.
Makuki ane hunhu hweDutch hunokosha kuziva. Chinodiwa chekubvumidza kuisa nekuverenga ruzivo pamudziyo wemushandisi chiri muTelecommunications Act uye chinotarisirwa neACM, nepo kugadziriswa kweruzivo rwemunhu rwunounganidzwa kuburikidza nemakuki iwayo kuchiwira kuDutch Data Protection Authority. Mvumo inofanira kupihwa pachena, zvakananga, zvine ruzivo uye zvisina kujeka, saka bhokisi rakatarwa kare kana bhena rinopa sarudzo yekugamuchira chete harikodzeri, uye kuramba kunofanira kunge kuri nyore sekubvuma. Makuki anoshanda uye anodiwa zvakanyanya, uye ongororo dzinosangana nemamiriro ezvinhu ekudzivirira zvakavanzika kudiki, hazvidi mvumo.
Chisungo chitsva chinorasika zviri nyore. Kubva musi wa28 Chikumi 2025, zvinodiwa zvekusvika kuEurope zvakashandiswa mumutemo weDutch zvinoshanda kumasevhisi e-commerce, zvinoreva kuti maitiro ekuodha, ruzivo rwechigadzirwa uye mabasa ekubhadhara ewebshop anofanirwa kuonekwa, kushanda, kunzwisisika uye kwakasimba kune vashandisi vakaremara. Mabhizinesi madiki anopa masevhisi haabvumidzwe, asi kuregererwa kwacho kwakamanikana uye kunotsanangurwa nehuwandu hwevashandi uye kuchinjana, kwete nehukuru hwewebhusaiti. Kutevedzera mitemo kunoongororwa zvichienderana nemitemo yakabatana, uye kutongwa kwacho kunoshanda kumasevhisi anopiwa vatengi muEuropean Union zvisinei nekuti mutengesi akavakirwa kupi.
Kuchengetedzeka kwechigadzirwa, mapuratifomu uye kutengeswa kwekunze kwenyika
Kuchengetedzeka kwechigadzirwa kunotongwa neGeneral Product Safety Regulation, iyo yagara ichishanda kubva musi wa13 Zvita 2024 uye yakatsiva murairo wekare. Inoda kuti chigadzirwa chakaiswa pamusika weEU chive chakachengeteka, kuti mushandi wezvehupfumi ane mutoro amiswe muUnion, uye kuti zvibvumirano zvedaro zviratidze hunhu hwemushandi iyeye, kuzivikanwa kwechigadzirwa uye chero yambiro isati yatengwa. Inoisawo mabasa ekuzivisa tsaona uye kuita kudzoserwa kwezvese nenzira yakatarwa, kusanganisira kuzivisa zvakananga vatengi vakakanganiswa kana ruzivo rwavo rwuchizivikanwa. Mitemo yechikamu chekutevedzera mitemo inoramba ichishanda pamusoro payo.
Vatengesi vanotengesa kuburikidza nemusika vanonzwawo kuti Mutemo weDigital Services Act, uyo wave kushanda zvizere kubva muna Kukadzi 2024. Mapuratifomu anofanirwa kuunganidza nekusimbisa ruzivo rwevatengesi vavanochengeta vasati vavabvumidza kutengesa, uye vanofanirwa kukwanisa kuvatsvaga; mutengesi asingakwanise kupa ruzivo irworwo anobviswa. MuNetherlands, ACM inoshanda semurongi wemasevhisi edhijitari. Kudyidzana pakati pemitemo iyoyo nezvisungo zvemutengesi kwakanyorwa muchinyorwa chedu pamusoro peMutemo weDigital Services neMutemo weDigital Markets.
Kutengesera vatengi kune dzimwe nzvimbo muEuropean Union kunounza mimwe mitemo miviri. Mutemo we geo-blocking unorambidza kuvharira kana kudzora kupinda kwewebhusaiti zvichibva parudzi rwemutengi kana pekugara, kuchinjisa otomatiki pasina mvumo, uye kushandisa mamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekupinda pawebhusaiti nekuda kweizvozvo; haumanikidze mutengesi kuti atumire zvinhu kwese kwese, asi unorambidza kuramba mutengi anoronga kuunganidza kana kutakurwa kwake ega. Pasi pemutemo weRome I, mutengesi anotungamira zviitiko kune vatengi vari mune imwe nyika nhengo haagone kutorera vatengi ivavo dziviriro inosungirwa yenyika yavo, saka mitemo yemuno pamusoro pekubvisa, vimbiso uye mitemo isina kururama inoramba ichishanda pamwe chete nemutemo wakasarudzwa. Kutengesera vatengi muUnited Kingdom kunowira kunze kwehurongwa hweEU zvachose uye kunoda mazano akasiyana pamusoro pemitemo inoshanda ipapo.
Zvichemo nemakakatanwa
Chimwe chinodiwa chanyangarika munguva pfupi yapfuura. Nzvimbo yekuEurope yekugadzirisa gakava online yakarega kushanda musi wa20 Chikunguru 2025 uye mutemo waitsigira wakabviswa, saka chisungo chekuisa chinongedzo kune iyo puratifomu pawebhusaiti hachisisipo. Zvinongedzo nezvirevo zvayo zvinofanirwa kubviswa, nekuti chinongedzo chisina kufa kune nzira yegakava yakapera pachayo iruzivo runotsausa. Chinosara chisungo, apo mutengesi anosungirwa kune imwe sangano rekugadzirisa gakava nemutemo, nhengo kana mitemo yaro, kuzivisa vatengi nezvesangano iroro uye kuti vangasvika sei kwariri.
MuNetherlands, nyaya zhinji dzevatengi pamusoro pemawebshops dzinobatwa nemakomiti emakakatanwa ayo vatengesi vazhinji vanobatanidzwa nawo kuburikidza nesangano revashandi kana kuti quality mark, kana nedare redunhu, iro rinonzwa zvichemo zvevatengi zvisinei nehuwandu uye izvo gweta risingafanirwe kupihwa. ACM haigadzirise zvichemo zvemunhu mumwe nemumwe; inosimbisa zvido zvevanhu vose, asi maitiro ezvichemo ndiwo anokwezva pfungwa dzayo. Kuchengeta maitiro echokwadi ekunyunyuta ane nguva yakatarwa yekupindura, uye kunyora kuti zvichemo zvinobatwa sei, saka zvese zviri zviviri kuchengetedzwa kwechibvumirano uye kwekutarisira.
Kurongeka kwezvinokosha
Tanga nezvinhu zvinoita kuti zvibvumirano zvisakwanise kusimbiswa kana kuwedzera mutoro: ruzivo rwekuzivikanwa panzvimbo iyi, ruzivo rwepamberi pechibvumirano, mazwi ebhatani reodha, kuwanikwa uye zviri mukati memashoko akajairika, uye ruzivo rwekubvisa kusanganisira fomu remuenzaniso. Tevere kunouya mitemo inokwezva kutarisirwa: pachena kwemutengo uye mutengo wemazuva makumi matatu, kudzokorora nekuburitsa pachena, mvumo yemakuki, uye magwaro ekuchengetedza zvakavanzika. Wobva watarisa zvinodiwa zvinoenderana nezvinotengeswa uye kupi: magwaro ekuchengetedza chigadzirwa uye mushandi ane mutoro muEU, kuwanikwa kwemaitiro eodha, uye chinzvimbo munyika yega yega yenhengo uko basa rinotungamirwa. Mibvunzo yekunyoreswa kweVAT uye chirongwa chekutenga chimwe chete ndeyemupi wezano wemitero; haapindurwi nekuongorora kwemutemo. Maitiro akarongeka ezvese anotsanangurwa muchinyorwa chedu pamusoro pemhando dzekutevedzera pamutemo.
Law & More inopa mazano kuvatengesi vepamhepo nemapuratifomu nezvezvinodiwa zvepamutemo zvekutengesa muNetherlands nedzimwe nyika dzeEuropean Union: mitemo nemipimo yevatengi nevatengi vemabhizinesi, hurongwa hweruzivo nekubvisa, gwaro rekuchengetedza ruzivo uye makuki, zvisungo zvekuchengetedza chigadzirwa uye zvepuratifomu, uye kusawirirana nevatengi kana neACM. Kana uri kutanga webshop kana kuongorora iripo, udza mashoko Law & More kuti paonekwe kuti mipata iri papi.
