Zvikwereti mushure mekurambana muNetherlands: uchava nemhosva riini?

Mushure mekurambana kweDutch, unoramba uine mhosva kune vanokweretesa nekuda kwezvikwereti zvemunharaunda zvawakazvitorera iwe pachako, uye pamwe chete uye mumwe nemumwe ane mhosva kune izvo waimbova mudiwa wako akatora, kunyangwe kune wechipiri mukweretesi anogona chete kudzoserwa kubva pane zvawakagamuchira mukugovaniswa kwepfuma. Mutemo iwoyo wakanyorwa muchikamu 1:102 cheDutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW). Zvawakabvumirana iwe newawaimbova mudiwa wako nezvekuti ndiani anobhadhara zvinosungisa pakati penyu mese; hazvina zvazvinoreva kubhangi, mukweretesi kana kune vane masimba emitero.

Musiyano uripo pakati pehurongwa hwemukati nemutoro wekunze ndipo panotangira matambudziko. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura kuti ndezvipi zvikwereti zvinowira munharaunda yewanano pakutanga, chii chakachinja pawanano dzakapinda kubva 1 Ndira 2018 zvichienda mberi, kuti mutoro unoshanduka sei pakurambana, uye zvaunogona kuita kuti uwane mari kubva kune wawaimbova naye kana chikwereti chawira pamusuwo wako. Chinobata mutoro wezvikwereti; maitiro ekurambana pachawo, kuchengetedza uye kugoverwa kwekodzero dzepensheni zvakafukidzwa mugwaro redu remitemo yemhuri.

Ndezvipi zvikwereti zviri zvenharaunda

Kana chikwereti chiri chako wega kana chevanhu, zvinoenderana nehurongwa hwepfuma yako yemuchato uye kuti chikwereti chakatanga riini. Chinyorwa 1:94 BW chinosarudza zviri munharaunda, kudivi remidziyo uye kudivi rechikwereti, uye mhinduro yacho yakasiyana zvakanyanya kune vakaroorana vasati vasvika 1 Ndira 2018 uye mushure mayo.

Kune muchato kana hukama hwakanyoreswa hwakaitwa zuva iroro risati rasvika pasina chibvumirano chemuchato, nharaunda yekare yepasi rose inoshanda. Zvinenge zvese zvinopindirana, kusanganisira zvikwereti zvakaunzwa nemumwe nemumwe muwanano. Chikwereti chemudzidzi chakatorwa makore akawanda muchato usati wasvika, chikwereti chebhizinesi kubva kune imwe kambani yekare, mutero wekare: pasi penharaunda yepasi rose izvi zvinova zvikwereti zvemunharaunda, uye midziyo yemunharaunda inogona kushandiswa kuzvibhadhara.

Kune vakaroorana vakapinda musi wa1 Ndira 2018 kana kuti mushure mayo, nharaunda yakaganhurirwa (beperkte gemeenschap van goederen) ndiyo isingabhadharwe. Pfuma nezvikwereti zvaimbova nazvo mumwe nemumwe muwanano asati aroorana zvinoramba zviri zvepachivande, sezvinoita nhaka nezvipo, kunze kwekunge mapato acho ataura zvakasiyana. Zvakavakwa panguva yemuchato chete ndizvo zvinogovaniswa. Pfuma yaimbova yavo vese pamwe chete vasati varoorana, zvisinei, inowira munharaunda, pamwe chete nezvikwereti zvakabatana nayo. Tatsanangura hurongwa hwakadzama munyaya yedu pamusoro penharaunda yakaganhurirwa yepfuma muNetherlands.

Chibvumirano chepamberi pemuchato kana chepashure pemuchato (huwelijkse voorwaarden) chinokunda zvese zviri zviviri zvisipo. Kubviswa zvachose kwenharaunda chero ipi zvayo (koude uitsluiting) zvinoreva kuti mumwe nemumwe ari kuramba aine zvikwereti zvake; chikamu chekubhadhara chinoshandura chibvumirano asi kwete, chega, mutoro kune vanokweretesa. Chero mutemo upi zvawo, tarisa chibvumirano usati wafunga nezvechikwereti chakati: chinonyanya kukosha mazwi echibvumirano, kwete zita rinoshandiswa nevanhu pachiri.

Zuva rekupedzisira ndiro zuva rakaiswa chikumbiro

Chinyorwa 1:99 ndima 1 BW inogadza nguva iyo nharaunda yaparara, uye pakurambana nguva iyoyo ndiyo yekuendesa chikumbiro chekurambana kudare, kwete zuva remutongo uye kwete zuva rekurambana rinonyorwa murejista yekuzvarwa, kufa uye muchato. Zvikwereti zvinowanikwa newaimbova mudiwa wako mushure mekunge chikumbiro chaiswa zvikwereti zvepachivande, kunze kwenharaunda. Iri ndiro zuva rinonyanya kubatsira mukukakavadzana kwezvikwereti mushure mekurambana, uye ndicho chikonzero nei kuendesa nekukurumidza kuchikosha kana mumwe wako achibhadhara zvikwereti.

Mapato echitatu anodzivirirwa pane chimwe chinhu: kuparadzwa kwenyaya nekuiswa kwepetisheni kunogona kungoitwa chete kune anokweretesa mari asina kuzviziva kana petisheni yacho yanyorwa mubhuku repfuma yemuchato rinochengetwa kudare. Kunyoresa idanho riri nyore uye rakakodzera kutorwa nekukurumidza kana petisheni yapinda.

Zvikwereti zvemhuri: chinyorwa 1:85 BW

Mutemo mumwe chete unoshanda chero hurongwa hwemuchato wenyu. Pasi pechinyorwa 1:85 BW, mumwe nemumwe ane mutoro wakazara, pamwe chete nemumwe, wezvisungo zvakaitwa nemumwe wake pakushanda kwemhuri. Zvekudya, magetsi, inishuwarenzi yemba yemhuri, mari yechikoro yevana, chibvumirano chebasa chakaitwa nemhuri: mukweretesi anogona kubhadhara chikwereti chose chakadaro kune mumwe nemumwe.

Migumisiro miviri inotevera. Chekutanga, chibvumirano chemuchato hachikudzivirire kubva kuzvikwereti izvi, nekuti chikamu 1:85 BW ndechemutemo weDutch wemuchato unoshanda kumuchato wese uye kune vese vakanyoreswa. Chechipiri, mutemo uyu unogumira kune zvinoshandiswa mumba; chikwereti chebhizinesi, mota yakatengwa kuti mumwe wevakaroorana ashandise, kana mari yekudyara yemunhu oga haifukidzwe nazvo, uye mukweretesi anovimba nechikamu 1:85 BW chechikwereti chakadaro anodarika mwero.

Chinhu chinoenderana nemhosva iyoyo ndicho chinodiwa pakubvumirana muchinyorwa 1:88 BW. Kune boka rekutengeserana rakatsanangurwa, kusanganisira vimbiso dzakapihwa dzechikwereti chemumwe munhu, kutenga zvinhu zvepamba uye kurasikirwa nezvinhu zvine chekuita nemba yemhuri, mumwe murume kana mukadzi anoda mvumo yakanyorwa yemumwe murume kana mukadzi. Kana ikashaikwa, chinyorwa 1:89 BW chinobvumira mumwe mukadzi ane mvumo yaidiwa kubvisa chibvumirano, izvo zvinogona kubvisa mhosva yacho zvachose. Kodzero yekudzima inotarisirwa kwenguva yakatarwa, saka kana ukaona vimbiso yakasainwa usingazive, ita chimwe chinhu pamusoro payo pane kuiisa kure.

Chii chinoshanduka pakurambana: chinyorwa 1:102 BW

Kuparara kwenharaunda hakudzimi chero chinhu. Chinyorwa 1:102 BW chinokamura chinzvimbo ichi nepakati. Pazvikwereti zvenharaunda zvawaitove nemhosva nazvo usati waparara, kazhinji nekuda kwekuti wakasaina chibvumirano iwe pachako kana kuti chikwereti chakabva pamaitiro ako, unoramba uine mhosva yemari yese pasina muganho. Kune zvimwe zvikwereti zvenharaunda, zvichireva kuti izvo waimbova mudiwa wako akatora, iwe unosungirwa pamwe chete newawaimbova mudiwa wako, asi mukweretesi anogona chete kumanikidza zvawakawana kubva kuboka renharaunda.

Mugumisiro unoshanda muganho kwete kuregererwa. Kana mugove wako wepfuma yakakamurwa waikosha zvishoma, mukweretesi anokutevera chikwereti chemhuri yewaimbova shamwari yako haakwanise kudzoreredza mari inopfuura iyoyo kubva kwauri. Kana wakapihwa imba, muganho wacho wakakwira zvakaenzana. Ichi chikonzero chekutarisa mufananidzo wekukamurwa uye mutoro pamwe chete: kutora pfuma yakakura kunogona zvakare kureva kutora mukana wekuva nechikwereti chikuru.

Ndima yechipiri yechinyorwa chimwe chete ichi inowedzera mutemo wemiganhu uri nyore kupotsa. Chikumbiro chekukupomera chikwereti chakaitika kumunhu wewaimbova mudiwa wako chinova nenguva yakatarwa panguva imwe chete nechikumbiro chekupomera aimbova mudiwa wako. Mukweretesi haagoni kurega chikumbiro chekupomera chikwereti chichipera obva atendeukira kwauri.

Chikamu: chinyorwa 1:100 BW uye zvachisingaite

Pasi pechinyorwa 1:100 ndima 1 BW, vaviri vacho vane migove yakaenzana munharaunda yakaparadzaniswa, kunze kwekunge vabvumirana neimwe nzira muchibvumirano chepamberi pemuchato kana muchibvumirano chakanyorwa chakaitwa nechinangwa chekuparadzana kuri pedyo. Kutsauka kubva pakupatsanurwa kwakaenzana kunogoneka, asi kunofanira kuitwa nekunyora uye kunotongwa zvakasimba.

Kana midziyo yenharaunda isingakwani kubhadhara zvikwereti zvayo, ndima yechipiri inoti kushomeka kunotakurwa nevakaroorana vese zvakaenzana, kunze kwekunge zvinodiwa nekunzwisisa uye kururamisira, zvichienderana nemhando yezvikwereti, zvichipa mukana wakasiyana. Chikwereti chekubhejera kana chikwereti chinoitwa nemaune kuti chisave nerusarura kune mumwe murume kana mukadzi inyaya iyo dare rinogona kubva pakupatsanurwa kwakaenzana. Inyaya yekugoverwa kwemari mukati, uye inosarudzwa pakati pevakaroorana vekare; haisunge mukweretesi.

Ndima 3 inosimbisa pfungwa iyi kubva kudivi remukweretesi: vanokweretesa panguva yekuparadzwa kwemari vanochengeta kodzero yavo yekudzivirira midziyo yemunharaunda chero bedzi midziyo iyoyo isina kugovaniswa. Kukurumidzisa kugovaniswa kwemari hakubvisi, uye kugovaniswa kwepfuma nepo zvikwereti zvakakura zvisina kugadziriswa kunowanzoita kuti zvinhu zvinyanye kuipa pane kuva nani.

Zvese izvi ndezvechibvumirano chekurambana. Chibvumirano chekurambana chakanyorwa zvakanaka (echtscheidingsconvenant) chinonyora chikwereti chega chega nemukweretesi, huwandu uye nhamba yeakaundi, chinopa chimwe nechimwe, chinonyora kuti ndiani achasvika kumukweretesi, chinoisa nguva yekupedzisira yekusunungurwa kubva pamutoro wekubatana, uye chinosanganisira muripo uyo mukadzi anotora chikwereti anodzosera mumwe pane chero chinhu chinomanikidzwa kubhadhara mumwe. Muripo haudzivisi mukweretesi kuuya kwauri, asi unokupa chikumbiro chinomanikidzwa kana zvikaitika.

Mortgage yemubatanidzwa

Chikwereti chemba chinowanzova chinhu chikuru pane zvese, uye ndicho chisingagone kugadziriswa nemutemo wekurambana wega. Kana vaviri vakasaina chikwereti, vese vane mutoro wemari yese kune anokweretesa. Kupa mumwe wavo imba mubvumirano hakuchinji chero chinhu pamusoro pemhosva iyoyo. Mukweretesi chete ndiye anogona kukusunungura, nekupa mvumo yekusunungurwa kubva pamubhadharo wekubatana uye wevamwe (kana kuti mari yechikwereti).

Mukweretesi achaongorora kana mukweretesi asara achikwanisa kubhadhara chikwereti ari ega, achishandisa zvinodiwa nemari yaanowana uye mari yaanokwanisa kubhadhara, uye kana chikwereti chacho chakafukidzwa neNational Mortgage Guarantee (Nationale Hypotheek Garantie), zvinodiwa pachirongwa ichocho. Kubvisa chikwereti hakusi tsika uye kunorambwa nguva dzose. Kana chikarambwa, sarudzo dzinoshanda ndezvekutengesa imba, kutsvaga mumwe munhu anokwereta anogamuchirwa nemukweretesi, kana kubvuma kuti unoramba uine mhosva, uye muchiitiko ichi chibvumirano chinofanira kukupa chengetedzo, nguva yekupedzisira uye kodzero yekumanikidza kutengesa kana chinzvimbo chisati chagadziriswa panguva iyoyo.

Kutamisa mugove wepfuma yacho pachako kunoda gwaro remutemo rekupatsanura imba uye kunyoresa mumarejista everuzhinji. Kuita izvozvo usati wabvisa mari yako kunoita kuti uve nemhosva yechikwereti chakachengetedzwa paimba yausisiri yako, inova ndiyo nzvimbo yakaipa pane dzose dziri mbiri. Chinokosha: kuronga kusunungurwa kwemari uye kuchinjisa mari yacho pamwe chete. Kubatwa kwemitero kwekubvisa mubereko wemba mushure mekurambana inyaya yakasiyana ine mitemo yayo nenguva dzayo, uye ndeyemupi wezano wemitero kwete gweta rako. Ndiani angaramba achigara mumba panguva iyi inyaya yakasiyana, yatinokurukura munyaya yedu pamusoro pekurambana nemba yemhuri.

Kana waimbova wako akarega kubhadhara

Kana mukweretesi achikuti une mhosva yechikwereti chawakabvumirana kubhadhara newawaimbova mudiwa wako, bhadhara zvaunofanirwa kuita kuti umise kukuvara wozochiwana. Nzira mbiri dzinokupa kodzero iyoyo. Chinyorwa 6:10 BW chinomanikidza mukweretesi pamwe chete nevamwe vane chikwereti kuti vape chikwereti kune chikamu chine chekuita naye mukati, saka mukweretesi pamwe chete akabhadhara mari yakawanda kupfuura chikamu chake chemukati ane chikumbiro chemari yakawandisa. Chinyorwa 6:12 BW chinoenderera mberi uye chinoisa mukweretesi anobhadhara mukodzero dzemukweretesi, kusanganisira chero chibatiso chaaive nacho, icho chinogona kushanda zvakanyanya kupfuura chikumbiro chenguva dzose chekudzoserwa mari.

Pamusoro pezvo une chibvumirano chekugadzirisa nyaya yacho. Chibvumirano chekurambana chisungo chenguva dzose uye chinogona kusimbiswa sechimwe, kana zvichidikanwa nematanho ekupedzisira ane muripo wechirango. Kana chibvumirano chakabatanidzwa musarudzo yedare, chinogona kusimbiswa zvakananga pasina mutongo mutsva. Kana chisina kudaro, chikumbiro chakasiyana chinodiwa.

Chengeta humbowo sezvaunoenderera mberi: chikumbiro chemukweretesi, humbowo hwemari yese yawakaita, uye tsamba dzinoratidza kuti wakaudza wawaimbova naye zviri kuitika uye wakamukumbira kuti abhadhare. Chikumbiro chekudzoserwa chikwereti chinokundikana kazhinji nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehumbowo pane kushaya hwaro hwepamutemo. Ziva zvakare kuti chikumbiro chekudzoserwa chikwereti chinodzikira, saka chikwereti chawave uchibhadhara chinyararire kwemakore chingasazokwanisa kudzoserwa zvizere.

Kunyoresa kuBKR uye zvazvinoreva

Netherlands haina mamakisi echikwereti. Chiripo irejista yechikwereti inotungamirwa neStichting BKR, umo vanokweretesa vanonyora zvikwereti zvevatengi nezvemari yechikwereti uye, kana muripo uchisara kumashure, kodhi yekusabhadhara chikwereti. Chero bedzi zita rako riri pachikwereti, mari yawakarasikirwa nayo newaimbova shamwari yako inonyorwawo pamusoro pako, uye kunyoresa kusina kunaka kuchaonekwa kune chero mukweretesi anoongorora chikumbiro chechikwereti chemangwana kana chechikwereti kwemakore akati wandei mushure mekunge chikwereti chapera, pasi pemitemo yeBKR pachayo.

Unogona kukumbira ruzivo rwako kubva kuBKR mahara, uye zvine musoro kuita izvi pakutanga kwekurambana kuitira kuti uzive chaizvo kuti zvibvumirano zvipi zvine zita rako. Kunyoresa kusina kururama kunogona kugadziriswa neanokupa chikwereti. Kunyoresa kwakarurama asi kusina kunaka kunogona, musimboti, kupikiswa nekuda kwekuchengetedzwa kwedata, asi muganho wakakwira uye mhedzisiro yacho inoenderana zvakanyanya nemamiriro ezvinhu ega ega.

Kana zvikwereti zvese zvikapfuura zvaunogona kutakura, nzira yacho haisi yekugadzirisa chikwereti asi kugadzirisa chikwereti: chirongwa chakanaka kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwemari yemuguta, kana, kana izvozvo zvikakundikana, kubvumidzwa kupinda muchirongwa chepamutemo chekugadzirisa chikwereti (Wsnp), icho kubva musi wa1 Chikunguru 2023 chinoshanda kwemwedzi gumi nemisere. Kuroorana mumhuri yekodzero dzemhuri kunoomesa nzira iyoyo, nekuti midziyo yemunharaunda inoramba iripo kune vanokweretesa kusvika nhaka yagovaniswa.

Zvikwereti zvebhizinesi nemitero

Bhizinesi remutengesi wega (eenmanszaak) kana mugove wekubatana harina hunhu hwakasiyana hwepamutemo, saka zvikwereti zvaro zvikwereti zvemuzvinabhizinesi pachake. Kana muzvinabhizinesi akaroora mumubatanidzwa wepfuma, zvikwereti izvozvo zvikwereti zvemunharaunda, uye midziyo yemunharaunda, kusanganisira mari yakachengetwa neimba, inowanikwa kune vanokweretesa bhizinesi. Kambani yakazvimirira (besloten vennootschap) inodzivirira pfuma, asi chete kusvika pakuti mugovani haana kupa vimbiso dzemunhu, izvo vanokweretesa vanowanzo kumbira kubva kuvane mamaneja. Tarisa zvakasainwa usati wafunga kuti chimiro chekambani chinokudzivirira.

Zvikwereti zvemitero zvinotevera pfungwa imwe chete. Kuongororwa kwemutero wemari kune chekuita negore panguva yemuchato kazhinji chikwereti chemunharaunda, uye mushure mekuputswa kwemutemo 1:102 BW inotonga kuti vane masimba emitero vanogona kutevera kusvika papi mumwe wavakamboroorana naye. Mitemo yakasiyana yepamutemo pamusoro pemutoro wemutero pamwe chete inogona kushandawo, uye kubatwa kwezvinhu zvakaziviswa pamwe chete mumakore akapoteredza kurambana kune mhedzisiro yazvo. Zvese inyaya dzemupi wezano wemitero anoshanda pamwe chete negweta rako; mubvunzo wepamutemo wekuti ndiani ane mhosva uye mubvunzo wemari wekuti mutero wacho wakanyorwa sei zvinofanirwa kupindurwa pamwe chete.

Vakaroorana vasina kuroorana uye vakaroorana vakanyoreswa

Kubatana kwakanyoreswa kunobatwa nenzira imwecheteyo sekuroorana nekuda kwezvinangwa izvi: mitemo yemunharaunda imwechete, mutoro wemhuri mumwe chete pasi pechinyorwa 1:85 BW, uye chinzvimbo chimwe chete pasi pechinyorwa 1:102 BW mushure mekuparadzana. Musiyano mumwe chete wechimiro ndewekuti kubatana kwakanyoreswa kusina vana vadiki kunogona kupedzwa nechibvumirano kuburikidza negweta kana gweta remutemo wehurumende, pasina sarudzo yedare.

Vanhu vanogara pamwe chete vasina kumbobvira varoorana kana kunyoresa vari munzvimbo yakasiyana zvachose. Hapana nzanga, hapana mutoro wemhuri wepamutemo, uye hapana kupatsanurwa kwemutemo. Mumwe nemumwe ane chikwereti chaakasainwa, uye mutoro wekubatana unongoitika kana vese vakasaina, sezvavaiita pachikwereti chemba chekubatana. Chinowanzo kukonzera kusawirirana mari inoiswa nemumwe mumhuri kana mumari inoshandiswa pamwe chete. Zvikumbiro izvozvo zviripo, asi zvinofanira kuvakwa kubva pamitemo yakajairika yepfuma isina kururama, kubhadhara zvisina kufanira kana chibvumirano chisina kurongwa, uye zvakaoma kuratidza kupfuura mugove wenharaunda. Chibvumirano chekugara pamwe chete chinonyorwa kuti ndiani akapa mhinduro inoshanda.

Zvekuita, kuti zvienderane

Kurongeka kuri pazasi kunoratidza kuti nyaya idzi dzinogadziriswa sei zvakanakisisa, uye, kunyanya, kuti ndeapi matanho anoenderana nenguva.

1. Gadzirisai hurongwa hwenyu hwepfuma yemuchato uye zuva remuchato, uye verengai chibvumirano chepamberi pewanano kana chiripo.
2. Cherechedza zuva rakaiswa chikumbiro chekurambana; zuva iroro rinoparadzanisa zvikwereti zvemunharaunda nezvikwereti zvepachivande.
3. Ita kuti chikumbiro chinyorwe mubhuku rezvemidziyo yewanano kuitira kuti kuparadzwa kwemuchato kugone kuvimbwa nako kune vane chikwereti.
4. Kumbirai BKR yenyu kuti munyore chikwereti chenyu chega chega pamwe chete nemukweretesi, mari yasara, nhamba yeakaundi uye zita rake riri pairi.
5. Bvunza mukweretesi wega wega nekunyora zvinodiwa kuti asunungurwe kubva pamutoro wekubatana nevamwe uye zvimwe zvinhu, uye nyora mhinduro dzacho.
6. Isa mari yekugoverwa kwemari, nguva yekupedzisira uye muripo wechikwereti muchibvumirano chekurambana, uye zvibatanidzwe musarudzo yedare.
7. Kana mukweretesi akauya kwauri kuzokumbira chikwereti chewaimbova shamwari yako, tanga watarisa kana kudzoserwa kwacho kwakatarwa nechikamu 1:102 BW, wobva wabhadhara zvinodiwa chete wotanga chikumbiro chekudzoserwa mari.

Pamusoro pezvose, musatora chibvumirano semugumo wenyaya yacho. Kusvika mukweretesi wese asimbisa nekunyora kuti zita renyu rabviswa, chikwereti chichiri chenyu kana tichitarisa mukweretesi iyeye.

Mutoro wechikwereti mushure mekurambana inyaya yehunyanzvi umo hurongwa hwemukati nenzvimbo yekunze zvinofanirwa kutarisirwa zvakasiyana. Law & More Tinoronga zvikwereti, toona kuti ndiani ane mhosva yezviri pasi peChikamu 1:85, 1:100 na1:102 BW, totaurirana nezvekusunungurwa kwemubhadharo wekubatana nevanokweretesa, uye tonyora chibvumirano kuitira kuti kutadza kubhadhara kwemubhadharo wekare newawaimbova naye kukusiye uine chikumbiro chinomanikidzwa pane kurasikirwa. Kana mukweretesi ari kutokutevera, kana kuti kana kusunungurwa kwacho kwakarambwa, taura nesu. gweta rekurambana kuti tikurukure nezvezvichiri kugone kuitwa.