Chibvumirano chekugovera pasi pemutemo weDutch: zvikamu, makwikwi uye kubuda

Chibvumirano chekugovera pasi pemutemo weDutch chibvumirano chinoenderera mberi umo mutengesi anotengesa zvinhu kune mutengesi akazvimiririra anozvitengesazve muzita rake, nekuda kwake uye nenjodzi yake. Mutemo weDutch hauna mutemo wepamutemo wazvo: kusiyana nesangano rezvekutengeserana nefranchise, kugoverwa kunotongwa nemutemo mukuru wechibvumirano, nezvinobvumiranwa nemapoka pachawo, uye nemutemo wemakwikwi eEU neDutch. Rusununguko irworwo ndirwo runoita kuti kunyora kuve kwakakosha zvikuru, nekuti zvese zvichazokakavadzana zvinofanirwa kugadziriswa mugwaro pacharo.

Chibvumirano chekugovera chii, uye chisiri chii

Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti zita remutengesi ndiro remutengesi. Mutengesi anotenga zvinhu, ozviisa mubalance sheet yake uye anowana mari yakawanda pakutengeswazve; haabhadharwi komisheni uye haapedzi zvibvumirano panzvimbo yemutengesi. Zvimwe zvese zvinobva ipapo. Mutengesi anotakura njodzi yechikwereti kune vatengi vake, anosarudza mitengo yake yekutengesazve mukati memiganhu yemutemo wemakwikwi, uye ndiye ane mutoro wemasheya ake.

Kuwana label nemazvo hakusi kunaka, nekuti mhando dzezvibvumirano zviri pedyo dzine mitemo inosungirwa iyo kugoverwa kusina. Makambani ekutengeserana anotongwa muzvinyorwa 7:428 uye zvichitevera Civil Code, uye izvo zvinosanganisira nguva dzekuzivisa dzinosungirwa uye muripo wemutengi. Franchise yave ichitongwa kubva 1 Ndira 2021 neWet franchise, iyo inoisa mabasa ekuzivisa asati aitwa chibvumirano, nguva yekumira uye kodzero dzekubvumirana kune ane franchise. Rezinesi haritumire zvinhu zvachose. Kana chibvumirano chichinzi kugoverwa asi bato riri kutaurwa harina njodzi yekutengeserana, dare rinogona kuchikodzera sesangano uye kushandisa mitemo yesangano inosungirwa pasinei nemusoro uri pagwaro.

Chinyorwa chedu pachibvumirano cherezinesi chinotaura nezvekupedzisira kweizvi; chikamu chasara chechinyorwa chino chinoramba chiri chekugoverwa kwezviwanikwa.

Mafomu ekugovera uye mutengo weimwe neimwe

Kugovera zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinoreva kuti mutengesi anogadza mutengesi mumwe chete wenzvimbo yakatarwa kana boka revatengi uye anovimbisa kusapa mumwe munhu ikoko, kusanganisira iye pachake. Izvi zvinoisa pfungwa pakushambadzira uye zvinoita kuti kufanotaura kuve nyore, pamutengo wekuvimba zvizere nemumwe mudiwa uye dambudziko rekugumisa zvinhu gare gare. Kugovera zvinhu zvakasiyana ndiko kurongeka kumwe chete nekubhuka kumwe chete: mutengesi anochengetedza kodzero yekutengesa zvakananga, kazhinji kumaakaundi akakosha ane mazita, ukuwo achivimbisa kusagadza mutengesi wechipiri. Kubhuka ikoko kwakakodzera kunyora account neakaundi pane kutaura zvakajairika.

Kugovera zvinhu zvisina kurongeka kunobvumira vatengesi vakawanda kushanda pamwe chete uye kunokodzera zvinhu zvakajairwa uko huwandu pane kuratidzwa kwechiratidzo zvinotungamira bhizinesi. Zvinodhura zvishoma kumutengesi mukuzvipira asi zvinogadzira kusawirirana kwenzira uye kutengeserana kwakafanana, uye zvinoda mitemo yakajeka yekuti ndeipi makambani anobatsira mutengi upi. Kugovera zvinhu zvakasiyana kunoshanda zvakasiyana zvakare: mutengesi anogadza zvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro izvo chero mutengesi anovasangana nazvo anogona kugutsa, uye anoramba avo vasingadaro. Ndiyo modhi yakajairika yezvigadzirwa zveumbozha, zvemotokari uye zvehunyanzvi, uye zviri pamutemo chero bedzi zvinodiwa zviri zvemhando yepamusoro, zvemhando yepamusoro uye zvichishandiswa pasina rusarura.

Kugoverwa kwezvikamu kunowedzera chikamu. Kana mupi wezvipo mukuru akagadza vapi vezvipo, chibvumirano chemusoro chinofanira kutaura kuti ndiani anovatendera, kuti ndeapi mabasa anoenderera mberi, kuti ndeapi mishumo inodiwa uye kana mupi wezvipo mukuru achipindura vapi vezvipo. Pasina zvinhu izvi, mutengesi anorasikirwa nepfungwa yekuti ndiani ari kutengesa zvigadzirwa zvake uye kuti ndeapi mamiriro ezvinhu, ndipo panowanzo tanga kunyunyuta pamusoro pemusika wepasi.

Mutemo upi unoshanda uye chii chausingakwanise kubvumidza

Kana mapato ari munyika dzakasiyana, mutemo wechibvumirano unotevera kubva kuRome I Regulation. Kana pasina sarudzo yemutemo, chibvumirano chekugovera chinotongwa nemutemo wenyika iyo mugovanisi anogara aripo, izvo zvisiri mhinduro inotarisirwa nemugovanisi wekuDutch nguva dzose. Saka sarudzo yemutemo wekuDutch inofanirwa kutaurwa zvakajeka, uye inofanira kusanganiswa nechikamu cheforum kana arbitration, nekuti idzodzo sarudzo mbiri dzakasiyana.

Mutemo wechipiri unowanzo famba pasi pewekutanga. Kutengeswa kwega kwega kunoitwa pasi pechibvumirano chehurongwa izvibvumirano zvekutengesa, uye kana mapato akagadzwa munyika dzakasiyana dzakabvumidza Vienna Sales Convention, Chibvumirano ichocho chinoshanda otomatiki kune izvo zvinotengeswa kunze kwekunge zvabviswa. Zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvekugovera zvinobviswa pasina kufunga nezvazvo; Chibvumirano chine mitemo yaro yekutevedzera, kuzivisa zvikanganiso uye kugadzirisa, uye sarudzo yekuchengeta kana kubvisa inofanira kunge iri yemaune.

Chero zvazvingabvumiranwa, mutemo weDutch unoverenga chibvumirano chega chega kuburikidza nechiyero chekunzwisisa uye kururamisira muchikamu 6:248 cheCivil Code. Chikamu chinogona kuiswa parutivi apo kuvimba nacho kwaisazogamuchirwa nechiyero ichocho, uye matare eDutch anodudzirawo zvibvumirano zvichienderana neizvo mapato anogona kugumisa zvine musoro kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, kwete chete nemazwi chaiwo. Migumisiro inoshanda inotevera: zvinyorwa zvisina kujeka uye runyorwa rwemitengo zvinopesana nechibvumirano chehurongwa zvinokurudzira rudzi irworwo rwenharo, saka gwaro rinofanira kutaura kuti ndeapi magwaro akakodzera. Tarisawo kuti munhu anosaina ane simba rekusunga kambani, sezvo kukanganisa mukumiririra kuri chimwe chezvinhu zvishoma zvinogona kukanganisa chibvumirano chose. Magweta edu ezvibvumirano anobata mibvunzo iyi vasati vasaina kwete panguva yekukakavadzana, uye matambudziko anogara achienderera mberi anotsanangurwa muchinyorwa chedu pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvepasi rose.

Zvikamu zvinosarudza mhedzisiro

Chibvumirano chekugovera chinofanira kuverengwa sebhuku rekushandisa. Nzvimbo nemapoka evatengi zvinotanga uye zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa nekutarisa kune chimwe chinhu chinogona kusimbiswa, runyorwa rwenyika, matunhu kana makodhi epositi mune annex, kwete nemutsara wakaita seBenelux unoreva zvinhu zvakasiyana kuvanhu vakasiyana. Pamwe chete nawo, taura zvakajeka zvingaitwa nemutengesi online, nekuti e-commerce inopfuura chero nzvimbo uye kunyarara pane iyo nyaya ndiyo imwe chete inowanzo kukonzera kusawirirana pachiteshi.

Chiyero chechigadzirwa chinowanikwawo muchikamu chekuwedzera, chine nzira yekuwedzera mamodheru matsva uye kubvisa akarega kushandiswa. Kana kusarudzwa kwapihwa kunofanira kuwanikwa: kubatanidza nechinangwa chekutenga kana chekuchinjana uye taura chaizvo zvinoitika kana chinangwa chikasawanikwa, kana kusarudzwa kuchichinja kuita kusingasarudzike, kana mutengesi angasarudza mugovanisi wechipiri, uye kuti mashandiro enguva yekutarisa anoyerwa sei.

Pamutengo, mutengesi anogona kukurudzira mitengo yekutengesa zvakare uye anogona kutara mitengo yepamusoro, asi anogona kusatara mitengo yepasi kana chaiyo yekutengesa zvakare. Mitemo yekubhadhara, mubereko pakunonoka kubhadhara uye, kana zvinhu zvichiri kubhadhariswa nemari yekunze, nzira yekufambisa mari yekuchinjana zvese zviri muchibvumirano. Mitemo yekutumira zvinhu ndeye: sarudza Incoterm, taura vhezheni yacho, uye iva nechokwadi chekuti kugoverwa kwekutakura, inishuwarenzi uye kubvumidzwa kwemitero muchibvumirano kunoenderana neIncoterm yakasarudzwa pane kuipikisa. Nguva iyo njodzi inopfuura inofanira kunge yakajeka, nekuti ndiyo inosarudza kuti ndiani anofanirwa kurasikirwa nekutumira zvinhu.

Kushandiswa kwechiratidzo kunoda rezenisi, uye hakufanirwe kunge kuri kwega, kuchidzoserwa shure uye kuchigumira kuzvigadzirwa nenzvimbo, nekodzero dzekubvumidza pakurongedza, kushambadza uye mazita edomeini, uye chisungo chekumira kushandisa zviratidzo uye kupa chero kunyoreswa mushure mekugumiswa. Kuvanzika kunofanirwa kuve kwakabatana. Kana data revatengi richifamba pakati pemapato, sarudza kana mumwe nemumwe ari mutongi wayo kana kuti mumwe ari kuita basa rake achimiririra mumwe, uye nyora chibvumirano zvinoenderana; nguva dzekuzivisa muchibvumirano dzinofanira kushanda zvichienderana nenguva yakatarwa neGDPR yekuzivisa kutyorwa kwedata remunhu kune vane masimba ekutarisira.

Mutoro unoda zvisarudzo zvitatu pane chimwe chete: muganho, chii chisina kubviswa, uye chii chakabviswa mu muganho zvachose. Muganho unoratidzwa sechikamu chemutengo wakabhadharwa munguva pfupi yapfuura ndiyo mhinduro yakajairika yeDutch; kushaya hanya nemaune uye chinangwa hazvigone kubviswa. Inoda inishuwarenzi yemuganho wezvigadzirwa padanho rinoenderana nekuratidzwa kwezvigadzirwa zvine chekuita nazvo uye kumbira chitupa pane vimbiso. Chekupedzisira, sarudza nzira yekukakavadzana nemaune: matare eDutch anokurumidza uye haadhure zvakanyanya, kutonga kwakavanzika uye kuri nyore kushandisa kunze kweEU, uye chikamu chipfupi chekukwira chinoda kuti mapato asangane nyaya dzisati dzatanga hadzibhadhari mari uye chinogadzirisa gakava rinoshamisa. Chinyorwa chedu pamusoro pemitemo yekutenga yeB2B chinotsanangura kuti mazwi akajairika anoshanda sei nechibvumirano cherudzi urwu, uye peji redu pamusoro pechibvumirano chekugadzirisa rinovhara kuti gakava rakadaro rinovharwa sei kana ramuka.

Mutemo wemakwikwi: nzvimbo yekuchengetedza uye runyorwa rwevanhu vane mukurumbira

Chibvumirano chekugovera chibvumirano chakamira uye chinowira pasi pechinyorwa 101 cheChibvumirano cheKushanda kweEuropean Union uye, nekuda kwemigumisiro yenyika chete, chinyorwa 6 cheMededingingswet. Mutemo weVertical Block Exemption Regulation, Regulation (EU) 2022/720, unoshanda kubva 1 Chikumi 2022 kusvika 31 Chivabvu 2034, unogadzira nzvimbo yakachengeteka: kana mutengesi kana mutengi vasina anopfuura makumi matatu muzana emusika wakakodzera, chibvumirano hachibvumirwi kunze kwekunge chine muganho wakaoma. Kupfuura mwero wechikwereti hakuiti kuti chibvumirano chive chisina pamutemo, asi zvinoreva kuti chinofanira kuongororwa maererano nekwachinobva.

Zvirambidzo zvakaoma ndizvo zvinobvisa kuregererwa kwechibvumirano chose. Kuisa mitengo shoma kana chaiyo yekutengesa zvakare ndiko kwakajeka. Ndizvo zvakaitawo kuganhurira nzvimbo iyo, kana vatengi, vanogona kutengesera, kupfuura zvirambidzo zvakaganhurirwa zvinobvumidzwa neMutemo kune masisitimu ekuparadzira akasarudzika, akasarudzwa uye akavharwa. Kudzivirira mutengi kushandisa internet zvinobudirira kutengesa kwakaomawo, kunyangwe Mutemo uripo unobvumidza mutengesi kubhadharisa mitengo yakasiyana yekutengesa online uye kunze kwewebhu, uye kuisa zvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvezvitoro online uye kunze kwewebhu mune sisitimu yakasarudzwa, chero chinangwa chiri chisiri chekudzivirira kutengesa online zvinobudirira. Zvisungo zvisingakwikwidzane pamutengi zvinoregererwa kwenguva pfupi chete uye, mushure mekupera kwechibvumirano, mukati memiganhu yakamanikana chete.

Mugumisiro wekukanganisa hausi faindi chete. Chibvumirano chakabatwa nechikamu 101 uye chisingabviswi hachina basa semutemo kusvika padanho rekurambidzwa, uye kusashanda kwemutemo kunogona kutaurwa nerimwe bato mukupokana pamusoro pechimwe chinhu zvachose. Vese vari vaviri European Commission neAutoriteit Consument en Markt vanosimbisa mitemo iyi, uye mukwikwidzi kana mutengesi akarambwa vanogona kunyunyuta. Kugoverwa kwesarudzo kunoramba kuri pamutemo apo zvinodiwa zviri zvemhando yepamusoro, zvakaiswa pasi zvakafanana uye zvinoshandiswa pasina rusarura, zvinoreva kuchengeta rekodhi yakanyorwa yezvinodiwa uye kuti nei munyoreri akarambwa.

Kugumisa chibvumirano: chiziviso, stock uye ngano yezvakanaka

Mutemo weDutch hauisi nguva yekuzivisa yepamutemo yekugovera. Mutemo wenyaya unoona hukama sechibvumirano chinoenderera mberi, saka mutengesi anogumisa anofanira kutevedzera nguva yakakodzera, uye zvinonzwisisika zvinotongwa nenguva yehukama, mari yakapihwa nemutengesi uye kuti hwakanga hwava kuvimba sei. Nhamba isingawanzo shandiswa mukuita ndeyemwedzi yakati wandei mumakore mashoma ekushandira pamwe, asi chiratidzo, kwete mutemo, uye nzira yakachengeteka ndeyekubvumirana nenguva iri muchibvumirano.

Muripo wemutsa inyaya yakasiyana, uye inowanzotaurwa zvisirizvo. Kodzero yepamutemo yekuripira mutengi inoshanda kusangano rezvekutengeserana, pasi pechikamu 7:442 cheCivil Code, uye haishande pakugovera. Mutengesi anotenga nekutengesazve nekuda kwengozi yake uye haasi mumiriri, saka hapana kodzero yepamutemo, uye matare eDutch haana kugamuchira mitemo yesangano seinoshanda pakugovera nekuenzanisa. Muripo wekugumisa unogoneka, asi chete munzira yekunzwisisa uye kururamisira, uye unoramba uri musiyano pane mhedzisiro inotarisirwa.

Mugumisiro unoshanda ndewekuti nguva yekuzivisa, kwete chikumbiro cherubatsiro rwechipo, ndipo panowanikwa mukana wekuti zvinhu zviratidzike. Rondedzera nguva yacho muchibvumirano, pamwe chete nezvinoitika pakubuda: kana mutengesi achitenga zvinhu zvinotengeswa uye nemutengo upi, chii chinoitika kuzvinhu zvekuratidzira nezvikamu, kuti mutengesi angaramba kwenguva yakareba sei achishandira vatengi vaakatopa, kushandiswa kwechiratidzo kunofanira kumira riini, uye chii chinoitika kune runyorwa rwevatengi. Ipai zvakasiyana kugumisa nekukurumidza pazvikonzero zvakatsanangurwa zvakaita sekukundikana kubhadhara, kuchinja kwekutonga kana kutyora kwakakomba, uye tsanangurai zvikonzero izvozvo pane kuvimba nepfungwa yekutyora.

Kutengeserana kwepamuganhu: VAT, mutoro wemitero yemutero wezvinhu

Zvinhu zvinotamiswa kubva kuNetherlands kuenda kubhizinesi riri mune imwe nyika iri nhengo zvinotengeswa mukati meNharaunda, zvisina kubhadharwa pakatanga VAT, chero bedzi nhamba yekuzivikanwa yeVAT yemutengi iri kushanda uye kutakurwa kwacho kuchigona kuratidzwa. Zvinodiwa zveuchapupu zvakaoma uye njodzi yekuzviita zvisirizvo inowira pamutengesi, saka chibvumirano chinofanira kumanikidza mugovanisi kupa nhamba yake yeVAT, kuzivisa chero shanduko uye kushanda pamwe chete mukupa humbowo hwekutakura. Kubatwa kwemari pachakwo inyaya yemupi wezano wemitero; chatinopa zano ndechekugovaniswa kwemabasa aya uye mhedzisiro yacho kana ikasazadzikiswa.

Zvinhu zvinobva kunze kweEuropean Union zvinounza mutero wemitero yemutero, mitemo yekubva kwezvinhu, uye, kuti zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zviwande, kudzora kutengesa zvinhu kunze kwenyika uye kuongorora zvirango. Taura kuti ndiani anotumira zvinhu munyika, ndiani ane mutero uye chero mutero wekudzivirira kurasa zvinhu, uye ndiani ane basa rekuongorora mutengi wekupedzisira. Mubvunzo wekupedzisira hausi wekutonga: mutengesi anotengesa kunzvimbo yakatenderwa anoita kuti mutengesi aonekwe zvakare.

Mutoro wechigadzirwa unofanirwa kufungwa zvakasiyana. Pasi pechinyorwa 6:185 cheCivil Code, mugadziri ane mutoro wekukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nechigadzirwa chisina kunaka, uye bato rinopinza chigadzirwa muEuropean Union nekuda kwezvinangwa zvekutengeserana rinoonekwa semugadziri wezvinangwa izvi. Saka muparidzi anopinza chigadzirwa kubva kunze kweEU ane mutoro kune mugadziri kune vanhu vakakuvara kunyangwe asina kugadzira chinhu, icho chiri chaizvo chiratidzo icho chikamu cheinishuwarenzi uye muripo muchibvumirano zvinofanira kutarisa. Mabasa ekutonga anofamba nechigadzirwa zvakare, kubva pakumaka kweCE uye magwaro ehunyanzvi kusvika kuzvisungo zvekudzosa chigadzirwa, uye chibvumirano chinofanira kutaura kuti ndiani ane magwaro uye ndiani anotungamira kudzosa chigadzirwa.

Matemplate uye kwaanokundikana

Template iscaffolding, kwete chibvumirano. Zvikamu zvinotorwa pamodhi zvakawanzova zvisina kunaka pachirongwa cheDutch kana cheEurope ndizvo zvikamu zvemakwikwi, nekuti template yakanyorwa kune imwe nzvimbo inogona kunge iine mutengo wekutengesazve kana zvirambidzo zvenzvimbo zvakaoma pano; zvikamu zvekugumisa, nekuti zvinotora mutemo wekuzivisa wepamutemo usingawanikwe mumutemo weDutch; uye zvikamu zvekuunza nenjodzi, nekuti Incoterm nekugoverwa kwechibvumirano zvinopesana.

Pamusoro pezvo, matemplate anowanzo taura zvinhu zvakakosha muchikamu chakati. Midziyo yekurapa inoda mishumo yekuchenjerera uye mabasa ekuziva michina akanyorwa mukati. Chikafu nechinwiwa chinoda kuteverwa, kugara kwenguva refu uye kuronga kudzoserwa kwezvinhu. Software nezvigadzirwa zvakabatana zvinoda mazinga ebasa, kugadzirisa zvisungo uye kudzora kutumira kunze kwenyika pane encryption. Zvinhu zveumbozha zvinoda nzira dzakasarudzwa uye nzira inoshanda yekusatengesazve zvinhu zvisina kunaka. Nguva yakakodzera yekugamuchira zano ndeye usati wavimbisa kuzvimiririra, usati wasvika pamuganhu wemusika, uye usati watanga kutumira, nekuti chimwe nechimwe chazvo chakachipa kuronga pane kuzorora.

sei Law and More anogona kubatsira

Tinoronga uye tinotaurirana nezvezvibvumirano zvekugovera vatengesi vanopinda mumusika weDutch neEurope uye kune vanogovera vanoda kuwana rubatsiro nekuchengetedza mari yavanenge vachida kuisa, uye tinopa mazano pamusoro pekugumisa, pakuonana nemutemo wemakwikwi uye pamakakatanwa pamusoro penzvimbo, zvinangwa kana kubuda. Tinopawo mazano pamusoro pemhando dziri pedyo, kuitira kuti gadziriro yaunosaina ive iyo inonyatsoenderana nehukama hwebhizinesi. Kana uri kugadzirira kana kuongorora chibvumirano chekugovera, taura nechikwata chekondirakiti pa Law and MoreKana urongwa uhwu huchisanganisira vashandi vari pasi muNetherlands, chinyorwa chedu pamusoro pe Chibvumirano chebasa cheDutch inoratidza zvinodiwa izvozvo.