ziviso
Munharaunda yedu iri kukurumidza kushanduka, cryptocurrency inowedzera kufarirwa. Parizvino, kune akawanda marudzi emari yekristpto, akadai seBitcoin, Ethereum, uye Litecoin. Cryptocurrencies idhijitari chete, uye mari uye tekinoroji zvinochengetwa zvakachengeteka nekushandisa blockchain tekinoroji. Iyi tekinoroji inochengeta rekodhi yakachengeteka yezvese kutengeserana zvese munzvimbo imwechete. Hapana anodzora blockchain sezvo macheni aya akaiswa pakombiyuta yega yega ine cryptocurrency wallet.
Tekinoroji yeBlockchain inoitawo kuti vashandisi vecryptocurrency vasazivikanwe. Kushaikwa kwekutonga uye kusazivikanwa kwevashandisi kunogona kukonzera njodzi kune vemabhizinesi vanoda kushandisa cryptocurrency mukambani yavo. Chinyorwa chino chinoenderera mberi nechinyorwa chedu chekare, 'Cryptocurrency: mativi emutemo etekinoroji inochinja-chinja' . Nepo chinyorwa chekare ichi chakanyanya kutaura nezvemitemo ye cryptocurrency, chinyorwa chino chinotarisa panjodzi dzinogona kusangana nevaridzi vemabhizinesi pavanenge vachibata ne cryptocurrency uye kukosha kwekutevedzera mitemo.
Njodzi yekufungidzirwa kwekutora mari
Ipo mukurumbira we cryptocurrency uchiwana mukurumbira, ichiri chisina kunyorwa muNetherlands uye nedzimwe Europe. Iwo maParamende ari kushanda mukushandisa zvakadzama mirau, asi ichi chichava chiitiko chakareba. Nekudaro, matare emunyika maDutch akatopfuura mutongo wakati wandei mumatare ane mhosva ye cryptocurrency. Kunyangwe zvisarudzo zvishoma zvaibataisa chimiro chepamutemo cheiyo cryptocurrency, mhaka zhinji dzaive mukati mekuparwa kwemhosva. Kubvisirwa mari kwaiita chikamu chikuru mukutonga uku.
Kubvisa mari muchivande chinhu chinofanira kufungwa nezvacho kuti sangano rako risawire pasi pemutemo weDutch Criminal Code. Kubvisa mari muchivande chiito chinorangwa pasi pemutemo weDutch criminal . Izvi zvinosimbiswa muzvikamu 420bis, 420ter uye 420 zveDutch Criminal Code. Kubvisa mari muchivande kunoratidzwa kana munhu akavanza hunhu chaihwo, kwaakabva, kuparadzaniswa kana kutamiswa kwechinhu chimwe, kana kuvanza kuti ndiani anowana kana muridzi wechinhu ichi uku achiziva kuti chinhu chacho chinobva mumabasa ehutsotsi.
Kunyange apo munhu akanga asinganyatsozivi nezveidi rokuti zvakanaka zvinobva mumabasa outsotsi asi aigona kuva akafunga nenzira ine mufungo kuti ikoku kwakanga kwakadaro, anogona kuwanwa ane mhaka yokubira mari. Zviito izvi zvinorangwa nekuvharirwa makore mana (nekuda kwekuziva mavambo emhosva), kuiswa mujeri kusvika gore rimwe (nekuda kwekufungidzira kunonzwisisika) kana faindi inosvika 67.000 euros. Izvi zvakasimbiswa muchinyorwa 23 cheDutch Criminal Code. Munhu anoita tsika yekuba mari anogona kutosungwa kusvika makore matanhatu.
Pazasi pane mimwe mienzaniso mishoma maipindwa nedare reDutch pamusoro pekushandiswa kweiyo cryptocurrency:
- Paive nenyaya yekuti munhu aipomerwa mhosva yekubira mari. Akagamuchira mari yakawanikwa nekushandura mabcocoins kuti ave fiat mari. Aya bitcoins akawanikwa kuburikidza neiyo yerima webhu, pane iyo IP-kero dzevashandisi dzakavanzika. Kuongorora kwakaratidza iyo yakasviba webhu inoshandiswa zvinongoda kutengesa zvisiri pamutemo zvinhu, izvo kuti ubhadharwe nema bitcoins. Naizvozvo, dare raifungidzira kuti marcoini anowanikwa kuburikidza neiyo rima webhu ndeyekubva kune mhosva. Dare rakati munhu aifungira akapihwa mari yakawanikwa nekushandura marcoins ematsotsi ari matsotsi emari. Iye aifungira aitoziva kuti macocoins anowanzo kuve ematsotsi. Kunyange zvakadaro, haana kuongorora mabviro emari ye fiat yaakawana. Naizvozvo, akabvuma achiziva mukana wakakosha uyo mari yaakawana yakawanikwa kuburikidza nemabasa asiri pamutemo. Akatongerwa mhosva yekuchera mari. [1]
- Mune iyi kesi, iyo Fiscal Information uye Investigation Service (muchiDutch: FIOD) yakatanga kuongororwa kwevatengesi ve bitcoin. Anofungidzira, mune iyi kesi, akapa bitcoins kune vatengesi uye akavashandura kuti abate mari. Iye anofungidzira akashandisa wallet yepamhepo apa painge paine mari yakawanda yecocoins, iyo inotorwa kubva kune yakasviba webhu. Sezvataurwa mune nyaya iri pamusoro, idzi bitcoins dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzakabva pamutemo. Anofungidzirwa akaramba kupa kujekeswa kwakanangana nemavambo ematcocoins. Dare rakati mushanisi ainyatsoziva nezvekwakabvumirwa zvisiri pamutemo kwamaitcoins sezvo akaenda kune vatengesi vanovimbisa kusazivikanwa kwevatengi vavo uye kubvunza komisheni yepamusoro yebasa iri. Naizvozvo, dare rakati zvinangwa zvemusungwa zvinogona kufungidzirwa. Akatongerwa mhosva yekuchera mari. [2]
- Mhosva inotevera inobata nebhangi reDutch, IN. ING yakapinda muchibvumirano chebhengi nemutengesi we bitcoin. Sebhangi, ING ine zvimwe zvekutarisisa uye zvekuferefeta zvisungo. Ivo vakawana mutengi wavo akashandisa mari yemari kutenga bitcoins dzechitatu mapato. NG vakapedza hukama hwavo kubva kwavakatanga kubhadhara muhomwe hakugone kuongororwa uye mari inogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nemabasa asiri pamutemo. IN yakanzwa senge kuti ivo havachagone kuzadzikisa zvisungo zvavo zveKYC sezvo vaisakwanisa kuvimbisa kuti maakaunti avo aisashandiswa mukubira mari uye kudzivirira njodzi dzine chekuita nekuvimbika. Dare rakati mutengi weI haana kukwana mukubvumikisa kuti mari yemari yaivepo yakabviswa pamutemo. Naizvozvo, ING yakabvumirwa kupedza hukama hwebhangi. [3]
Iyi mitongo inoratidza kuti kushanda ne cryptocurrency kunogona kuisa njodzi kana zvasvika pakuteerana. Kana iyo mabviro eiyo cryptocurrency isingazivikanwe, uye iyo mari inogona kubva kune yakasviba webhu, kufungidzira kwekutora mari kunogona kusimuka nyore.
kutevedzera
Sezvo cryptocurrency haisati yadzorwa uye kusazivikanwa mukutengeserana kunovimbiswa, inzira inoyevedza yekubhadhara inoshandiswa kumabasa ematsotsi. Naizvozvo, cryptocurrency ine imwe mhando yeakaipa chirevo muNetherlands. Izvi zvinoratidzwa zvakare mukuti iyo Dutch Financial Services uye Markets Authority inopa zano pamusoro pekutengesa mu cryptocurrencies. Vanotaura kuti kushandisa mari dzechitsotsi kunoisa njodzi maererano nemhosva dzehupfumi, sezvo kuba mari, hunyengeri, hutsotsi, uye kunyengera kunogona kubuda nyore.
[4] Izvi zvinoreva kuti iwe unofanirwa kuve wakanyatso kutevedzera kana uchibata cryptocurrency. Iwe unofanirwa kukwanisa kuratidza kuti iyo cryptocurrency yaunogamuchira haina kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekuita zvisiri pamutemo. Iwe unofanirwa kukwanisa kuratidza kuti wakanyatso ongorora kwakabva cryptocurrency yawakagamuchira. Izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuve zvakaoma kune vanhu vanoshandisa cryptocurrency kazhinji havazivikanwe. Kazhinji, kana dare reDutch rine mutongo maererano necryptocurrency, iri mukati mehutsotsi.
Parizvino, zviremera hazvinyatso tarisisa kutengeserana kwemari yekristpto. Nekudaro, cryptocurrency ine hanya yavo. Naizvozvo, kana kambani iine hukama necryptocurrency, zviremera zvichave zvakangwarira. Vakuru vangangoda kuziva kuti cryptocurrency inowanikwa sei uye kuti kwakabva mari yacho. Kana usingakwanise kupindura mibvunzo iyi nemazvo, fungidziro yekubata mari zvisiri pamutemo kana dzimwe mhosva dzinogona kumuka uye ongororo ine chekuita nesangano rako inogona kutangwa.
Mutemo we cryptocurrency
Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, cryptocurrency haisati yadzorwa. Nekudaro, kutengeserana uye kushandiswa kwekriptoaktiti kungangove kwakanyatso kudzorwa, nekuda kwemhosva uye njodzi dzemari dzinosanganisira cryptocurrency. Kudzorwa kwecryptocurrency inyaya yekukurukurirana kutenderera pasirese. IInternational Monetary Fund (sangano reUnited Nations rinoshanda pakudyidzana kwemari yepasi rose, kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemari uye kufambisa kutengeserana nedzimwe nyika) iri kudaidzira kurongeka kwepasi rose pamari ye crypto sezvayakayambira kune zvese zviri zviviri njodzi dzemari nehutsotsi.
[5] IEuropean Union iri kukakavara kuti itonge kana kutarisa mari yekristpto, kunyangwe ivo vasati vagadzira mutemo chaiwo. Uyezve, mutemo we cryptocurrency inyaya yekukakavadzana munyika dzinoverengeka, dzakadai seChina, South-Korea, neRussia. Nyika idzi dziri kutora kana kuda kutora matanho kuitira kumisa mitemo ine chekuita nekrisptocurrencies. MuNetherlands, iyo Financial Services uye Markets Authority yakaratidza kuti mafemu ekudyara ane basa rakakura rekutarisira pavanopa Bitcoin-ramangwana kune vatengesi vekutengesa muNetherlands.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti mafemu ekudyara mari aya anofanirwa kutarisira kufarira kwevatengi vavo nenzira yehunyanzvi, yakanaka uye yekuvimbika.[6] Nhaurirano yepasi rose pamusoro pekutonga kwekristptocurrency inoratidza kuti mazhinji emasangano anofunga kuti zvakakosha kumisa chero rudzi rwemitemo.
mhedziso
Zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti cryptocurrency iri kuwedzera. Nekudaro, vanhu vanoita sekunge vanokanganwa kuti kutengesa uye kushandisa mari idzi kunogona kukonzera njodzi. Usati wazviziva, unogona kuwira mukati mechikamu cheDutch Criminal Code kana uchibata ne cryptocurrency. Mari idzi dzinowanzobatanidzwa nemabasa ehutsotsi, kunyanya kubira mari. Saka kutevedzera mitemo kwakakosha zvikuru kumakambani asingade kutongerwa mhosva.
Kuziva kwekwakabva cryptocurrencies kunotora chikamu chikuru mune izvi. Sezvo cryptocurrency ine imwe chirevo chisina kunaka, nyika nemasangano vari kukakavadzana kuti voga here kana kuti kwete mirau ine chekuita necryptocurrency. Kunyangwe dzimwe nyika dzakatotora matanho ekugadzirisa, zvingangotora imwe nguva mutemo wepasi rose usati waitwa. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha zvikuru kuti makambani achenjere kana achishanda nekristptocurrency uye kuve nechokwadi chekuteerera kutevedzera.
udza mashoko
Kana uine mibvunzo kana zvaunofunga mushure mekuverenga chinyorwa ichi, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kubata Ruby van Kersbergen, gweta ku Law & More kuburikidza ne ruby.van.kersbergen@lawandmore.nl, kana Tom Meevis, gweta remutemo pa Law & More kuburikidza ne tom.meevis@lawandmore.nl, kana kufonera +31 (0)40-3690680.
[1] ECLI:NL:RBMNE:2017:5716, https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBMNE:2017:5716.
[2] ECLI:NL:RBROT:2017:8992, https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBROT:2017:8992.
[3] ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2017:8376, https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2017:8376.
[4] Autoriteit Financiële Markten, 'Reële cryptocurrencies, https://www.afm.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2017/nov/risico-cryptocurrencies.
[5] Report Fintech and Financial Services: Zvaunofanira Kufunga Nezvekutanga , International Monetary Fund 2017.
[6] Autoriteit Financiële Markten, 'Bitcoin Futures: AFM op', https://www.afm.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2017/dec/bitcoin-futures-zorgplicht.
