Kodzero yekuratidzira inodzivirira kupfuura zvaungafunga. Asi haisi mvumo yemahara. Gwaro repamutemo rinobva mubumbiro remitemo, mutemo wemhosva uye mutemo wenyaya weDare Repamusorosoro uchangoburwa.

30 Chivabvu 2026 · Nguva yekuverenga kwemaminitsi gumi nemaviri · zvichibva pamitongo yeDare Repamusorosoro 2025–2026
Chikamu cheBumbiro reMitemo. 9 • Chikamu cheECHR. 11 • Mutemo weVeruzhinji weMagungano • Dare Repamusorosoro 2025–2026 • Kurwira kodzero dzemamiriro ekunze

Mugwagwa mukuru wakavharwa. Tramu yakafukidzwa nependi. Meya achipinda nemurairo wekukurumidzira. Kuratidzira ndeimwe yenzira dzinoonekwa zvikuru dzehupenyu hwedemocracy - uye imwe yedzimhosva dzinonyanya kupomerwa pamutemo. Mutemo unopa dziviriro yakawanda sei kuvanhu vanozviti vane nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji? Uye mutemo wemhosva unotangira papi?

Kodzero huru: kudzivirirwa ndiyo pokutangira

Chikamu 9 cheBumbiro reMitemo reDutch chinobvuma kodzero yekuungana nekuratidzira. Chikamu 11 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights chinodzivirira kuungana murunyararo. Hapana chimwe chazvo chakakwana, asi muganho wekurambidza wakagadzwa nemaune: hurumende inogona kutonga mafambiro ezvinhu - nguva, nzvimbo, nzira - asi kwete zviri mukati meshoko.

Mutemo wePublic Assembly Act (Wet open bare manifestaties, WOM) unopa izvi simba. Zvirambidzo zvinotenderwa chete kuchengetedza hutano, nekuda kwekufambisa motokari, kana kudzivirira kusagadzikana. Mutemo wekanzuru usina hwaro hwemutemo iwoyo haugone kurambidza kuratidzira. Dare Repamusorosoro rakasimbisa izvi zvakajeka gore rino:

"Saka chikamu ichi hachigone kushandiswa kudzora kodzero yekuratidzira sezvakataurwa muChikamu 9(1) cheBumbiro reMitemo."

Dare Repamusorosoro 2026, ECLI:NL:HR:2026:483

Mutemo wemhosva hausi wekusiyana nekuratidzira - asi kushungurudza hakuna kusiyanawo

Kodzero huru inodzivirira kutora chikamu mukuratidzira, kwete zvese zviri mukati mayo. Mitemo yemhosva yakajairika ichiri kushanda: mhirizhonga yeruzhinji (Chikamu 141 cheCriminal Code), kuisa panjodzi traffic mumigwagwa (Chikamu 5 cheRoad Traffic Act), kutadza kutevedzera murairo wepamutemo (Chikamu 184 cheCriminal Code). Asi: kushungurudza, kusagadzikana uye kukanganiswa kwenguva pfupi kwehupenyu hwemazuva ese hazvisi chikonzero chekuisa mumwe munhu kunze kwekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzakakosha.

Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti munhu ari kutaurwa nezvake akaita "chiito chisina mhosva" here iye pachake - chiito chemhosva chemunhu oga, chakasiyana nekuratidzira kwacho chose. Mumutongo wekupenda tram (Supreme Court 2025), kupomerwa mhosva kwakabvumidzwa nekuti murwiri wemhosva akakonzera kukuvara ukuwo aigonawo kutaura mafungiro ake neimwe nzira. Pasina chiito chemunhu oga chisina mhosva, dziviriro yeChikamu 11 cheECHR inoramba iripo, kunyangwe mapurisa achipindira.

Dare rinoongorora sei kusimbiswa kwemhosva? Bvunzo ine matanho matatu

1. Kuratidzira kwacho kune runyararo here? Kuratidzira kune vavariro dzechisimba hakubvisi dziviriro yeChikamu 11 cheECHR. Kana chinangwa chiri cherunyararo, dziviriro ndiyo pokutangira.
2. Munhu wacho aita chiito chakaipa here iye pachake? Kukuvadzwa kwezvinhu, mhirizhonga yeruzhinji, kuvharirwa kwemigwagwa kwakakomba kuri kuisa vanhu vechitatu panjodzi - izvi zvinoputsa dziviriro. Kunetsa kwakajairika hakuiti.
3. Maitiro ehurumende akaenzana here? Kubviswa, kusungwa, kunyimwa rusununguko, kupomerwa mhosva uye kurangwa zvinoongororwa pamwe chete. Kana matanho asina kunyanya kushanda angadai akakwana, chero chiito chipi zvacho chinenge chisina kuenzana.

Danho rechitatu iroro rakakosha. Mumitongo miviri yakaitwa muna 2025 (ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1313 uye ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1436) Dare Repamusorosoro rakati mabasa erunyararo - ehushumiri nebhangi - haana kukodzera maawa ekusungwa nekupomerwa mhosva, sezvo kubviswa kwaizokwana. Kana mhinduro yese isina kuenzana, mutemo wemhosva unofanira kusiiwa usina kushandiswa. Mhedzisiro: kusunungurwa kubva mukupomerwa mhosva kwese.

Mhedzisiro inotyisa: mutemo wemhosva haufanirwe kudzivirira kuratidzira

Seri kwebvunzo yekuenzanisa kune musimboti wakadzama: kurambidzwa kwe "mhedzisiro inoodza mwoyo" isingabvumidzwe. Kurangwa kwemhosva hakufanirwe kudzivirira kuda kuratidza. Izvi zvinopfuura kungoongorora kwemunhu mumwe chete - ibvunzo yehurongwa hwemutemo wekuti mutemo wemhosva unokanganisa here kodzero huru pakutanga kwayo.

Dare reDunhu reThe Hague rakashandisa izvi zvakasimba muna 2026 munyaya dzaibatanidza kuratidzira kweA12. Kuzvisunga netambo pamadziro emugero kwaipesana neChikamu 184 cheCriminal Code, asi mukuita murunyararo pasina kukuvara, kupomerwazve kwaisadiwa (ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2026:12907). Kusiyana neizvi: kuvharira A12 nemotokari, idzo amburenzi yaivharirwa, kwairangwa zvechokwadi - zvinopfuura mwero wekunetsa unogamuchirwa kubva mukuratidzira (ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2026:12915).

Mirairo yekukurumidzira: meya anoda zvinopfuura kukurumidza

Kana meya akapa gwaro rekukurumidzira (Chikamu 175 cheMutemo weManicipalities) pachinzvimbo chekushandisa masimba eWOM akajairika, zvinodiwa zvakaoma zvinoshanda. Amsterdam Dare reKukwidza Nyaya rakataura zvakajeka muna 2024:

"Meya anofanira kupa gwaro rekukurumidza nezvikonzero zvakanaka uye, pazvinogoneka, rinofanira kutanga nekugadzirira kwakanyatsonaka."

Amsterdam Dare Repamusoro 2024, ECLI:NL:GHMS:2024:3747

Kana murairo wekukurumidzira uchitaura kuti zvishandiso zveWOM zvakatanga kushandiswa asi izvi hazvionekwi kubva mufaira renyaya, zvinokundikana chinodiwa chekubatsira. Mugumisiro pasi pemutemo wemhosva: kusunungurwa kwemhosva pasi peChikamu 184 cheCriminal Code. Imwe nzira yekudzivirira: murairo wekugumisa mhosva yakavakirwa paChikamu 7 WOM inogona kungopomerwa mhosva kuburikidza neChikamu 11 WOM, kwete kuburikidza neChikamu 184 cheCriminal Code. Kuvhiringidzika pamusoro pehwaro hwemutemo kwakatungamira kakawanda kune kusunungurwa mukuita.

Varongi: havazovi nemhosva yezvinoitwa nevamwe

Mubvunzo unowanzo bvunzwa ndewekuti murongi anogona kupomerwa mhosva here nekuda kwezviito zvevatori vechikamu. Mhinduro ndeiyi: kwete, kwete nekuda kwebasa ravo semurongi chete. Dare Repamusorosoro rakasimbisa muna 2026 (ECLI:NL:HR:2026:115) kuti kushandira pamwe chete kunoda kushandira pamwe kwakasimba uye nemaune, nerubatsiro rwakakwana kumhosva chaiyo. Kuvapo, kupa rutsigiro rwezvekufambisa kana kudzivirira pachena kuratidzira hazvina kukwana. Mhosva yemhosva inongoitika chete kana paine chiito chemunhu mumwe chete - sekuregeredza chinodiwa cheWOM - kana kana paine gwara rinoratidza maitiro evamwe ekupara mhosva.

Mukupedzisa: mutemo wemhosva senzira yekupedzisira, kwete mhinduro yekutanga

Mutemo wedare repamusoro-soro nematare epasi kubva muna 2025 kusvika 2026 unopa mufananidzo wakafanana: kodzero yekuratidzira ndiyo pokutangira, WOM ndiyo hurongwa hwenguva dzose hwekudziviswa, uye mutemo wemhosva ndiyo chikamu chekupedzisira. Kunetsa nekukanganisa ndiwo mutengo wedemocracy inotora kodzero yakakosha zvakakomba. Kuparadza, chisimba uye njodzi huru zvinoputsa dziviriro iyoyo - asi kunyangwe zvakadaro, danho rega rega muhurongwa hwekumanikidza rinoda kururamiswa kwaro kwebumbiro remitemo.

Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa

Mapurisa anogona kungondibvisa pakuratidzira here?

Kwete zvakadaro chete. Kubviswa kunobvumirwa chete nekuda kwesimba rameya reWOM kana kana paine nyonganyonga chaiyo. Chiyero ichi chinofanira kunge chakaenzana uye chakavakirwa pazvido zvakanyorwa muChikamu chechipiri cheWOM: hutano, traffic kana kudzivirira nyonganyonga. Kubviswa pasina chikonzero chakakodzera hakubvumirwi nemutemo.

Ndingapomerwa mhosva here kana ndikatadza kutevedzera murayiro?

Kana murairo wacho uine hwaro hwakakwana hwemutemo, waizivikanwa uye wakanangana newe semunhu. Pamusoro pezvo, dare remhosva rinoongorora kana mhinduro yese - kusungwa, kupomerwa mhosva uye kurangwa zvakabatanidzwa - yaienderana. Muzviito zverunyararo pasina kukuvara, kupomerwa mhosva kunogona kukundikana zvichienderana nezvinodiwa neECHR kunyangwe paine kusatevedzera kwakaratidzwa, nekusunungurwa kubva mukutongwa kwese kwese semhedzisiro.

Kuvharirwa kwemigwagwa kunogara kuchirangwa here?

Kwete sekutsanangurwa. Dare rinoongorora kana kuvharirwa kwacho kwakapfuura zvinonetsa zvekuratidzira uye kana kukuvara chaiko kana njodzi kune vamwe vanhu kwakaitika. Kuvharirwa kwenguva refu kwemotokari masikati, zvichivhiringidza mabasa ekukurumidzira, kwave kuchirangwa. Kuvharirwa kwenguva pfupi kwevaratidziri vakagara vasina kukuvara kwakaita kuti, mune dzimwe nyaya dzakafanana, vasunungurwe kubva mukutongwa.

Meya angarambidza kuratidzira here?

Ehe, asi chete nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakanyorwa zvizere muChikamu 2 WOM uye mushure mekuziviswa. Kurambidzwa inzira yekupedzisira. Dare rinoongorora kufunga, kuenzana uye kubatana kwaro zvakasimba. Kurambidzwa kwakajairika pasina rutsigiro rwakasimba rwechokwadi, muchokwadi, kunobviswa.

Ini, semurongi, ndine mutoro wezvinoitwa nevatori vechikamu here?

Kwete, kwete nekuda kwebasa rako semurongi. Kupomerwa mhosva kunoda kuti iwe pachako upara mhosva kana kuti wakaratidza pachena kuti wakatungamira kana kufambisa maitiro chaiwo emhosva yemumwe munhu. Kungoronga, kuvapo kana kudzivirira pachena kuratidzira hakuna kukwana pakubatsirana kana kukurudzira.

Chii chinonzi "mhedzisiro inotyisa" uye nei ichikosha pamutemo?

Mugumisiro unotyisa unoitika kana kumanikidzwa kwemhosva kana kutyisidzirwa kwekupomerwa mhosva kuchidzivisa vanhu kushandisa kodzero yavo huru. Matare anoongorora izvi pakuongorora zvirango: mhinduro yemhosva yakanyanya kuoma kana kuti yakawandisa inogona kupesana neChikamu 11 cheECHR, kunyangwe kana mhosva yacho yakaratidzwa zviri pamutemo. Munyaya dzechangobva kuitika dzekurwisa mamiriro ekunze, kudzivirira uku kwakatungamira kakawanda pakusunungurwa kubva mukupomerwa mhosva dzese kana kuti kuderedzwa zvakanyanya kwezvirango.

Ndingapikisa here chisarudzo chameya pamusoro pekuratidzira kwangu?

Ehe. Kupikisa kunogona kuendeswa kudare remakurukota richipikisa chisarudzo cheWOM, zvichizoteverwa nekukwidza nyaya kudare remakurukota. Nekuti kuratidzira kunowanzoitwa maitiro ekutonga asati aitwa, chikumbiro chedanho repakati (kumiswa kwesarudzo) ndicho chiri kushanda zvakanaka. Kufarira kwakakodzera kunoramba kuripo kunyangwe mushure mekuratidzira, kuti paonekwezve pamutemo mushure mezvo.