Zano rezvemitemo rinoyambuka miganhu irubatsiro rwezvemitemo panyaya ine chekuita nenyika dzinopfuura imwe. Rinopindura mibvunzo mitatu risati rapindura chero chimwe chinhu: dare ripi rine simba, mutemo wenyika upi unodzora hukama, uye kuti sarudzo inogona sei kusimbiswa munyika ine midziyo kana rimwe bato. MuNetherlands mibvunzo iyoyo inogadziriswa zvakanyanya nemitemo yeEU, kunyanya Brussels I bis yesimba uye Rome I neRome II yemutemo unoshanda, uye kunze kwesimba rayo neBhuku 10 reDutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek).
Saka mazano emutemo pamusoro pemiganhu yenyika haasi bazi rakasiyana remutemo. Idanho remutemo wepasi rose wepachivande wakaiswa pamusoro pemitemo mikuru yechibvumirano, basa, mhuri kana mutemo wemakambani uyo ungashanda munyaya dzemumba chete. Kusateerera danho iroro ndiko kunoshandura kutengeserana kwakajairika kuita kwekudhura: chibvumirano chacho chinoshanda asi hachishandiswe, mutongo wacho wakarurama asi haubatsiri kunze kwenyika, kana mutemo unosungirwa wenyika yekune imwe nyika unoshanda kune hukama hwavaifunga kuti vakazvidzora zvizere.
Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura zvinorehwa nemazano emutemo anopinda miganhu muDutch, kuti kutonga kwemutemo nemutemo unoshanda zvinoonekwa sei, kuti kutonga nemirau yekutonga zvinofamba sei pakati penyika, uye kuti ndezvipi zvinosungirwa mubhizinesi, basa uye nyaya dzemhuri dzinopinda miganhu. Chinoguma nekuongorora kwakakodzera kuitwa usati waraira gweta uye zvikanganiso zvinowanzoitika kakawanda.
Zvinotaurwa nezvezano rezvemitemo rinofukidza miganhu yenyika
Zano rezvemitemo rinofukidza nyaya yega yega iyo chikamu chekunze chinoita kuti mitemo inoshanda isazivikanwe: bato riri muchibvumirano, mushandi, pfuma, mwana, nzvimbo yekushanda kana nzvimbo yekukuvara iri kunze kweNetherlands. Chikamu chekunze hachifanirwe kunge chakakura. Mutengesi wekuDutch anotengesa kune mutengi wekuGermany, mushandirwi wekuDutch ane mushandi mumwe chete anoshanda kubva kuSpain, kana mhuri yekuDutch ine imba muFrance zvese inyaya dzekunze kwemuganhu mupfungwa yepamutemo.
Mukati meEuropean Union, mitemo inopindura mibvunzo yekutonga kwenyika nemutemo unoshanda yakafanana uye inoshanda zvakananga. Inotora nzvimbo yekutanga pane mitemo yekukakavadzana kwenyika. Kana pasina mutemo kana chibvumirano chinoshanda, matare eDutch anodzokera kuBhuku 10 BW, iro rakanyora mutemo wepasi rose weDutch kubva muna 2012, uye pazvinyorwa 1 kusvika ku14 zveCode of Civil Procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvorordering, Rv) zvekutonga. Ongororo yakafara yemisoro inoshanda inotsanangurwa munyaya yedu pamusoro penyaya dzemutemo dzinoyambuka miganhu.
Mibvunzo mitatu ndiyo inosarudza mhedzisiro yenyaya yepasi rose: dare ripi, mutemo upi, uye kupi kwaunogona kusimbiswa sarudzo yacho.
Dare ripi rine simba panyaya dzematare edzimhosva
Munyaya dzezvemitemo nedzekutengeserana pakati pemapato ari munyika dziri nhengo dzeEU, kutonga kunotevera Mutemo (EU) Nhamba 1215/2012, unozivikanwa seBrussels I bis. Mutemo mukuru ndewekuti mupomerwi anomhan'arirwa kumatare enyika iri nhengo uko mupomerwi anogara. Zvimwe zvikonzero zvinobvumira mupomerwi kumhan'arira panzvimbo yekuitwa kwechisungo chiri kutaurwa nezvacho chezvikumbiro zvechibvumirano, uye panzvimbo pakaitika chiitiko chinokuvadza chezvikumbiro zvekutyora mutemo.
Mapoka akati wandei anobviswa parusununguko irworwo. Makakatanwa pamusoro pekodzero dziri mumidziyo isingafambi uye pamusoro pezvivakwa ndeematare edzimhosva enyika iyo pfuma iri. Vatengi nevashandi vane mitemo inodzivirira: mutengi anogona kungomhan'arirwa chete munyika yekugara kwemutengi, uye mushandirwi anofanira kumhan'arira mushandi ikoko futi, nepo mushandi anogonawo kumhan'arira panzvimbo inoitirwa basa racho. Chitsauko chekusarudza dare chinozivikanwa, asi chinofanira kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvemutemo, uye matare akasarudzwa anofungidzirwa kuti ane simba rekutonga kunze kwekunge mapato abvumirana zvakasiyana.
Denmark inoshandisa Brussels I bis nechibvumirano chakasiyana. KuIceland, Norway neSwitzerland, 2007 Lugano Convention ine hurongwa hwakafanana. KuUnited Kingdom, Brussels I bis haichashandi kune nyaya dzakaunzwa mushure mekupera kwenguva yekuchinja kweBrexit; kutonga kunozoongororwa pasi pe2005 Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements apo chibvumirano chine sarudzo yedare yakasarudzika, uye zvimwe pasi pemitemo yenyika. Kana pasina gwaro rinoshanda, dare reDutch rinoedza kutonga kwaro pasi pezvinyorwa 1 kusvika 14 Rv.
Mapato anoda musangano wechiDutch asi kwete nyaya dzemutauro wechiDutch anogona kubvumirana nekunyora kuti aende kudare reNetherlands Commercial Court mu Amsterdam, iyo inonzwa nyaya dzekutengeserana kwenyika dzese neChirungu uye yave ichishanda kubvira muna 2019.
Mutemo upi unoshanda pachibvumirano chako
Mutemo unoshanda pachibvumirano unotsanangurwa neMutemo (EC) Nhamba 593/2008, Rome I. Panotangira kuzvitonga kwebato: mapato anogona kusarudza mutemo wenyika chero ipi zvayo, uye sarudzo iyoyo inogona kuratidzwa zvakajeka nemitemo yechibvumirano. Kana pasina sarudzo yakaitwa, Rome I inopa chibvumirano kumutemo wenyika iyo bato rinoita chisungo chehunhu riine pekugara paro, saka kutengesa kunotongwa nemutemo wemutengesi uye chibvumirano chebasa nemutemo wemupi webasa, kunze kwekunge chibvumirano chacho chakabatana zvakanyanya neimwe nyika.
Kusarudza mutemo hakuna muganho. Muzvibvumirano zvevatengi, mutengi akakumbirwa munyika yaanogara anochengetedza dziviriro yemitemo yenyika iyoyo, chero mutemo upi zvawo unodudzwa nechibvumirano. Muzvibvumirano zvebasa, sarudzo haigone kubvisa mushandi dziviriro yemitemo yenyika iyo basa rinoitwa nguva dzose. Pamusoro pezvo, dare rinoshandisa zvinhu zvinosungirwa zvehurongwa hwaro hwemutemo, uye rinogona kuita kuti kushanda kwemabasa enyika kushande. Mibvunzo yebasa inokurukurwa zvakadzama munyaya yedu pamusoro pemitemo yebasa iri mhiri kwemiganhu.
Kusarudza mutemo wekuDutch hakubvisi dziviriro inosungirwa kune vatengi kana vashandi munyika inogara mutengi kana mushandi.
Zvimwe zvinhu zviviri zvinogara zvichiregeredzwa. Chekutanga, Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations pamusoro peZvibvumirano zveKutengeswa Kwezvinhu Pasirose, Chibvumirano cheVienna Sales, chinoshanda otomatiki pakutengeswa kwezvinhu pasi rose pakati pemabhizinesi akagadzwa munyika dzine zvibvumirano, uye Netherlands inyika ine zvibvumirano. Inoshanda kunze kwekunge mapato asina kuibvisa, izvo zvavanofanira kuita zvakajeka; sarudzo isina kujeka yemutemo weDutch haisi yekusabvisa, nekuti Chibvumirano chikamu chemutemo weDutch. Chechipiri, zvikumbiro zvisiri zvechibvumirano zvinotevera mutemo wavo: pasi peMutemo (EC) Nhamba 864/2007, Rome II, mutemo mukuru ndiwo mutemo wenyika iyo kukuvara kunoitika, nemitemo yakasiyana yemhosva yechigadzirwa, makwikwi asina kururama uye kutyorwa kwekodzero dzepfungwa.
Kusimbisa mutongo kana mubairo wedare repamusoro kunze kwenyika
Kutevedzwa kwemutemo ndiko kunokunda kana kurasika nyaya dzemumiganhu. Mukati meEuropean Union, Brussels I yakabvisa mutemo uyu: mutongo wakapihwa mune imwe nyika iri nhengo unotevedzwa mune dzimwe nyika pasina chiziviso chekutanga chekutevedzwa kwemutemo, pakupa mutongo uye chitupa chakapihwa nedare rekwaakabva. Munhu ane chikwereti anogona kukumbira kuramba kuteedzwa kwemutemo, asi chete pazvikonzero zvidiki zvakanyorwa mumutemo, zvinosanganisira kusawirirana kuri pachena nehurongwa hweveruzhinji uye kusawirirana nemutongo wekare. Pazvikumbiro zvemari zvisina kupikiswa, European Enforcement Order, European order for payment procedure uye European small claims procedure zvinopa nzira dzakareruka.
Kunze kwechibvumirano kana mutemo, mamiriro acho akasiyana. Chinyorwa 431 Rv chinoti mutongo wekunze haugone kusimbiswa muNetherlands saizvozvo. Mukweretesi anofanira kuunza nyaya itsva kudare reDutch, asi dare iroro rinogona kupa simba kune sarudzo yekunze pane kuedzazve kodzero kana dare rekunze rakaisa simba raro pachikonzero chinogamuchirwa pasi rose, nyaya dzacho dzakasangana nezvinodiwa zvemaitiro akakodzera, kucherechedzwa hakupesani nemutemo wehurumende yeDutch, uye sarudzo yacho haiwirirane nesarudzo pakati pemapato mamwe chete muNetherlands. Mitemo iyoyo yakagadzirwa neDare Repamusorosoro reDutch (Hoge Raad) muna 2014 uye ikozvino ndiyo tsika yakajairika.
Kugadzirisa nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika kazhinji inzira inoshanda kana mubatanidzwa uri kunze kweEuropean Union. Pasi peNew York Convention ya1958, iyo nyika dzinopfuura 170 dziri chikamu chayo, mubairo wekugadzirisa nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika unozivikanwa uye unosimbiswa munyika dzine zvibvumirano zvichienderana nerunyorwa rupfupi uye rwakakwana rwezvikonzero zvekuramba. MuNetherlands, kuzivikanwa uye kusimbiswa kwemubairo wekunze kunotongwa nezvinyorwa 1075 ne1076 Rv. Mubairo uri nyore kufamba nawo kupfuura kutongwa nedare, ndosaka zvikamu zvekugadzirisa nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika zvakajairika muzvibvumirano nemapato ari munyika dzisina chibvumirano chekumanikidza neNetherlands. Kutengeserana uku kunotaurwa munyaya yedu pamusoro pemakakatanwa emiganhu.
Tarisai pasaini, kwete pakutonga, kana sarudzo inobva kuforamu yakasarudzwa ichigona kusimbiswa kana mumwe munhu akachengeta midziyo yake.
Bhizinesi rinoyambuka miganhu, basa uye zvisungo zvemitemo
Nyaya zhinji dzepasi rose dzinotanga kare tisati tava negakava. Kambani yekune dzimwe nyika inopinda mumusika weDutch inowanzoita izvi kuburikidza nekambani yeDutch private limited (besloten vennootschap, BV) kana bazi rakanyoreswa, zvese izvi zvinofanirwa kunyorwa muCommercial Register inochengetwa neChamber of Commerce (Kamer van Koophandel), nekuziviswa kwemuridzi anobatsira zvikuru. Mutemo wekambani yeDutch unewo mutemo wakazara wekushandura makambani, kubatanidzwa uye kupatsanurwa mukati meEuropean Economic Area, uchishandisa mitemo yeEU mobility, kusanganisira nzira yekudzivirira mukwereti uye chitupa che pre-conversion kubva kuna notary. Hurongwa hwakazara hwakatsanangurwa mugwara redu remutemo wekambani.
Basa riri mhiri kwemiganhu rinoita mabasa chaiwo ekutonga. Mushandirwi akagadzwa kune imwe nzvimbo muEU anotumira mushandi kuNetherlands anofanira kuzivisa mushandi ari paindaneti yeDutch online reporting portal basa risati ratanga uye anofanira kushandisa mitemo nemamiriro ezvinhu eDutch, kusanganisira muhoro wepasi wepamutemo, nguva yekushanda uye kodzero yezororo. Kuchengetedzeka kwevanhu kunoramba kuri mubvunzo wakasiyana: chitupa cheA1 chakapihwa pasi pemutemo weEU coordination regulation chinoona kuti ndeipi system inoshanda, uye hachiteveri sarudzo yemutemo wakaitwa muchibvumirano. Kushanda uri kure kubva kune imwe nyika kune mushandirwi wekuDutch kunomutsa nyaya nhatu dzakafanana panguva imwe chete, sezvakatsanangurwa munyaya yedu pamusoro pebasa rekunze kwenyika muhupfumi hwedhijitari.
Kutevedzera mitemo kunofamba nechiitiko ichi kwete nechigaro chekambani. Ruzivo rwemunhu runogona kungotamiswa kunze kweEuropean Economic Area kubva pane chimwe chezvigadziko zviri muChitsauko V cheGDPR, kazhinji chisarudzo chakakwana kana zvikamu zvechibvumirano zvakajairwa pamwe nekuongorora kwemhedzisiro yekutamiswa. Mabasa ekuchengetedza network neruzivo zvino anotevera kubva kuDutch Cybersecurity Act (Cyberbeveiligingswet), iri kushanda kubvira 15 Nyamavhuvhu 2026, iyo inoshandisa murairo weNIS2 uye inoda kunyoreswa neNational Cybersecurity Authority uye kuziviswa kwezviitiko mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana nemakumi manomwe nemaviri; mhedzisiro inoshanda inotsanangurwa muchinyorwa chedu pamusoro pemitemo yeEU cybersecurity . Sangano rezvekutengeserana musungo mumwe: mumiriri anoshanda muEuropean Union anochengeta dziviriro yemitemo yesangano, kusanganisira muripo wezvakanaka pakugumiswa, kunyangwe chibvumirano chinosarudza mutemo wenyika isiri yeEU.
Mibvunzo yemitero, mitengo yekuchinjisa uye kugara kwenguva refu iri pamwe chete nemibvunzo iyi yepamutemo asi inopindurwa nemupi wezano wemitero. Makambani emutemo anopa mazano pamusoro pehurongwa hwemutemo; mhedzisiro yemari yehurongwa ihwohwo inofanira kusimbiswa nenyanzvi yemitero magwaro asati asainwa.
Mhuri, nhaka nepfuma mune imwe nyika
Mutemo wepasi rose wepachivande ndiwo wakanyanya kunaka panyaya dzemhuri. Simba rekurambana uye mutoro wevabereki rinotevera Mutemo (EU) 2019/1111, Brussels II ter, uyo wakashanda kubvira 1 Nyamavhuvhu 2022 uye unobatanidza simba rekugara nerudzi kwete kune kwavakapedza muchato. Mutemo unoshanda pakurambana pachawo unotevera mutemo weRome III, uyo Netherlands inobatanidzwa nawo, uye kuchengetedza kunotongwa nemutemo wekuchengetedza pamwe chete ne2007 Hague Protocol. Hukama hwepfuma yewanano kune vakaroorana vakaroorana kubva 29 Ndira 2019 zvichienda mberi hunowira pasi pemutemo wepfuma yewanano yeEU; kune vakaroorana vekare, 1978 Hague Convention kana Book 10 BW inosarudza kuti ndeipi mitemo yepfuma inoshanda, uye mhinduro yacho kazhinji haisi iyo yaifungidzirwa nevakaroorana.
Kana mwana akaendeswa kana kuchengetwa kune imwe nyika pasina mvumo yemumwe mubereki, Musangano weHague Child Abduction Convention we1980 unoshanda pakati penyika dzakaita chibvumirano, uchiwedzerwa mukati meEU neBrussels II ter. Matanho ekudzoserwa kwemwana muNetherlands anowanikwa mudare muThe Hague uye anoitwa nenguva pfupi, saka kunonoka kutsvaga mazano kunoderedza zvakananga sarudzo dziripo. Mibvunzo yekugara yemhuri inotevera imwe nzira zvakare uye inobatwa negweta rezvekupinda kwevanhu , nekuti kupinda nekugara zvinotongwa neAliens Act 2000 (Vreemdelingenwet 2000) kwete nemutemo wepasi rose wepachivande.
Kugara nhaka nezvinhu munyika dzinopfuura imwe chete kunotongwa neMutemo (EU) Nhamba 650/2012. Nhaka yacho yose inotongwa nemutemo wenyika umo mufi aigara achigara panguva yekufa, kunze kwekunge asarudza mutemo werudzi rwake muwiri yake. Vagari venhaka vanogona kuratidza chinzvimbo chavo kunze kwenyika neChitupa cheEuropean of Succession. Pfuma isingafambi inyaya yakasiyana: kuva muridzi nekunyoreswa kunotevera mutemo wenyika iyo pfuma iri, uye gakava pamusoro pekodzero dzepfuma iyoyo ndedzematare enyika iyoyo.
Zvekutarisa usati waraira gweta
Tanga nematunhu nemubvunzo chaiwo, kwete nechiratidzo. Mazano emutemo anobatsira chete kana mupi wezano achiziva mitemo yeDutch uye nzira yavanodyidzana nayo nedzimwe nzira dzemutemo dziripo, saka bvunza kuti kambani inozvibata sei uye kuti gweta rekunze kwenyika richadzidziswa kupi, ndiani anorayira gweta iroro, uye ndiani anochengeta hurongwa hwacho. Kutaurirana kamwe chete kunodzivisa magweta maviri kugadzirisa chikamu chavo chefaira nenzira dzakasiyana.
Tarisawo hurongwa hunoshanda. MuNetherlands, kumiririrwa negweta kunosungirwa mumatare edzimhosva pamberi pedare redunhu uye pakukwidza nyaya, asi kwete pamberi pedare redunhu (kantonrechter), iro rinoona nezvemabasa, rendi uye mari diki. Gweta rega rega reDutch rinonyoreswa murejista yeNetherlands Bar (Nederlandse orde van advocaten), iro riri reveruzhinji. Bvunza kuti magwaro acho achaitwa nemutauro upi, kana shanduro kana kubvumidzwa kwemutemo kuchidikanwa, uye kuti ndeapi nguva yemiganhu uye yekuzivisa inopinda mune imwe nyika, nekuti kazhinji ipfupi pane yeDutch uye haimisikidzwe nekutaurirana kunze kwenyika.
Nyaya dzemhosva dzinotevera nzira yakasiyana zvachose: kuzviisa pasi pewarandi yekusungwa yeEurope, rubatsiro rwemutemo pamwe chete uye gwaro rekuferefeta reEurope zvinotongwa nemitemo yavo nezvibvumirano, uye kushevedzwa kana kuferefetwa mune imwe nyika kunofanirwa kubatwa nekukasika negweta rine ruzivo mumatare edzimhosva ekune dzimwe nyika.
Nguva dzinonyanya kukosha munyaya dzepasi rose dzinowanzova dzekunze kwenyika, uye dzinotanga kushanda faira reDutch risati ravhurwa.
Zvikanganiso zvinodzokororwa munyaya dzemunyika dzakasiyana
Chikanganiso chinowanzoonekwa chikamu chekutonga kana sarudzo yemutemo chakatorwa kubva mutemplate yemuno. Chikamu chinodudza dare risina kutaurwa, iro rakarerekera divi rimwe chete risina kunyorwa saizvozvo, kana chinosanganisa sarudzo yemutemo weDutch nekutonga mune imwe nyika isina hukama nemativi, chinogadzira kusava nechokwadi kwaifanira kubviswa. Chikanganiso chechipiri ndechekubata sarudzo yemutemo senhoo: haibvise dziviriro yevatengi kana yebasa, uye haibvise Vienna Sales Convention kunze kwekunge kurambidzwa kwacho kuri pachena.
Chikanganiso chechitatu chine chekuita nemutauro. Zvibvumirano zvemutauro weChirungu zvinotongwa nemutemo weDutch zvakajairika uye zvinoshanda zvakakwana, asi Anglo-American boilerplate haitore zvinoreva mutemo weDutch. Matare eDutch anodudzira zvibvumirano achitaura nezveizvo mapato anogona kufunga kuti ndizvo zviri muzvikamu uye zvavangatarisira kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, chiyero chakaiswa neDare Repamusorosoro mukutongwa kweHaviltex, uye chikamu chechibvumirano chose hachibvisi nzira iyoyo. Mitemo yakadai sechipo, kurasikirwa kwakakonzerwa kana kuedza kwakanakisa saka inofanira kutsanangurwa muchibvumirano kana ichida kuva nemigumisiro yaitarisirwa.
Pakupedzisira, nguva. Pasi peBrussels I, dare rinotanga ratora danho rekutonga kwaro uye rimwe dare rinomisa mafambiro aro, kunze kwekunge mapato akabvumirana pane imwe nzvimbo, saka kurongeka kwezvikumbiro kunogona kusarudza kuti gakava rinonzwikwa kupi kwemakore. Kumirira kusvika danho rekumanikidza kuti ubvunze kana mutongo uchigona kusimbiswa, kana kusvika kutumira kwatotanga kutarisa basa rekuzivisa, kunobvisa sarudzo dzaivepo pakutanga. Zano rezvemitemo rinonyanya kukosha pamberi pesaini, kutumira kana kunyora, kwete mushure maro.
sei Law & More anogona kubatsira
Law & More inopa mazano kumabhizinesi nevatengi vega muNetherlands panyaya dzinopfuura miganhu yenyika: zvibvumirano nezvikamu zveforamu, kutengesa nekugovera kwenyika dzese, mabasa nekutumira mabasa kune dzimwe nyika, marongerwo emakambani, nyaya dzemhuri nedzekugarisana nevanhu vekune dzimwe nyika, uye kuzivikanwa nekusimbiswa kwekutongwa uye mibairo yekutonga. Isu tinotarisira chikamu cheDutch chefaira isu pachedu uye tinoronga gweta rekunze uko kune dunhu rechipiri, kuitira kuti zano rimwe chete ritevedzwe munyika dzese dzine chekuita nazvo. Tiudzei nezvemamiriro enyu ezvinhuTichakuzivisai sarudzo dzenyu mukati mezuva rimwe chete rekushanda.
