Kutongwa nemhosva uye kodzero yako yekugara muNetherlands

Kune mutorwa ari muNetherlands, nyaya yemhosva ine mhedzisiro miviri, kwete imwe chete: mutongo wakapihwa nedare remhosva, uye zvinoitwa neImmigration and Naturalisation Service (IND) nemvumo yako yekugara mushure mezvo. Yechipiri inowanzo kuve yakakomba, uye inosarudzwa zvakasiyana, nechiremera chakasiyana, zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura izvi: kuderera kwechiyero, kuramba uye kubviswa kwemvumo, dziviriro inofarirwa nevagari veEU, kusadiwa uye kurambidzwa kupinda, mhedzisiro pakugadzwa kwekodzero, uye kuyedza kuenzana pasi peChinyorwa 8 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights.

Sarudzo mbiri, masimba maviri

Dare remhosva rinotonga mhosva nekurangwa, kwete kana uchigona kugara. Kurasikirwa nekugara mugari imhaka yekutonga, inotorwa neIND nekuda kwerunyararo rweveruzhinji ( openbare ord ). Masimba ari muAliens Act 2000 (Vreemdelingenwet 2000): zvinyorwa 18 ne19 zvekuramba kuwedzerwa uye kubviswa kwemvumo yenguva yakatarwa, zvinyorwa 21 ne22 zvemvumo yenguva dzose, chinyorwa 32 chemvumo yekugara. Izvi zvinoitwa muAliens Decree 2000 (Vreemdelingenbesluit 2000), kunyanya zvinyorwa 3.86 ne3.98.

Migumisiro mitatu inotevera. Kusunungurwa kunowanzo gumisa njodzi yekutamira kune dzimwe nyika, asi kupomerwa mhosva hakugumisire kugara kwako: IND inofanira kuramba ichishandisa bvunzo yayo. IND inowanzo shanda kubva pakupomerwa mhosva kwave kwekupedzisira ( onherroepelijk ), saka kukwidza nyaya kunokanganisa nguva yekutamira kune dzimwe nyika. Uye kubviswa kwemhosva kunodzivisa kutongwa kunogona kuverengwa: kurangwa kubva kumuchuchisi ( strafbeschikking ) hakusi mhedzisiro isina kwayakarerekera. Mitemo yeKushandiswa kweMutemo weAliens (Vreemdelingencirculaire) inobata kurangwa kwawakagamuchira pasina miganhu nenzira imwecheteyo nekusungwa kwave kwekupedzisira.

Zvinorema IND

IND haipe mhosva yacho saizvozvo. Inoyera nhamba mbiri: huwandu hwemitongo yekuvharirwa isina miganhu uye matanho akafanana awakatongerwa, uye hurefu hwekugara kwako zviri pamutemo. Kuvharirwa pasi pemurairo wechipatara, basa remunharaunda rinoshandurwa kuita kuvharirwa, mitongo mipfupi yakaunganidzwa kwemakore uye mhosva dzakaitwa kunze kwenyika zvese zvinogona kuwedzera huwandu ihwohwo.

Chikero chinotsvedza (glijdende schaal)

Chiyero chinotsveyama chiri muchikamu 3.86 cheAliens Decree 2000 chinobatanidza nhamba mbiri idzodzo: kana wagara pano kwenguva yakareba zviri pamutemo, mutongo unofanira kuva wakanyanya kuoma usati warambwa kana kubviswa mvumo yako. Chinoyera nzvimbo yekugara iri pamutemo, muzvikamu zve nothing kusvika kumakore matatu, matatu kusvika gumi uye anopfuura gumi, zvichienderana nehurefu hwemutongo wejeri kana murairo webasa remunharaunda wakapihwa zvisingachinji. Chine zvikamu zvitatu. Chimwe chinoshanda kumhosva dzine huwandu hwepasi pemakore matanhatu mujeri; chechipiri, chine huwandu hwakaderera zvakanyanya, kumhosva dzine huwandu hwepasi pemakore matanhatu kana kupfuura zviri pamutemo; chechitatu kudzokorodza mhosva, uko mhosva dzinoyerwa pamwe chete uye huwandu hwenzvimbo hukaderera zvakare.

Tafura yacho inoratidza mabhendi akasarudzwa chete. Chiyero chiri muchikamu 3.86 cheAliens Decree 2000 chinomhanya mumatanho egore anosvika makore gumi ekugara zviri pamutemo, saka inewo mabhendi ari pakati peaya anoratidzwa pano - makore mana kusvika mashanu, matanhatu kusvika manomwe uye masere kusvika mapfumbamwe - chimwe nechimwe chine zvirambidzo zvaro. Gara uchishanda kubva muchinyorwa chazvino chechinyorwa chebhendi chinoshanda kwauri.

Zvitupa zviviri zvinokosha kupfuura nhamba. Chekutanga, mushure memakore gumi ekugara pamutemo, IND haichazorambi kuwedzerwa kana kubvisa mvumo nekuda kwezvikonzero zverunyararo rweveruzhinji zvachose. Kusiyana uku kwakamanikana asi kwechokwadi: mhosva dzakatarwa muchikamu 22b cheCriminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht), uye Opium Act mhosva dzine makore matanhatu kana kupfuura zviri pamutemo. Ndizvo zvinoita kuti mhosva dzezvinodhaka dzive nengozi kune vagari vekune dzimwe nyika vanogara kwenguva refu. Mumutongo wayo we16 Kurume 2023 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2023:1071) Dhipatimendi reHurumende reHurumende rakatsigira kubviswa kwemvumo yechigarire, nekurambidzwa kupinda kwemakore gumi, kubva kumurume akasvika achiri mwana uye akagara pamutemo kubvira 1981, nekuti rekodhi yake yakanga iri mukati memutemo iwoyo.

Chechipiri, chiyero ichi chimhingamupinyi, kwete chisarudzo: kuchiyambuka kunoita kuti kurega mhuri kubviswe, kwete pamutemo. Kuongororwa kwemunhu mumwe nemumwe kunofanira kuenderera mberi, uye kana hupenyu hwemhuri huchibatanidzwa, chiito chekuyera chiri pazasi.

Chikero chacho chakasimbiswa, uye chakashandiswa kuvanhu vatove pano

Chiyero ichi chakaoma zvikuru kupfuura chizvarwa chakapfuura: miganho yakaderedzwa pamitsetse, bvunzo yekudzokorora mhosva yakarerutswa kuitira kuti mhosva nhatu dzikwane, uye dziviriro yakapihwa kune anogara kwenguva refu yakaderedzwa kusvika kuchikamu 22b uye kunze kweOpium Act. Kusimbiswa kwerudzi urwu kunowanzo shandiswa kuvanhu vagara pano kare pakatanga kushanda, uye kune avo vakamboita izvi zvisati zvaitika. Kugara kwenguva refu kwakavakwa pasi pechiyero chekare hakuvharidzi dziviriro yakapihwa nechiyero. Chiyero ichi chiri muchimiro chayo chazvino chinotangira kubva pakugadziriswa kwechikamu 3.86 cheAliens Decree 2000 chakatanga kushanda muna 2012, uye chinoshandiswa nenzira inotevera: kubviswa kwakasarudzwa mushure mekunge shanduko iyoyo yatanga kushanda kunoyerwa pachikero chiri kushanda panguva iyoyo, kunyangwe apo mhosva dziri shure kwayo dzakare. Dare reHurumende ragara richigamuchira nzira iyoyo, nechikonzero chekuti sarudzo, kwete mhosva, ndiyo nguva iyo chiyero chinoshandiswa.

Kugara zvachose uye kugara kwenguva refu muEU

Mvumo yekugara kwenguva refu yakasimba kupfuura yenguva yakatarwa, asi haina dziviriro. Inogona kurambwa pasi pechikamu 21 cheAliens Act 2000 uye inobviswa pasi pechikamu 22, nechiyero chinotsveyama chinoshandiswa kuburikidza nechikamu 3.98 cheAliens Decree 2000. Kuzvarirwa muNetherlands hakusiwo nhoo. Mumutongo wayo we18 Gumiguru 2022 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2022:2984), uyo waive nemurume akazvarirwa pano muna 1988 uye aine mvumo yekugara kwenguva refu kubvira 2001, Dare reNyika rakabvuma musimboti kuti mvumo yakadaro inogona kubviswa, ukuwo richibvisa chisarudzo nekuti Gurukota reHurumende rakanga rafunga zvishoma nezvechikonzero chaivimba nacho, chekuti muridzi wacho akatamisa imba yake huru kunze kwenyika. Chidzidzo chakakosha kupatsanurwa kubva pamugumisiro: mvumo yekugara kwenguva refu inogona kukanganiswa nekubviswa kwehurongwa hweveruzhinji uye kubviswa kwezvimwe zvikonzero, uye kusavapo kwenguva refu, kusanganisira kusavapo muhusungwa kunze kwenyika, chimwe chazvo.

Chinzvimbo chekugara kwenguva refu muEU chine dziviriro yakawedzerwa kubva kuDirective 2003/109/EC. Chinyorwa 6 chinobvumidza kuramba chinzvimbo ichi nekuda kwemutemo weveruzhinji kana kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu chete mushure mekuyera kuoma kwemhosva, njodzi yaunomiririra, nguva yaunogara uye hukama hwako nenyika. Chinyorwa 12 chinoenderera mberi: mugari wenguva refu anogona kudzingwa chete kana ari njodzi chaiyo uye yakakwana. Izvozvo zvakaoma kupfuura kushandiswa kwenhamba isina kujeka kwechiyero chinotsvedza, uye chakakodzera kutorwa. IND haigone kugadzirisa nyaya yacho nekuverenga chete: apo chikamu 12 chinoshanda, inofanira kuita ongororo yeruzhinji yega yega umo kukomba kwemhosva, nguva yekugara kwako uye hukama hwako hwepachivande zvinoyerwa, zvakanyatsoenderana nemitsara yakatorwa neDare reJustice.

Vagari veEU nenhengo dzemhuri dzavo: bvunzo yakasiyana

Kana uri mugari wenyika iri nhengo yeEU kana EEA kana yeSwitzerland, kana uri nhengo yemhuri yemumwe munhu anoshandisa kodzero dzekufamba nerusununguko, chiyero chekutsvedza hachishande. Chinzvimbo chako chinotongwa neDirective 2004/38/EC, inoshandiswa muAliens Decree 2000. Chinyorwa 27 chinoisa hwaro hwekutanga: chiyero pamusoro pemitemo yeruzhinji kana zvikonzero zvekuchengetedzwa kweruzhinji chinofanira kunge chakavakirwa chete pamaitiro ako ega, uye maitiro iwayo anofanira kumiririra "njodzi chaiyo, iripo uye yakakomba inokanganisa chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvevanhu". Mhosva dzekare dzemhosva hadzisi idzo pachadzo. Izwi rekuti present rinoita basa rakawanda: mhosva yekare inoteverwa netsika dzakagadzikana ihwaro husina kusimba hwekudzinga mugari weEU, kunyangwe painogona kuyambuka chiyero chekutsvedza kune mugari wenyika yechitatu. Chinyorwa 28 chinowedzera dziviriro yepamusoro:

• kune chero mugari wemuEU, hurumende inofanirwa kufunga nezvehurefu hwekugara, zera, mamiriro ehutano, mamiriro emhuri nehupfumi, kubatanidzwa kwemagariro netsika, uye hukama nenyika yakabva;
• mugari weEU ane kodzero yekugara zvachose anogona kudzingwa chete kana zvakakura zvikonzero zvehurongwa hweveruzhinji kana kuchengetedzwa kweveruzhinji;
• mugari weEU anogara munyika yakagamuchirwa kwemakore gumi apfuura, uye mwana asati asvika makore gumi, anogona kudzingwa chete kana peremptory zvikonzero zvekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu.

Munyaya yeLand Baden-Württemberg v Tsakouridis (nyaya C-145/09, mutongo wa23 Mbudzi 2010) Dare reJustice rakatonga kuti "zvikonzero zvakakosha zvekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu" zvinoda kukosheswa kwakanyanya, kuti kutengesa zvinodhaka kwakarongwa kunogona kuita kuti zvikwanisike, uye kuti kunyange mutongo wemakore mashanu mujeri haugone kururamisa kudzingwa: kutyisidzira kunofanira kutariswa nekubatanidzwa, hudiki munyika yakagamuchirwa uye hukama hwemhuri. Chikamu 33 chinowedzera kuti kudzingwa hakungatongwi semutongo wakabatana nemutongo wekuvharirwa.

Kuziviswa kwekusadiwa uye kurambidzwa kupinda

Kurasikirwa nemvumo uye kurambidzwa kudzoka zvinhu zvakasiyana. Mutemo weDutch une mitemo miviri yemutemo webhara, uye yaunowana inoenderana zvikuru nerudzi rwako uye chinzvimbo chako.

Kurambidzwa kupinda kwemakore gumi ndiko kunowanzobatanidzwa nekubviswa kwemhosva nekuda kwemhosva, uye ndosaka vanhu vanofunga kuti vanogona kudzoka gare gare vakarasika. Zvese zvinogona kubviswa, kana wanyorera kuIND. Kubviswa kwenguva pfupi kunogona kukumbirwa nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu emhuri anomanikidza, kupa humbowo, kana kuti kupinda mumatare ako emhosva. Kubviswa kwemutemo wekurambidzwa kupinda kunowanzo fungwa chete kana wapedza chikamu chikuru chenguva kunze kweNetherlands uye unogona kunyora maitiro akanaka kune imwe nzvimbo. Kuziviswa kwekusadiwa kunobviswa kana kuchengetedza kwacho kuchipesana neChibvumirano, kana kuti paunozopihwa mvumo gare gare.

Chinyorwa 8 ECHR: kuenzana kwehupenyu hwemhuri

Kana kudzingwa kana kurambidzwa kupinda mujeri kuchikanganisa hupenyu hwemhuri kana hwepachivande, Chikamu 8 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights chinoda kuti pave nekuenzana. Zvinodiwa zvinobva kuna Boultif v Switzerland (nhamba 54273/00, 2 Nyamavhuvhu 2001) uye zvakawedzerwa mudare reÜner v Netherlands (nhamba 46410/99, Grand Chamber, 18 Gumiguru 2006). Chiremera chinofanira kuyera:

• hunhu uye kukomba kwemhosva yacho;
• nguva yauchagara munyika yaunofanira kudzingwa;
• nguva yakafamba kubva pamhosva uye maitiro ako kubvira ipapo;
• marudzi evanhu vari kutaurwa nezvavo;
• mamiriro emhuri yako, kusanganisira kureba kwemuchato nezvimwe zviratidzo zvehupenyu hwemhuri chaiyo, uye kana mumwe wako aiziva nezvemhosva iyi pakatanga hukama hwacho;
• kana paine vana, uye zera ravo;
• matambudziko angasangana nemumwe wako nevana vako munyika yauri kuenda, uye zvakanakira vana nekugara zvakanaka; uye
• kusimba kwehukama hwemagariro ako, tsika nemagariro uye hwemhuri nenyika yauri kuenda uye nenyika yauri kuenda.

Matare eDutch anoshandisa mitemo iyi zvakananga. Mumutongo wayo we14 Ndira 2021 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2021:68) Dare reHurumende rakatsigira kubviswa kwemvumo uye kurambidzwa kwekupinda kwemakore maviri kwakaiswa pamurume akaberekerwa kuNetherlands, vachishandisa chiyero chinotsvedza pamwe chete nezvinhu zveBoultif neÜner ; kudzokororwa kwemhosva uye hukama hushoma nenyika yaakabva zvakamuremera zvikuru. Nyaya iyi inogadzirisa fungidziro mbiri dzakasiyana: kuti kuzvarwa pano ivimbiso, uye kuti nhoroondo refu inongoerekana yauraya. Kuyera ndiko kunosarudza, uye nguva kubva pamhosva yekupedzisira, nemufambiro wakanaka kubvira ipapo, ndeimwe yezvinhu zvishoma zviri mukati mako. Apo mhosva dzakaitwa ari mwana mudiki, Maslov v Austria (nhamba 1638/03, Grand Chamber, 23 Chikumi 2008) inowedzera humwe huremu kudivi rako: zvikonzero zvakakomba zvinodiwa kuti zvibvumire kudzingwa kwemutorwa akagadzikana akaita mhosva idzi achiri mudiki uye akapedza nguva yakawanda yehudiki hwake nehudiki hwake munyika yaakagamuchira.

Kugadzwa kwemvumo yekuva mugari wenyika uye mafomu ekukumbira mvumo yakasimba

Kutongwa kunovharawo nzira kuti dzisave nenjodzi. Pasi pechikamu 9 cheKingdom Act on Netherlands Nationality (Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap), kubvumidzwa kuva vagari vemo kunorambwa kana, zvichibva pamaitiro ako, paine zvikonzero zvakakomba zvekufungira kuti uri njodzi kurunyararo rweveruzhinji, tsika dzeveruzhinji kana kuchengetedzeka kweHumambo. IND inoshandisa izvi kuburikidza neHandleiding Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap, iyo inoshanda nenguva yekugadziriswa kwemakore mana kusvika mashanu isati yasvika chikumbiro chemhosva dzakabviswa nemurairo wekuranga ( strafbeschikking ), faindi kana murairo webasa remunharaunda: kana chirango chakadaro chakaiswa mukati menguva iyoyo, kana kuti mafambiro ari kumirira, chikumbiro chinorambwa uye nguva yacho inoenderera mberi patsva. Handeliding inoisa zvirambidzo: chirango chimwe chete chemari che€900 kana kupfuura; zvirango zvakati wandei zve€450 kana kupfuura chimwe nechimwe che€1,350 kana kupfuura; murairo mumwe chete webasa remunharaunda wemaawa makumi matatu nematanhatu kana kupfuura; mirairo yakati wandei yebasa remunharaunda yemaawa gumi nemasere kana kupfuura chimwe nechimwe che€54 kana kupfuura; uye chero mutongo wekuvharirwa, kungave kwakamiswa kana kwete.

Kurongeka kwevanhu imhaka yekuramba mvumo yekugara kwenguva refu kana kuti kugara kwenguva refu muEU, saka kubatwa nemhosva kunogona kukusiya uine mvumo yenguva yakatarwa iyo IND inoongorora pakuvandudzwa kwese kwese.

Chii chinoitika mukuita

• Chiziviso chechinangwa (voornemen). IND isati yaita chisarudzo chisina kunaka, inotumira chiziviso chakanyorwa chinotsanangura zvainoda kuita uye chikonzero, kusanganisira kuverenga mitsara yayo uye sliding scale band yainoshandisa.
• Maonero (dzienswijze). Une nguva pfupi yekupindura nekunyora. Iri ndiro gwaro rakakosha zvikuru mufaira: ndipo panopikiswa kuverenga uye Boultif uye Üner zvinhu zvinoratidzwa, nemagwaro ehukama nevana, mishumo yechikoro, humbowo hwekurapa, humbowo hwebasa nezvinhu zviri pahukama hwako.
• Sarudzo. IND ndiyo inosarudza, kazhinji ichibatanidza kubvisa mari nechisarudzo chekudzosa mari uye kurambidzwa kupinda.
• Kuramba uye kukwidza nyaya. Zvichienderana nesarudzo, nzira yacho inoramba (kuramba) kuIND wobva wakwidza nyaya kudare redunhu, kana kukwirira zvakananga, woenderera mberi nekukwidza nyaya kuDare reNyika. Mutemo weAliens Act 2000 unotara nguva dzawo pfupi: semutemo mukuru mavhiki mana pane mavhiki matanhatu eAwb, uye vhiki imwe chete munyaya dzinosarudzwa neMutemo, pakati padzo sarudzo pakukumbira hupoteri dzakatorwa mumaitiro mapfupi uye nyaya dzekuvharirwa (art. 69 Vw 2000). Kupikisa kana kukwidza nyaya kuchikubvumidza kuti ugare muNetherlands panguva yauri kumirira hazvitevedzere mutemo wekutonga-mutemo mukuru futi; unotongwa neMutemo weAliens 2000 uye unosiyana nerudzi rwechisarudzo, saka tarisa munyaya yega yega. Kana usingadaro, chikumbiro chakasiyana cherubatsiro rwechinguvana (voorlopige voorziening) chinodiwa.

Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha: kubatanidza magweta ese ari maviri kubva pazuva rekutanga

Kurasikirwa kwese kwekugara kwaigona kudzivirirwa kwakabva zvakafanana: nyaya yemhosva yakatongwa zvine musoro maererano nemamiriro ayo uye nenzira yakaipa maererano nekupinda kwevanhu munyika, nekuti hapana akatarisa mafaira ese ari maviri panguva imwe chete.

Chikonzero chacho ndechekuverenga. IND inoverenga chikamu chisina magumo chemutongo. Nzira yekudzivirira inochinja mutongo mupfupi wechikamu chakarebesa chisina magumo inogona kuva kukunda mudare remhosva uye njodzi kuIND. Saka kugamuchira mutongo wekuti usanzwikwe, kubvumirana mutongo uri pamusoro pemuganho, kana kubvuma imwe mhosva diki kuti uvhare faira kana huwandu hwemhosva ndihwo hunokuisa mumhosva inodzokororwa. Mhosva yacho inokoshawo: kana mutongo wacho uri mukati mechikamu 22b kana Opium Act kunze kwemutemo kunogona kusarudza kana makore gumi ekugara uchikudzivirira. Muchokwadi:

• taura zvako gweta rekudzivirira mhosva pabvunzurudzo yekutanga kuti hausi wekuDutch, uye kuti une chinzvimbo chipi uye kubvira riini;
• gweta rezvekutamira kune dzimwe nyika riongorore faira racho risati ragamuchirwa chero chikumbiro chipi zvacho, gwaro rechirango kana chibvumirano chemutongo;
• chengetedza kuverenga kwacho mupfungwa: mutongo wose usina magumo, huwandu hwemhosva hunotarisirwa nemutemo, huwandu hwemhosva, makore ekugara zviri pamutemo;
• chengetedza humbowo hwehupenyu hwemhuri nekubatana kubva pakutanga, kwete nekukurumidza kana chiziviso chechinangwa chasvika; uye
• musabva muNetherlands, kana kubvuma kuenda kwekuzvidira, musina kupiwa mazano.

Law & More ane mutemo wematsotsi uye mutemo wezvekutamira kune dzimwe nyika pasi pedenga rimwe chete mu Eindhoven uye Amsterdam, uye inoshanda muchiRungu. Kana wakadanwa, wakasungwa, wakapihwa gwaro rekupa chirango kana wakatumirwa chiziviso chechinangwa, nguva yekuti mibvunzo yese miviri iongororwe pamwe chete inguva ino, kwete mushure mekunge nyaya yemhosva yapera.