Nyaya yepfungwa dzevanhu inova mhosva muNetherlands chete kana kutyorwa kwekodzero kwacho kuri kwemaune uye kwakakomba zvakakwana kuti kupomerwe mhosva. Mitemo yese yemhosva inoda chinangwa: Chinyorwa 31 cheCopyright Act (Auteurswet) chekutyora kodzero nemaune, Chinyorwa 337 cheCriminal Code (Sr) chezviratidzo zvekutengeserana nezvinhu zvenhema, uye Chinyorwa 79 chePatents Act 1995 (Rijksoctrooiwet 1995) chekutyora kodzero nemaune. Kuregeredza, kana gakava rechokwadi pamusoro penzvimbo yekodzero, hazvisviki pachiyero ichocho.
Kune vakatanga nevatungamiriri vemakambani etekinoroji, mubvunzo unoshanda hausi wekuti chii chingaitwa here kana kuti kwete, asi kuti chii chinoshandura kusawirirana kwemarezinesi kana patent kuita faira iro Public Prosecution Service inoda kutora, uye kuti munhu ari kumashure kwekambani anogona kupomerwa mhosva riini. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura zvese zviri zviviri.
Nzira yevanhuwo zvavo uye nzira yematsotsi
Kusawirirana kwese kweIP kunorwiwa mumatare edzimhosva. Muridzi wekodzero anokumbira kurambidzwa uye muripo, uye Copyright Act inopa nzira dzakananga: muripo pasi peChikamu 27 cheCopyright Act, kudzoserwa kwepurofiti yakawanikwa kuburikidza nekutyorwa kweChikamu 27a, uye kupihwa kana kuparadzwa kwezvinhu zvinotyorwa pasi peChikamu 28. Nenzira yepamutemo, zvikumbiro izvi zvinoitwa pasi pemitemo yakakosha yekusimbiswa kwekodzero dzepfungwa dziri muCode of Civil Procedure, iyo pakati pezvimwe zvinhu inobvumira bato rinobudirira kudzoserwa mari yaro yese yepamutemo inonzwisisika pane chiyero chakajairika chakatarwa.
Mitemo yemhosva iri pamwe chete nehurongwa ihwohwo uye haifanirwe kutsiva. Mitemo yemhosva inoshandiswa senzira yekupedzisira, nzira yekupedzisira yekugadzirisa, uye Public Prosecution Service inoshanda kubva mumutemo wakabudiswa unopa kusimbiswa kwemutemo wehurumende uye unochengetedza kupomerwa mhosva yekutyora mutemo kwakaitwa nehunyanzvi, pamwero mukuru, kana sechikamu chebasa rakarongwa. Sarudzo yemutemo iwoyo, pane kunyorwa kwemhosva, inotsanangura kuti nei kusawirirana kweIP kushoma kwazvo kuchisvika kudare remhosva.
Mitemo yemhosva inoshanda
Chinyorwa 31 cheMutemo weKodzero dzeMakodzero (Copyright Act) chinoita kuti kutyorwa kwekodzero dzemumwe munhu nemaune kuve mhosva, uye zvinyorwa zvinotevera zvinowedzera chirango kana chiito chacho chakaitwa mubasa kana bhizinesi, kana kuti kana chikaita setsika. Chinyorwa 337 Sr chinosanganisira zviratidzo zvekutengeserana zvenhema, zvenhema uye zvakagadzirwa zvisiri pamutemo, uye kupinza, kutakura, kutengesa, kuendesa uye kuchengeta zvinhu zvine izvozvo; ndiwo mutemo unoshandiswa kurwisa hardware yenhema uye kurongedza. Chinyorwa 79 cheMutemo wePatents wa1995 chinoita kuti kutyorwa kwekodzero dzemakodhi nemaune kuve mhosva.
Zvimwe zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha kumabhizinesi etekinoroji. Mutemo weKodzero dzeVashandi unorambidza zvakasiyana kunzvenga matanho ekudzivirira ehunyanzvi anoshanda uye kutengeserana nenzira dzakagadzirirwa chinangwa ichocho, chinova chikamu chinobata majenareta emakiyi erezinesi nezvishandiso zvakafanana. Uye mhosva dzeCriminal Code pakupindira kwemakombiyuta uye pakubata data rakawanikwa nekupindira dzinoonekwa pamwe chete nemhosva dzeIP apo kodhi yesource kana database yakatorwa kubva kune aimbove mushandirwi kana mukwikwidzi.
Chii chinoshandura gakava revanhu kuita gakava remhosva
Zvinhu zvitatu zvinosarudza mukuita kwayo: chinangwa, chiyero uye kufarira veruzhinji. Chinangwa ndicho chinhu chepamutemo uye chinotanga chaongororwa. Chiyero uye kufarira veruzhinji zvinhu zvinofungwa nezvekupomerwa mhosva, uye zvinoona kana nyaya inogona kukwidzwa ichakwidzwa zvechokwadi.
Chiyero chinowanzova chikonzero chinooneka. Mugadziri ane dambudziko rekupa marezenisi neraibhurari yechitatu mune chimwe chigadzirwa haasi munhu anokwikwidza kudare. Bhizinesi rinotengesa makiyi esoftware asina marezenisi kumazana evatengi, kana muparidzi anopinza michina ine zita remumwe mugadziri, ndizvo. Kudzokorora mushure mekunyevera kwekutanga kana kutonga kwekare kwehurumende kunorema zvakanyanya, sezvinoitawo chimiro chakarongeka chine vatori vechikamu vakati wandei uye chikamu chinoyambuka miganhu.
Zvido zvevanhu zvinoongororwa kana kumanikidza vanhu kuti vagadzirise kukuvara uku zvakakwana. Kana muridzi wekodzero aine nzira inoshanda yekugadzirisa mhirizhonga uye ari kuishandisa, kupomerwa mhosva kunowedzera zvishoma. Kana kutyorwa kwemitemo kwave muenzaniso webhizinesi, kana kuti vatengi vari kunyengerwa nezvavari kutenga, kuverenga kunochinja. Mumutongo wayo we18 Kubvumbi 2017 (ECLI:NL:HR:2017:700), maererano nekutengeswa kwemafuta ekunyepera pamusika kakawanda, Dare Repamusorosoro rakaramba nharo yekuti kupomerwa mhosva kwaifanira kunge kwanzi hakugamuchirwi nekuti kumanikidza vanhu kuti vagadzirise mhirizhonga kwaive nekutanga: kunyengedza kukuru uye utsotsi hwakaitwa mubasa kana bhizinesi zvinowira mukati menyaya dzinofanirwa kuitirwa kumanikidza mhosva.
Chinangwa chine chekuita nezvinodiwa uye zvinoshandurwa netsamba yekunyevera
Chinangwa mumutemo wemhosva wekuDutch chinosanganisira chinangwa chine conditional (voorwaardelijk opzet): kugamuchira nekuziva mukana wakakura wekuti mhedzisiro yakarambidzwa iitike. Ndiyo mhando yechinangwa inonyanya kukosha kune vakatanga, nekuti haidi kuti chero munhu atange kutyora mutemo. Zvinoda kuti njodzi yacho ive yechokwadi, kuti yaizivikanwa, uye kuti maitiro acho arambe achienderera mberi zvakadaro.
Ndosaka tsamba yekumira-uye-kurega ichichinja mamiriro emutemo kunyangwe chikumbiro chiri mairi chisina kusimba. Tsamba isati yanyorwa, muvambi anogona kutaura kuti njodzi yakanga isiri pachena. Mushure mayo, mubvunzo unova wekuti chii chakaitwa neruzivo. Ongororo yakanyorwa yekukumbira, mazano akawanikwa pamusoro pekodzero, shanduko yedhizaini kana rezenisi inotorwa apo gakava rinogadziriswa zvese zviri kure nechinangwa chine mirau. Kunyarara, chinyorwa chemukati chekusateerera uye kukura kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi kwechinhu chinokakavadzana chinonongedzera kwairi.
Zvakapesanawo nazvo. Pfungwa ine musoro yekuti patent haishande, kana kuti software yacho haishande zviri kunze kwezvainotaura, haisi yepamutemo; inyaya inoratidza kuti njodzi yakaongororwa pane kugamuchirwa. Kana mamiriro ehunyanzvi kana emutemo achigona kukakavadzana zvechokwadi, chinangwa chemhosva chinonetsa kusimbisa, chinova chimwe chezvikonzero zvinoita kuti makakatanwa echokwadi arambe ari mumatare edzimhosva.
Kana muvambi wacho akapomerwa mhosva pachake
Mabhizinesi mazhinji etekinoroji anoshanda achishandisa BV, uye Article 51 Sr inobvumira mhosva kuti dziitwe nemunhu wepamutemo. Mutemo mumwe chete uyu unobvumira avo vakaraira maitiro aya, uye avo vakaatungamira, kupomerwa mhosva pamwe chete nekambani. Kune muvambi kana director, chikamu chechipiri ichocho, feitelijk leidinggeven, ndicho chinoratidza pachena.
Dare Repamusorosoro rakatsanangura hurongwa hwaro mukutonga kwaro kwakaitwa musi wa26 Kubvumbi 2016 (ECLI:NL:HR:2016:733). Mhosva yacho inofanira kutanga yakonzerwa nemunhu wepamutemo. Kuitungamirira kunogona kusanganisira maitiro akasimba, mutemo une migumisiro isingadzivisike, kana kukundikana kutora matanho ayo munhu wacho aifanira kutora uye aikwanisa kutora. Munhu wacho anofanira kunge abvuma mukana wakakura wekuti maitiro akarambidzwa aizoitika, uye ruzivo rwemaitiro akafanana mukati mesangano runogona kupa kugamuchirwa ikoko. Kuva nezita remutungamiriri hakuna kukwana pachako, uye kusava nechinzvimbo chepamutemo hakusi kudzivirira.
Kana zvichishandurwa kunzi kambani yetekinoroji, izvi zvinoreva kuti muvambi akasarudza kutumira chinhu chakakakavadzana, akagamuchira tsamba yenyevero ndokufona kuti asachiteerere, kana kuti akasiya dambudziko remarezinesi rinozivikanwa risina kugadziriswa apo chigadzirwa chakayerwa, ari muchimiro nenzira iyo mugovani asingashande asina.
Mapuratifomu nezviri mukati zvakaiswa nevashandisi
Puratifomu inongochengeta zvirimo zvinoburitswa nevashandisi vayo iri munzvimbo yakasiyana neinopa zvinhu zvinotyora mutemo pachazvo. Chinyorwa 6:196c cheDutch Civil Code chinosunungura mupi wekupa ruzivo kubva pamhosva kana asingazive zvirimo zvisiri pamutemo uye chinozvibvisa nekukurumidza kana zvangoitika, uye Digital Services Act inotsanangura mashandisirwo anofanira kuitwa zviziviso uye zvinofanirwa kuitwa nemupi weruzivo pakupindura. Kuregererwa kwacho kunoenderana nemaitiro iwayo, kwete pane zita rinozvipa sevhisi yacho.
Kune masevhisi ane chinangwa chekugovanisa huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvakaiswa nevashandisi, Chikamu 29c cheMutemo weKodzero dzeVashandi chinoenderera mberi. Mupi webasa akadaro ndiye ane mutoro wekuzivisa veruzhinji nezvemabasa akachengetedzwa kunze kwekunge achiratidza kuti akaedza nepese paanogona kuwana mvumo, akaedza nepese paanogona kuchengetedza mabasa chaiwo asipo kana muridzi wekodzero akapa ruzivo rwakakosha, uye akakurumidza kuita zviziviso. Chinyorwa chimwe chete ichi chinoda nzira yekunyunyuta ine ongororo yevanhu uye mukana wekuwana sangano rakazvimirira remakakatanwa.
Kufumurwa kwemhosva kunoitika apo kukundikana kunorega kuva chinhu chisina kunyorwa uye kunova sarudzo: sevhisi inowana mari kubva muzvinhu zvinotyora mutemo, inoziva kuti ndezvipi zvinhu, uye isingaite chero chinhu, haisi nzvimbo inongoshanda chete. Ongororo yedu yemutemo weDutch notice-and-takedown wemaitiro inoratidza kuti maitiro akakwana anoita sei mukuita.
Dziviriro
Nzira yekutanga yekudzivirira ndeyekusava nechinangwa. Kuvimba nezano remutemo rakawanikwa usati waita chivi, rezenisi raifungidzirwa kuti rinofukidza kushandiswa, kana kuverenga kwakanyorwa uye kunokakavadzana kwenzvimbo yekodzero zvese zvine chekuita zvakananga nekuti mukana mukuru wakagamuchirwa here. Chinyorwa ichi chinonyanya kukosha kupfuura mhedzisiro yegakava rezvemagariro evanhu: muvambi anogona kunge asina kururama nezvenzvimbo yepatenti asina kunge asina hanya nazvo.
Chechipiri irezenisi kana mvumo. Rezenisi inoshanda, rezenisi shoma kana mvumo yakanyorwa inobvisa kutyorwa kwemutemo pachako, chero bedzi ichifukidza kushandiswa chaiko, nzvimbo nenguva iri kutaurwa nezvayo. Marezenisi emahara anofanirwa kutarisirwa zvakanyanya pano, nekuti zvinosungirwa paari imitemo yerezenisi: chinyorwa chedu pamusoro perezenisi yemahara software muNetherlands chinotsanangura zvinorehwa nekusapinda mumamiriro ezvinhu iwayo.
Chechitatu chisimbiso chepamutemo pasi peMutemo weKodzero. Chinokosha chakamanikana uye chimwe nechimwe chine mamiriro acho: chisimbiso chevatori venhau muChikamu 15, kodzero yekutaura mashoko muChikamu 15a, chisimbiso chedzidzo muChikamu 16, kushandiswa kwebasa mumushumo muChikamu 16a, uye kuseka, mifananidzo yakapfava uye kupenda muChikamu 18b. Izvi zvidziviriro zvakakwana pazvinoshanda, uye hazviwanzo shanda kune chinhu chekutengeserana.
Zvekuita kana chikumbiro chasvika
Tora tsamba yekumira-uye-kurega senguva iyo gwaro rinotanga. Bvuma, bvunza kodzero chaiyo yawakavimba nayo uye maitiro chaiwo akanyunyutwa, uye tsanangura nguva chaiyo yauchapindura. Wobva waongorora chikumbiro nemazvo: ndiani muridzi wekodzero, inoshanda here, chigadzirwa chacho chiri mairi, uye mari yekuchinja yaizodhura sei kana uchienzaniswa nerezinesi. Nyora ongororo iyoyo uye zano rayo, nekuti igwaro richazoratidza zvaizivikanwa uye riini.
Kana mhinduro iri yekuti chikumbiro chine simba, ita chimwe chinhu pane kuchitenderedza. Kutora rezenisi, kuchinja mashandiro kana kubvisa chinhu uku gakava richigadziriswa kunodhura zvishoma pane imwe nzira uye kunogumisa nharo yekuti njodzi yakagamuchirwa. Kana mhinduro iri yekuti chikumbiro hachina simba, taura nezvikonzero uye ramba uchishanda zvichibva pakufunga ikoko. Chinonetsa kudzivirira hapana chimwe chazvo: kuramba usingachinji usingataure chinhu.
Izvi zvinoshandawo padanho rekutanga. Kuongorora IP kwemaraibhurari echitatu nemarezinesi avo, zvinhu zvemhando yebhizinesi zvinopesana nezviratidzo zvekutengeserana zviripo, uye rusununguko rwekushanda mumunda une patent yakawanda, kunokosha zvakanyanya chigadzirwa chisati chaburitswa pane mushure mekunge tsamba yasvika. Kuti uwane mufananidzo wakakura wepamutemo pamusoro pesoftware nedata, ona pfupiso yedu yemutemo weIT muNetherlands.
Kubatsira kwatingaita
Tinopa mazano kumakambani etekinoroji nevanovamba nezvenyaya iyo kusawirirana kwepfuma yepfungwa kunotanga kuva nenjodzi, uye tinoshanda muzviitiko zvinotevera. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuongorora chikumbiro chekutyora mutemo uye kuratidzwa kwacho, kuvaka gwaro rinoratidza kuti njodzi yacho yakabatwa sei, kudzivirira kambani nemunhu panoshandiswa mutemo wemhosva , uye kugadzira zviziviso nekubvisa mutemo uye marezenisi anomira mushure mezvo. Ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kutibata kuti tikurukure mamiriro ako ezvinhu.
Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa
Kutyorwa kwemutemo weIP kunoitwa mhosva rini muNetherlands?
Kutyorwa kwemutemo weIP kunongova mhosva chete kana kuri kwemaune, kwakakomba, kana kurongwa. Kusawirirana kwevanhu kunosanganisira kusava nechokwadi kwechokwadi nezvekushanda kana chiyero chekodzero yeIP hakuwanzoita kuti pave nekupomerwa mhosva. OM inotarisa pakutyorwa kwemutemo nemaune, kwakakura, kana kudzokorora kunokuvadza zvido zveveruzhinji.
Chii chinonzi chinangwa chine miganhu mukutyora IP?
Chinangwa chine mirau (voorwaardelijk opzet) zvinoreva kubvuma neune njodzi huru yekuti zviito zvako zvinokanganisa mutemo, kunyangwe kana usina kuronga kutyora mutemo. Semuenzaniso, kuramba uchishandisa software inokakavara mushure mekugamuchira yambiro yekutyora mutemo inovimbika, pasina kuferefeta kana kutsvaga mazano emutemo, kunogona kuratidza chinangwa chine mirau.
Puratifomu yangu inogona kupomerwa mhosva here nezvezvinhu zvakaiswa nevashandisi?
Kazhinji, kwete—chero bedzi uchishanda semugamuchiri asingashande uye uchichengetedza maitiro anoshanda ekuzivisa nekubvisa. Zvisinei, kana ukasateerera zvikumbiro zvekubvisa, uchisimudzira zviri mukati zvinotyora mutemo, kana kuronga bhizinesi rako kuti ritarise kutyorwa kwemutemo, unogona kurasikirwa nedziviriro yakachengeteka uye kusangana nemhosva yemhosva.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pekusimbiswa kwekodzero dzekodzero dzevanhu nemhosva?
Kumanikidza vanhu kuti vapinde mumatare edzimhosva kunosanganisira matanho edare anotangwa nemuridzi wekodzero, kutsvaga nzira dzekugadzirisa nyaya dzakadai sekurambidzwa kana kubhadhariswa mari. Kumanikidza vanhu kuti vapinde mumatare edzimhosva kunosanganisira kupomerwa mhosva neOM, pamwe nekurangwa kunosanganisira faindi kana kusungwa. Kupomerwa mhosva kunoda humbowo hwechinangwa uye kunochengeterwa nyaya dzakakomba.
Matanho api andingatora semuzvinabhizinesi wetekinoroji kuderedza njodzi dzeIP dzemhosva?
Ita ongororo dzeIP nguva dzose, nyora marezenisi ese nemamvumo, isa mutemo wakajeka wekuzivisa nekubvisa mawebhusaiti, pindura nekukurumidza uye nekutenda kwakanaka kumhosva dzekutyora mitemo, uye bvunza gweta pakutanga kwekusawirirana.
Nyaya yepfuma yepfungwa inogona kushanduka kuita nyaya yemhosva here?
Ehe, kunyangwe kusawirirana kwakawanda kweIP kuchigadziriswa kuburikidza nematare edzimhosva akadai setsamba dzekumisa nekurega, zvikumbiro zvekurambidzwa kana zvekuripiswa, Public Prosecution Service inogona kutanga nyaya dzemhosva pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, semuenzaniso pasi peChikamu 79 cheMutemo wePatents wa1995.
Chii chinofanira kuratidzwa kuti mhosva yemhosva ishande munyaya yeIP?
Chinangwa (opzet) chinodiwa. Pasina humbowo hwekuti mupomerwi akaita nemaune, mhosva yemhosva haigone kubatanidzwa, inova chiyero chepamusoro pane mhosva yehurumende, uko kushaya hanya kana kunyange mhosva yakasimba kungakwana.
Ko Public Prosecution Service inotevedzera here kutyorwa kwese kwemutemo weIP nemhosva?
Kwete. Kutevedzwa kwemhosva kunoenderana nepfungwa yekuti mutemo wemhosva inzira yekupedzisira (remedium yekupedzisira), saka Public Prosecution Service inowanzo tevera nyaya dzemhosva chete apo kugadzirisa nyaya dzehurumende kusina kukwana kana kutyorwa kwacho kuri kukuru, kwakarongwa, kana kukonzera zvinonetsa veruzhinji, zvakaita sekushanda kwesoftware piracy kana kugoverwa kwehardware yenhema.
Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinoita kuti gakava remutemo wehurumende rive mhosva?
Kuchinja kwacho kunoenderana nezvinhu zvitatu zvikuru: chinangwa, kukura, uye mhedzisiro yemagariro evanhu.
