Muchidimbu: mhosva dzezvinodhaka muNetherlands dzinotongwa pasi pemutemo weOpium Act (Opiumwet), uyo unokamura zvinhu kuita List I (zvinodhaka zvakaoma) uye List II (zvinodhaka zvisina kupfava). Kushandisa mushonga pachako hakusi mhosva; kuva nawo, kugadzira, kutengesa, kutakura, kupinza uye kutumira kunze kwenyika ndizvo. Mutemo wekushivirira unozivikanwa segedoogbeleid mutemo wekupomera, kwete kodzero yepamutemo. Mushure mekusungwa, mapurisa anogona kukuchengeta kwemaawa mapfumbamwe, zvichiteverwa nemazuva maviri kusvika matatu uri mujeri remapurisa mutongi asati aongorora nyaya yacho.
Kutongwa kwemhosva dzezvinodhaka muNetherlands kunoitwa nemitemo miviri panguva imwe chete: Opium Act, inotaura zvinorambidzwa uye kuti zvinorangwa zvakanyanya sei, uye Code of Criminal Procedure (Wetboek van Strafvordering), iyo inotonga kusungwa, nguva yekupedzisira yekuchengetwa kwemunhu uye kutongwa. Zvaunopomerwa zvinoenderana nechinhu, huwandu uye zvinotaurwa nefaira nezvebasa rako. Mutemo wekushivirira hausarudze mubvunzo iwoyo; unosunga Public Prosecution Service chete, uye unogona kuiswa parutivi.
Zvinorambidzwa neMutemo weOpium
Mutemo uyu unoshanda nemazita maviri akabatanidzwa. Rondedzero I ine zvinhu zvinoonekwa nedare reparamende sezvine njodzi isingagamuchiriki, pakati pazvo cocaine, heroin, MDMA, amphetamine neLSD. Rondedzero II ine zvigadzirwa zvembanje nezvimwe zvinonyaradza. Chinyorwa chechipiri chinotsanangura zviito zvinorambidzwa zveRondedzero I uye chikamu chechitatu chinoita zvakafanana neRondedzero II, mumashoko akafanana: kugadzirira, kugadzirisa, kutengesa, kuendesa, kupa, kutakura, kugadzira, kupinza, kutumira kunze kwenyika uye kungova nechinhu ichi chiripo. Rondedzero yekupedzisira, aanwezig hebben, ndiyo mhosva inobatwa nevanhu vazhinji, uye haidi muridzi.
Kushandisa pachako hakubviswi muMutemo, nekuti mutemo weDutch unotanga waona kushandiswa kwemishonga ine matambudziko senyaya yehutano hweveruzhinji. Hazvirevi kuti mushandisi haasvikirwi nemutemo wemhosva, sezvo mushandisi anenge aine chinhu chacho nguva dzose uye kuva nacho imhosva. Mutemo wekutsungirira unodzikisa musiyano wemishonga midiki isina kunyorova, asi unogara mugwara rekupomerwa mhosva (Aanwijzing Opiumwet) kwete mumutemo, uye unoshandiswa zvakanyanya mune dzimwe nzvimbo kupfuura mune dzimwe. Gwaro redu remutemo wezvinodhaka weDutch rinotsanangura runyorwa nemutemo wacho zvizere, chinyorwa pamusoro pekuve nezvinodhaka uye chokwadi chiri shure kwemutemo wekutsungirira chinotsanangura kuti muganhu uri pakati pekutenderwa nekupomerwa mhosva unoshanda kupi, uye kurima mbanje nemutemo wemhosva zvine chekuita nekukura.
Marongerwo akaitwa zvirango
Rondedzero mbiri idzi dzine denga rakasiyana zvikuru. Kune zvinhu zviri paList I, kuva nechinhu nemaune kunotora makore matanhatu mujeri, kugadzira, kutengesa, kutumira, kupa kana kutakura nemaune kunotora makore masere, uye kupinza kana kutumira kunze kwenyika kunotora makore gumi nemaviri. Kana huwandu hwacho huri hudiki uye zviri pachena kuti hwakagadzirirwa kushandiswa nemunhu, Mutemo unobvumira denga rakaderera regore rimwe. Kune Rondedzero II denga rakaderera zvakare: makore maviri emhosva yakajairika, makore mana ekutumira kana kutumira kunze kwenyika, uye makore matanhatu apo kurima kana kutengesa kunoitika mubasa kana bhizinesi kana zvine chekuita nehuwandu hwakawanda. Shanduro dzisiri dzemaune dzinotora kusungwa kwenguva pfupi chete (hechtenis) kana faindi.
Chikamu 10a cheMutemo chinosundidzira mutoro wemhosva mberi nenguva nekuranga zviito zvekugadzirira zvakanangana nemhosva dzakakura dzeList I, dzine makore matanhatu chete. Mutemo iwoyo unokosha kakawanda kupfuura zvavaitarisira, nekuti unobvumidza kupomerwa mhosva uko chinhu chacho chisina kuwanikwa. Mhosva zhinji dzeOpium Act dzinewo faindi yechikamu chechishanu; mari yakabatanidzwa kuzvikamu zvefaindi yakatarwa muCriminal Code uye inogadziriswa nguva nenguva nekuraira kwedare, saka nhamba iripo inofanira kugara ichiongororwa pane kungofungidzirwa. Hapana chimwe chezvikwereti izvi chiri mitero. Izvo zvidzitiro, uye zvinoiswa nedare zvinoenderana nepfungwa dzekutonga dzinoshandiswa nedare redzimhosva nemamiriro emunhu emupomerwi, sezvatinotsanangura munyaya yedu pamusoro pekuti mutongo weDutch unoshanda sei.
Kubva pakusungwa kusvika pakunzwiwa kwekutanga kwenyaya: nguva dzekupedzisira dzinokosha
Mushure mekusungwa, mapurisa anogona kukuchengeta kwemaawa mapfumbamwe kuti uferefetwe, uye maawa ari pakati pehusiku neawa mapfumbamwe mangwanani haaverengerwi kusvika panguva iyoyo. Kana nguva yakawanda ichidikanwa, mubatsiri wemuchuchisi wehurumende anogona kuraira kuti mapurisa agare kwenguva refu (inverzekeringstelling) kwemazuva matatu, ayo muchuchisi wehurumende anogona kuwedzera kamwe chete nemamwe mazuva matatu. Unofanira kuunzwa pamberi pemutongi ari kuferefeta (rechter-commissaris) mazuva matatu nemaawa gumi nemasere mushure mekusungwa. Mutongi iyeye anoongorora kana kusungwa nekuchengetwa kwemunhu zvaive pamutemo uye anogona kuraira kuti usunungurwe nekukurumidza.
Kana nyaya yacho ikaramba ichienderera mberi, mutongi ari kuferefeta anogona kuraira kuti nyaya irambe ichichengetwa kwemazuva gumi nemana, mushure mezvo dare redzimhosva rinogona kuraira kuti nyaya yacho irambe ichichengetwa kwemazuva makumi mapfumbamwe. Izvi zvinopa huwandu hwemazuva angangoita zana nyaya yacho isati yaendeswa kudare, kazhinji kutanga sekutongwa kwenyaya uku kuferefeta kuchiri kuitwa. Kuchengetwa kwemunhu asati asvika kudare hakuwanikwe munyaya dzese: kunoda mhosva ine makore mana kana kupfuura, kana imwe yemhosva dzakanyorwa, uye kunoda chikonzero chemutemo chakadai sengozi yekutiza, njodzi yekudzokororwa kwemhosva, kukomba kwemhosva kana zvido zvekuferefeta. Chikonzero uye zvinodiwa zvinogona kupikiswa pakutongwa kwese.
Kodzero dzako pakubvunzurudzwa nemapurisa
Une kodzero yekubvunza gweta usati watanga kubvunzurudzwa nemapurisa uye kuva negweta panguva iyoyo; kubva musi wa1 Kurume 2017 kodzero iyoyo yakanyorwa muMutemo weMatongerwo Emhosva pachawo. Kana ukaiswa mujeri remapurisa, gweta rinopihwa otomatiki, uye wakasununguka kutsiva gweta iroro neraunosarudza iwe pachako. Une kodzero yekunyarara, uye mukuru wekubvunzurudza anofanira kukuyambira usati watanga kubvunzurudzwa. Kana chiDutch chisiri mutauro wako, muturikiri anofanira kupihwa nemari yeHurumende.
Hapana chimwe cheizvi chiri mutemo munyaya dzeOpium Act. Mafaira aya haawanzo taura nezvechinhu ichi, icho chisingawanzo gakava kana chaongororwa, asi pane zvakataurwa nemufungidziri mumaawa ekutanga nezvepakeji, mota, nzvimbo yekuchengetera zvinhu kana seti yemakiyi. Tsananguro inopiwa pasina zano, faira risati raonekwa, inonetsa kudzokera shure gare gare. Hapanawo chisungo chekupa kodhi yefoni yako. Nyaya dzedu pamusoro pekuti uri munhu anofungirwa riini uye kuti unoda gweta ripi rinopa mhosva dzinotaura zvakawanda nezvenyaya iyi.
Maitiro ekugadzirisa nyaya yacho: kudzingwa basa, chirango kana kushevedzwa
Haasi ese mafaira eOpium Act anoguma pamberi pemutongi. Muchuchisi wehurumende anogona kusiya nyaya yacho, kungave nekuti humbowo hahuna humbowo (kurambwa kwehunyanzvi) kana nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemutemo, dzimwe nguva achibatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu. Pamhosva dzine huwandu hwemakore matanhatu, muchuchisi anogonawo kupa gwaro rechirango (strafbeschikking), kuisa faindi, basa remunharaunda kana kubviswa pasina mutongi aripo. Gwaro rechirango kuwanikwa uine mhosva uye rinonyoreswa muhurongwa hwemagwaro ematare, ndosaka kugamuchira rimwe kuti zvive nyore kazhinji kuri danho risiri iro. Une mazuva gumi nemana ekupa chirambidzo (verzet), izvo zvinotumira nyaya yacho kudare.
Kana chikumbiro chekukumbira mhosva chikatevera, nzira yacho inoenderana nekuti mhosva yacho yakakura sei. Mutongi mumwe chete (politierechter) anonzwa nyaya dzakareruka uye haakwanise kuisa mujeri kwenguva inopfuura gore rimwe chete; nyaya dzakakura dzeOpium Act dzinoenda kudare rine vatongi vatatu. Kukwidza nyaya pamusoro pemutongo kunofanirwa kuitwa mukati memazuva gumi nemana, uye kukwidza nyaya yacho kuDare Repamusorosoro mukati memazuva gumi nemana kubva pamutongo wenyaya. Nguva idzodzo ipfupi uye dzakaoma.
Panotangira kudzivirirwa munyaya yeOpium Act
Kuzvidzivirira kwakakomba kunotanga nefaira, kwete nechinhu chacho. Mibvunzo mitatu inodzokororwa. Wokutanga ndewokuti kutsvaga kwacho kwaive pamutemo here: chikamu 9 cheOpium Act chinopa mapurisa akasarudzwa masimba avo ekupinda nekutsvaga, asi masimba iwayo ane muganho, uye kana paive nekufungira kwakakodzera panguva yekumira inyaya yekuti dare rinogona kuongorora. Chechipiri ndechekuti chinhu ichocho ndicho here chiri kutaurwa nemhosva yacho uye kana cheni kubva pakutorwa kusvika kumushumo werabhoritari isina kukanganiswa, nekuti huwandu uye kuumbwa kwacho zvinotungamira mhosva nemutongo. Chechitatu ruzivo nekutonga: aanwezig hebben inoda chiyero chekuziva nesimba rekurasa, izvo chaizvo zvinonyanya kutaurwa kana chimwe chinhu chikawanikwa mumotokari inogovaniswa, imba yekuchengetera kana pasuru yakanyorerwa mumwe munhu.
Kana paine chikanganiso muongororo yekutanga, chikamu 359a cheMutemo weMaitiro Emhosva chinobvumira dare kuti riise mibairo pairi, kubva pakudzikiswa kwemutongo kuburikidza nekubvisa humbowo hwakasvibiswa kusvika, munyaya dzakanyanya, kupomerwa mhosva kwanzi hakugamuchirwi. Dare Repamusorosoro rinoisa muganho unorema: kudzivirirwa kunofanira kuona chikanganiso, kufarira kwakwakaita uye kukanganiswa kwakaitwa, uye kunofanira kuita izvozvo pakutanga kwekutongwa kwete munhaurirano yekupedzisira. Huwandu huri kukura hwehumbowo hweOpium Act ikozvino hunobva mukutaurirana kwakatorwa uye kubva kudata rakatorwa kunze kwenyika kubva kumasevhisi ekutumira mameseji akavharirwa, uye zvese zviri zviviri pamutemo wekuwana zvinhu izvozvo uye kuvimbika kwazvo zvinhu zvechokwadi zvinokwikwidzana, asi zvinofanirwa kutaurwa pafaira chaiyo.
Chii chinotevera kutenda, uye chii chinoenderera mberi nacho
Mutongo uyu hausi mufananidzo wenyaya yacho zvachose. Muchuchisi anogona kuunza chikumbiro chakasiyana chekutorwa kwemhosva pasi pechikamu 36e cheCriminal Code kuti adzore mari inofungidzirwa yemhosva yacho; chikumbiro ichocho chinonzwikwa nenzira yaro, nechiyero charo cheuchapupu, uye mukuita izvi chinomanikidza mupomerwi kuti azvidavirire pfuma nemari inoyerera. Zvinhu zvakatorwa, kusanganisira mota, nharembozha nemari, zvinogona kutorwa kana kubviswa kubva mukutenderera. Kutongwa kunonyorwa muhurongwa hwemagwaro edare, nemhedzisiro yekugogodza kune chitupa chemufambiro, sezvatakatsanangura muchinyorwa chedu paVOG for internationals , kodzero yekugara munyika, inokurukurwa mukutongwa kwemhosva uye mvumo yako yekugara , uye, kana kutyaira kuchibatanidzwa, rezenisi yako, yatinofukidza muzvinodhaka nekutyaira.
Pamwe chete nenyaya yemhosva, nzira yekutonga inowanzoitwa panguva imwe chete. Pasi pechikamu 13b cheOpium Act, meya anogona kuraira kuvharwa kwemba kana nzvimbo yebhizinesi uko zvinodhaka zvinotengeswa zvakawanikwa, uye simba racho haritsamiri pakuwanikwa kwemhosva kana kutongerwa mhosva. Mutemo wekuvhara chisarudzo chekutonga pasi peGeneral Administrative Law Act (Awb), zvinoreva kuti chinofanira kupikiswa nenzira yaro, nekupa chirambidzo mukati memavhiki matanhatu. Varidzi vemba vari panjodzi yekurasikirwa nerendi pamusoro pekuvharwa, saka nzira mbiri idzi dzinofanira kubatwa pamwe chete pane imwe mushure meimwe.
Zvekuita kana uri munhu anofungirwa kuti ane mhosva
Chinhu chimwe chete chinobatsira chaunogona kuita pakutanga ndechekuti utaure kuti unoda gweta womirira kusvika wataura naro. Pamusoro pezvo, nyora pasi nguva dzekusungwa, kutsvaga uye kubvunzurudzwa kwega kwega nekukurumidza sezvaunokwanisa, chengeta chiziviso chakanyorwa chekubatwa kwemhosva chawakapihwa chero chawakatorwa, uye funga kuti mafoni anoitwa uri mujeri haasi epachivande. Kumbira gweta rako kuti rikumbire faira renyaya uye, kana kuferefeta kusina kukwana, kumbira mutongi ari kuferefeta zvikumbiro zvekuferefeta panguva yakakodzera, nekuti chikumbiro chakaitwa nguva pfupi nyaya isati yasvika chingangorambwa. Kana usingakwanise kubhadhara uri wega, gweta rinopihwa panguva yekuchengetwa kwemhosva pasina muripo kwauri uye mumiriri werubatsiro anowanikwa kuburikidza neLegal Aid Board; chinyorwa chedu pamusoro pezvinodhura gweta remhosva muNetherlands chinotsanangura mashandiro azvo.
Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa
Mbanje dziri pamutemo here muNetherlands?
Mbanje haisi pamutemo zvizere muNetherlands; inorambidzwa kushandiswa pasi pemutemo wekushivirira (gedoogbeleid). Kuva nembanje shoma yekushandisa iwe pachako (kazhinji inosvika magiramu mashanu) hakuwanzo kupomerwa mhosva, uye zvitoro zvekofi zvine marezenisi zvinogona kutengesa mbanje pasi pemitemo yakaoma. Kugadzira nekuitengesa zvakawanda kunoramba kuri pamutemo.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pemishonga isina kunyorova nemishonga yakaoma pasi pemutemo weDutch?
Mutemo weDutch, pasi peOpium Act (Opiumwet), unosiyanisa pakati pemishonga isina simba (Rondedzero II, yakaita secannabis) nezvinodhaka zvine simba (Rondedzero I, yakaita secocaine, heroin neMDMA). Mishonga ine simba inobatwa zvakanyanya, ine zvirango zvakakura zvekuva nayo, kutengesa nekutengesa.
Ndingava nembanje yakawanda sei zviri pamutemo?
Pasi pemutemo wekushivirira, kuva nembanje inosvika magiramu mashanu ekushandisa pachako hakuwanzo pomerwa mhosva. Huwandu hwakawanda hunogona kutungamira mukuferefetwa kwemhosva nekupomerwa mhosva, uye kushivirira hakusviki pakurima kana kupa kunze kwemamiriro emunhu akaganhurirwa.
Ndeipi mitongo yekutengeserana nezvinodhaka muNetherlands?
Kutengeswa kwezvinodhaka imhosva huru pasi pemutemo weOpium Act uye kunogona kukonzera mitongo mikuru mujeri uye faindi, kunyanya kune zvinodhaka zvakaoma kana zvakawanda. Zvirango zvinoenderana nerudzi uye huwandu hwezvinodhaka zvinosanganisirwa pamwe nemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu enyaya yacho.
Ndingapomerwa mhosva yekushandisa zvinodhaka here?
Kushandisa mishonga isina simba mumuviri wako muhuwandu hudiki kunowanzo bvumirwa uye hakuwanzo pomerwa mhosva, asi haisi kodzero yepamutemo. Kushandisa uye kuva nemishonga yakaoma kunogona kutungamira kumatare. Mamiriro ezvinhu akadai senzvimbo, huwandu uye chinangwa zvese zvinokanganisa maitiro evane masimba.
Law & More inodzivirira vatengi munyaya dzeOpium Act kubva pakubvunzurudzwa kwekutanga nemapurisa kusvika pakukwidzwa kwenyaya, uye inobata nenyaya yekutorwa kwemhosva pamwe chete nemutemo wekuvharwa kwemhosva wemeya. Kana wakasungwa, wakashevedzwa kana kuti wakapihwa mutemo wekurangwa, taura nesu chikwata chemutemo wezvemhosva in Eindhoven or Amsterdam saka faira rinogona kuongororwa risati ratorwa chero chinzvimbo.
