Mutoro wemutungamiriri muNetherlands zvinoreva kuti director weBV kana NV anogona kurairwa kubhadhara chikwereti chekambani kana kurasikirwa nezvinhu zvavo. Izvi hazviwanzoitika, kwete mutemo: kambani imunhu wepamutemo akasiyana uye zvikwereti zvayo ndezvayo. Mutoro wemunhu wega unongoitika chete kana director achigona kupomerwa mhosva zvakanyanya, uye mutemo weDutch unoshanda pfungwa iyoyo nenzira ina dzakasiyana: mutoro kukambani pasi peChikamu 2:9 cheDutch Civil Code, mutoro wemhosva kune vanokweretesa pasi peChikamu 6:162, mutoro wekushomeka kwekubhuroka pasi peChikamu 2:248, uye mutoro wemitero isina kubhadharwa pasi peChikamu 36 cheCollection of State Taxes Act 1990.
Nzira yega yega ine munhu anoikumbira, bvunzo yayo uye dziviriro yayo, uye kuvavhiringidza ndicho chikanganiso chinowanzoitwa nevatungamiriri nevapi vezano vavo. Mutongi ari mubhangi haamhan'arire makambani semutengesi asina kubhadharwa, uye vatungamiriri vemitero havafanirwe kuratidza chero chinhu kana chiziviso chiri nyore chisina kuziviswa. Gwaro iri rinotsanangura nzira yega yega, muganho unoshanda, uye zvinogona kuitwa nemutungamiriri nezvazvo.
Pokutangira: kambani ine chikwereti chayo
Dutch BV (besloten vennootschap) uye NV (naamloze vennootschap) vanhu vepamutemo. Vanoita zvibvumirano muzita ravo, vane midziyo yavo uye vane mutoro wezvisungo zvavo. Mugovani akabhadhara masheya haana chikwereti, uye director anosaina chibvumirano panzvimbo yekambani anosunga kambani, kwete ivo pachavo. Kuparadzaniswa ikoko kunoshanda kunyangwe kana kambani ikakundikana uye vanokweretesa vasingabhadharwe.
Mutemo weDutch haushandisi dzidziso yekupinza chifukidziro chemakambani nenzira iyo mitemo yepamutemo inoita. Asi chaunacho inyaya dzemitemo chaiyo uye dzakavakirwa pamhosva iyo director pachake, pamwe chete nekambani, anogona kupomerwa. Mubvunzo hausi wekuti kambani inofanira kuongororwa here, asi kuti director uyu pachake akaita sei nenzira iyo mutemo unoona seine mhosva huru.
Muganho iwoyo, zvisinei, wakakwira nemaune. Vatungamiriri vanotora njodzi dzekutengeserana kuti vararame, uye kurangarira zvakaitika kare inzira isina kunaka, sezvinotsanangurwa nepfungwa yedu yemutemo wekambani weDutch . Chisarudzo chinobuda chakaipa, musika unotama, mutengi anotadza kuita zvinodiwa: hapana chimwe chazvo chinopa mhosva yemunhu. Chinoburitsa izvi maitiro asina mutungamiriri ane hunyanzvi mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana angadai akaita, achitongwa pane zvese zvaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo.
Chimwe chikamu chinopindira munzira dzese dziri pazasi. Pasi peChinyorwa 2:11 cheDutch Civil Code, apo director wekambani ari iye pachake munhu wepamutemo, mutoro we director iyeye wepamutemo uri pavatungamiriri vawo pamwe chete. Saka, kuva nezvivakwa hazviiti kuti munhu chaiye asasvike; mutoro wacho unongofamba uchikwira.
Mutoro wekambani: Chinyorwa 2:9 cheDutch Civil Code
Chinyorwa 2:9 cheDutch Civil Code chinomanikidza director wese kuti aite mabasa ake zvakanaka kukambani. Mutungamiriri anokundikana kuita izvi ane mhosva kukambani nekuda kwekukuvadzwa kwacho, asi chete kana paine mhosva huru inogona kuitwa. Uyu mutoro wemukati: munhu anokwidza nyaya iyi ikambani pachayo, kazhinji ichishanda kuburikidza nebhodhi idzva, bhodhi rekutarisira, vagovani vari muchikamu chekubvisa mari, kana trustee mushure mekubhuroka.
Kana kuzvidzwa kwakakomba zvakakwana kunotongwa zvichienderana nemamiriro ese enyaya yacho. Matare eDutch anotarisa mhando yezviitiko, njodzi dzinowanzobatanidzwa nazvo, kugoverwa kwemabasa mukati mebhodhi, chero nhungamiro iyo kambani pachayo yakanga yatora, ruzivo rwuripo kumutungamiriri panguva iyoyo, uye kutarisirwa kunotarisirwa kumutungamiriri anokwanisa kuita basa racho uye anoriita nehana. Kutyora mutemo uripo wekudzivirira kambani, kana kuita zvinopesana nemitemo yemukati mekambani, kunorema zvikuru kumutungamiriri.
Chinyorwa 2:9 chinogadzirisawo mutoro webhodhi pamwe chete. Kutungamira kambani ibasa rebhodhi rose, saka musimboti mutungamiriri wega wega ndiye anozvidavirira. Mutungamiriri anopukunyuka mutoro nekuratidza kuti, tichifunga nezvekugovaniswa kwemabasa, kukundikana hakugone kuverengerwa kwaari pachake uye kuti haana kuregeredza pakutora matanho ekudzivirira migumisiro yacho. Mukuita izvi zvinoreva kuti mutungamiriri akaona dambudziko anofanira kukwanisa kuratidza kuti akaritaura, kuti akasimbisa pfungwa yacho, uye kuti izvi zvakanyorwa pane imwe nzvimbo.
Chii chinoisa vatungamiriri mumatambudziko?
Maitiro anoramba achiitika haasi echinyakare. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinotorwa pasina ruzivo, sarudzo yakakura kudaro inodiwa, njodzi dzinogamuchirwa dzekuti kambani haigone kurarama, uye manejimendi anobvumirwa kusarira kumashure kusvika pavasina kuona mamiriro acho zvakajeka.
- Kuisa kambani mukutengeserana kwehukuru hunogona kuidzikisa, pasina ongororo yemari kana yepamutemo inoenderana nemhosva yacho.
- Kuregeredza yambiro dzemukati dzinodzokororwa pamusoro pemari inoshandiswa, kutyorwa kwechibvumirano kana kukundikana kutevedzera mitemo.
- Kuita zvinhu zvisina kurongeka pasina kuzvizivisa uye pasina kurega chikamu chebhodhi chisina hanya chichisarudza.
- Kukundikana kuchengetedza hurumende iri munyika inoratidza kodzero nemabasa ekambani chero nguva, inova basa rakasiyana repamutemo pasi peChikamu 2:10 cheDutch Civil Code.
- Kubvisa mari kubva kukambani, nedividendi kana neimwe nzira, kana bhodhi raigona kuona kuti kambani haizokwanisi kubhadhara zvikwereti zvayo.
Pfungwa yekupedzisira iyoyo inofanirwa kusimbiswa kune BV. Kugoverwa kwemari kunoda mvumo yebhodhi zvichibva pabvunzo yekugoverwa kwemari, uye vatungamiriri vanobvumidza muripo vachiziva, kana kuti vachikwanisa kufanoona, kuti kambani haizokwanisi kuramba ichibhadhara zvikwereti zvayo zvine mhosva kune kambani yacho. Ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo shoma apo mutemo wekambani yeDutch unotaura mhedzisiro yacho nenzira imwecheteyo nebasa. Chinyorwa chedu pamusoro pehurongwa hwekutonga kwemakambani uye kusawirirana kwezvido zvevatungamiriri chinotaura nezvesarudzo dzeizvi zvakadzama.
Kusunungurwa kwemari kunopiwa nemusangano mukuru, kubviswa kwemari, kunowanzo nzwisiswa zvisizvo. Kunongotaura chete zvaionekwa kubva mumabhuku egore negore kana zvakaziviswa kumusangano mukuru, kunosunga kambani chete, uye hakuna zvakunokanganisa kana paine munhu anochengetedzwa nekambani ari kubhuroka ari pasi peChinyorwa 2:248 kana kuti kune vamwe vanhu. Mutungamiriri anovimba nekusunungurwa seruregerero rwemari haavimbi nechinhu chero chipi zvacho.
Mutoro kune vane chikwereti: mhosva pasi peChinyorwa 6:162
Mutoro wekunze chikumbiro chinoitwa nemunhu wechitatu, kazhinji mukweretesi, achipikisa director pachake nekuda kwekuita zvisina kururama pasi peChikamu 6:162 cheDutch Civil Code. Kukundikana kubhadhara kwekambani hakuna kukwana. Mukweretesi anofanira kuratidza kuti director pachake anogona kupomerwa mhosva huru yekuti kambani haina kuita zvakanaka uye haipe rubatsiro.
Mutemo wenyaya dzeDutch wakanyatsotsanangura maitiro maviri makuru. Chekutanga inyaya yeBeklamel, yakatumidzwa zita remutongo weDare Repamusorosoro wakasimbisa izvi: director anopinda muchisungo achimiririra kambani uku achiziva, kana kuti achifanira kunzwisisa, kuti kambani haizokwanisi kuita uye haizopi nzira yekutsiva kukuvara kunokonzerwa nako. Kuraira zvinhu kana mabasa izvo director agara achiziva kuti hazvigone kubhadharwa muenzaniso webhuku, uye zvinoita kuti director ave nemhosva yekurasikirwa kwemukweretesi.
Maitiro echipiri ndeekusagutsikana nekubhadhara kana kudzoserwa kwemari: mutungamiriri anokonzera kana kubvumira kambani kuti itadze kuzadzisa chisungo chatovapo, kana kubvisa kambani mari yekubhadhara. Kubvisa zvinhu zvayo mukambani isati yasvika pakutongwa, kutamisa mabasa kune chimwe chinhu chitsva uku uchisiya zvikwereti, kana kubhadhara mugovani wemasheya apo mutengesi akamirira zvese zvinowira muboka iri.
Kubhadhara kwekusarudza
Kubhadhara mumwe munhu anokweretesa kwete mumwe hazvisi pamutemo pachazvo. Kambani iri mumatambudziko inofanira kukwanisa kuramba ichitengesa, uye izvi zvinoreva kubhadhara vatengesi vayo. Zvinova zvisina kururama apo director, panguva iyo chinzvimbo chekambani chakanga chatove chisina tariro kana kuti kubviswa kwayo kwainge kwasarudzwa, anotsigira vanokweretesa vane hukama nedirector kana boka vachirasikirwa nevakweretesi vasina hukama. Kana chikwereti chinobhadharwa chikava pedyo nedirector, ndipo panonyanya kuoma kudzivirira sarudzo iyoyo.
Zvinofanira kuratidzwa nemukweretesi
Mutoro wekupa humbowo uri pamukweretesi. Unofanira kuratidza zvaizivikanwa nemutungamiriri kana kuti zvaaifanira kunzwisisa panguva yakaitwa chisungo kana kuti pakaitwa muripo, uye kuti ruzivo urwu runoita kuti maitiro acho ave nemhosva. Iroro ibasa rinoda humbowo, ndosaka zvichemo zverudzi urwu zvichiwanzovakirwa pazvinyorwa zvekambani: maminetsi ebhodhi, kufanotaura kwemari, zvirevo zvebhangi, tsamba neakaunti uye kutevedzana kwemari yabhadharwa mumwedzi yekupedzisira.
Chikumbiro chekupomerwa mhosva kumutungamiriri chinoenderana nemitemo yenguva dzose: makore mashanu kubva pazuva rakatorwa munhu akakuvara kuziva zvese kukuvara kwacho nemunhu ane mhosva nazvo, uye chero zvodini makore makumi maviri mushure mechiitiko ichi. Vakweretesi vanomirira mhedzisiro yekubhuroka vasati vasarudza kana vachizopomera director vanofanira kurangarira wachi iyoyo.
Nzira mbiri dziri nyore kukanganwa
Chekutanga chine chekuita nezviito zvinoitwa kambani isati yavapo. Pasi peChikamu 2:203 cheDutch Civil Code, munhu anoita basa muzita reBV ichiri kunyoreswa anosungwa nemutemo iwoyo kusvika kambani, kana yanyoreswa, yausimbisa. Kana kambani ikatadza kuita chisungo chakatenderwa, munhu akaita basa racho anoramba aine mhosva yekukuvara kwakakonzerwa nekambani kwaaiziva kana kuti kwaaigona kunge aiziva kuti kambani yacho yaisazokwanisa kuita basa. Vavambi vanotanga kutengesa panguva yekubatanidzwa vanofanira kuchengeta ruzivo rwezvakatenderwa.
Chechipiri chisungo chebvumirano kwete chemutemo, uye ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa nemutungamiriri weDutch kubhadhara chikwereti chekambani. Mabhangi, varidzi vedzimba nevatengesi vakuru vanowanzo da vimbiso yemunhu kana mutoro wekubatana kubva kumutungamiriri kana kambani inochengeta. Kufumurwa ikoko hakuna chekuita nekuzvibata kwakakodzera: kunotevera kubva pakusaina, kunopona kubhuroka kwekambani, uye kunosimbiswa pasina chero zvirambidzo zvatsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Mutungamiriri wese anofanira kuziva chaizvo kuti ndeapi vimbiso aakapa, kuti ingani uye kwenguva yakareba sei, uye anofanira kukumbira kusunungurwa kana hukama hwacho hwachinja.
Mutoro wekubhuroka: Chinyorwa 2:248 cheDutch Civil Code
Kana BV ikaziviswa kuti yabhuroka, mutariri (mutariri) anogona kusungisa director wega wega pamwe chete uye mumwe nemumwe mhosva yekushaikwa kwemari yese munhaka kana bhodhi rakaita mabasa aro zvisiri pamutemo uye zvinonzwisisika kuti ichi chaive chikonzero chikuru chekubhuroka. Chinyorwa ichi chiri muChikamu 2:248 cheDutch Civil Code; Chinyorwa 2:138 chine mutemo mumwe chete weNV. Ichi ndicho chikumbiro chinofanira kutyisidzirwa nevatungamiriri vazhinji, nekuda kwezvinoitika kumutoro wekupa humbowo.
Kutarisirwa zvisina kunaka kuri pachena kuti kwakakomba kupfuura kushorwa kwakakomba kuri muChinyorwa 2:9. Muedzo unoshandiswa nematare ndewekuti hapana mutungamiriri ane musoro, mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana uye neruzivo rwakafanana, angadai akaita saizvozvo here. Kusatarisirwa zvakanaka kwakajairika, kunyangwe kusatarisirwa zvakanaka, hakukwani; maitiro ekusangwarira kana kusaremekedza anoita izvozvo. Musiyano unokosha nekuti chokwadi chimwe chete chinogona kutsigira chikumbiro chiri pasi peChinyorwa 2:9 ukuwo chikakundikana pasi peChinyorwa 2:248, uye mutariri anowanzo taura zvese zviri zviviri.
Pfungwa yepamutemo
Kana bhodhi risina kutevedzera basa rekuchengetedza mabhuku reChinyorwa 2:10, kana kuti risina kuburitsa maakaundi egore negore mukati menguva yakatarwa neChinyorwa 2:394, saka kuita mabasa zvisina kunaka kunosimbiswa semutemo, uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti ichi chaive chikonzero chikuru chekubhuroka. Kusakosha kusingakoshi kunoregeredzwa, asi chiyero chekudaidza kusakosha kwekuisa mafomu hachina kunaka, uye kuendesa mafomu kunonoka kwemwedzi yakati wandei hakusi kusina kukosha.
Zuva rekupedzisira rekuburitswa kwemabhuku ndiro musungo unobata makambani mazhinji. Maakaundi egore negore anofanirwa kuendeswa kurejista yekutengeserana yeChamber of Commerce mukati memwedzi gumi nemiviri yekupedzisira mushure mekupera kwegore rezvemari, zvisinei nekuti nguva yekuanyora nekuagamuchira ingave yakaita sei. Kusaiswa kamwe chete munguva yakakodzera kwakakwana kuderedza mutoro wekupa humbowo.
Kana fungidziro yacho yangoerekana yaruma, mutariri wekambani haafanire kuratidza zvakawanda. Mutungamiriri anofanira kuratidza kuti kubhuroka kwacho kwakakonzerwa nechimwe chinhu, chikonzero chekunze chaizoderedza kambani zvisinei, uye anofanirawo kuratidza kuti havana kuregeredza mukudzivirira migumisiro yayo. Vatungamiriri vanobudirira mune izvi, asi zvinoda tsananguro yakanyorwa uye inovimbika, kwete kutaura.
Miganhu nedziviriro
Miganhu mitatu inokosha. Nyaya iyi inongobata chete manejimendi asina kunaka mumakore matatu asati asvika pakubhuroka, saka maitiro ekare haasvikiki kwaari. Mutungamiriri wega wega anopukunyuka nekuratidza kuti manejimendi asina kunaka haagoni kuverengerwa kwaari uye kuti haana kuregeredza pakutora matanho ekudzivirira migumisiro yacho, izvo zvinoshandura zvakare zvakanyorwa. Uye dare rine simba rekuderedza mari yacho, pamwe chete uye pamutungamiriri wega wega, tichitarisa hunhu uye kukomba kwemanejimendi asina kunaka, zvimwe zvikonzero zvekubhuroka uye nzira yaakabatwa nayo.
Pamwe chete nechikumbiro chechikwereti, mutariri wemari achaongorora kutengeserana panguva yekubhuroka. Mabasa aisasungirwa uye ekuti vakweretesi vane hanya vanogona kubviswa nemutariri senzira yekubiridzira, actio pauliana yeBankruptcy Act, uye kubhadhara zvikwereti zvainge zvatofanira kubhadharwa zvinogona kurwiswa apo mukweretesi nekambani vakaita mukubvunzana kuti vatsigire mukweretesi iyeye. Gwaro redu reBankruptcy Act nemaitiro ayo rinotsanangura kuti pfuma inotongwa sei.
Mitero isina kubhadharwa uye mipiro yepensheni
Chinyorwa 36 cheMutemo weKuunganidzwa kweMitero yeHurumende we1990 chinogadza hutongi hwakaomarara hunotarisana nemutungamiriri weDutch, uye hunoshanda kune mitero yemihoro, VAT nedzimwe mari dzemitero. Kana kambani ikangoona kuti haizokwanisi kubhadhara imwe yemitero iyi nenguva, bhodhi rinofanira kuzivisa vane masimba emitero nezvekusakwanisa kubhadhara. Chiziviso ichi chinofanira kuitwa pasati papera mavhiki maviri mushure mezuva raifanira kunge rabhadharwa kana kutumirwa mutero.
Kuziviswa kwakaitwa nenguva uye kwakasimbiswa zvakanaka kunoita kuti director arambe ari munzvimbo inodzivirirwa: vane masimba emitero vanofanira kuratidza kuti kusabhadhara kwacho kuri kukonzerwa nekutungamirirwa zvisina kunaka kwe director iyeye mumakore matatu chiziviso chisati chaitwa. Pasina chiziviso panguva chaiyo, chinzvimbo chacho chinodzokera shure zvachose. Kutungamirirwa zvisina kunaka kunofungidzirwa, uye director anongobvumidzwa kuramba fungidziro iyoyo mushure mekutanga kuratidza kuti kukundikana kuzivisa kwaisava mhosva yavo. Muchokwadi, chipingamupinyi chechipiri ichi chiri pedyo nekukundwa, uye director anopedzisira ava nemhosva yechikwereti chose chemutero.
Maitiro akafanana, nebasa rawo rekuzivisa, anoshandawo pamipiro inokweretwa kumari yepensheni inosungirwa pasi peMutemo wePension Funds (Compulsory Membership) wa2000. Vatungamiriri vanononoka kubhadhara mutero wemihoro vanowanzononoka kubhadhara mipiro yepensheni, saka zvikumbiro zviviri izvi zvinowanzoenderana.
Chidzidzo chinoshanda hachina mukurumbira uye hachina mubvunzo: chiziviso ibasa remavhiki maviri, haribhadhare mari, uye kukundikana kuita kuti chishandure chikwereti chekambani kuita chemunhu. Nyaya dzekuronga mitero ndedzemupi wezano wemitero, asi chiziviso chacho ibasa repamutemo rebhodhi uye hachifanirwe kusiiwa chichingoitika.
Apo mhosva inova mhosva
Chikamu 51 cheDutch Criminal Code chinobvumira mhosva dzemhosva kuti dziitwe nevanhu vepamutemo, uye kana dziripo, mhosva dzinogona kuendeswa kumunhu wepamutemo, kune avo vakapa murairo wekuita kwakarambidzwa kana kuti akatungamira, kana kune vese vari vaviri. Saka kuratidzwa kwemhosva yemutungamiriri hakutsamiri pakuti mutungamiriri akadzvanya bhatani; zvinoenderana nekuti mutungamiriri akaraira chiito chacho kana kuti akakwanisa kuchidzivisa, akachiziva, uye akachigamuchira.
Mhosva dzinomuka mukuita dzinosanganisira kubiridzira mumabhanga nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kubiridzira magwaro nemaakaundi egore enhema, kushambidza mari, chiokomuhomwe chevashandi vehurumende, kutyora mutemo wekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda, uye kubiridzira mutero. Izvi hazvisi zvikwangwani zvekutonga. Chimwe nechimwe chinoda chinangwa kana, mune dzimwe mhosva dzekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda, kushaya hanya, uye chimwe nechimwe chinopomerwa nePublic Prosecution Service kwete nemunhu anokweretesa.
Mugumisiro wakasiyana unofanirwa kutariswa nekuti unorarama nemari yacho. Pasi peMutemo weKubhuroka, kana mutungamiriri wehurumende kana Public Prosecution Service vakumbira, dare rinogona kumanikidza mutungamiriri kuti asakwanise kuva mutungamiriri wehurumende kana aine dambudziko rekubhuroka, kwemakore anosvika mashanu. Munhu asina kukodzera haagone kugadzwa semutungamiriri kana mutungamiriri wesangano repamutemo reDutch, uye kugadzwa kuripo kunobviswa kubva kurejista yekutengeserana. Kune mutungamiriri wehunyanzvi anokuvadza kupfuura zvaanotaura.
Ndiani anoverengwa semutungamiriri
Kugadzwa kwepamutemo hakusi muganhu wepfungwa iyi. Mapoka matatu evanhu anozviwana ari mukati mayo kakawanda kupfuura zvavaitarisira.
Vatungamiriri vasiri vakuru uye vanotarisira vanoitwa basa rimwe chete rekushanda zvakanaka, zvichiyerwa nebasa ravo, iro riri rekutarisira. Mutungamiriri wekutarisira aiziva kuti bhodhi rekutarisira ndiro raitungamira kambani uye harina charakaita, kana kuti asina kumbokumbira ruzivo rwunodiwa nemutungamiriri, anogona kupomerwa mhosva yekusaita izvozvo. Mukubhuroka, chikumbiro chekushaya mari chinoshandawo kune vatungamiriri vekutarisira.
Vatungamiriri vechokwadi, mumutauro wechiDutch, vanhu vanosarudza mutemo wekambani sekunge ndivo vatungamiriri kunyangwe vasati vambogadzwa. Mugovani mukuru anodzidzisa bhodhi, inova imwe yenzira idzo gakava remugovani rinopararira nadzo mumhosva, mubereki weboka anosarudza zvese zvine chekuita nebhizinesi, kana mupi wezano anotungamira bhizinesi zvinobudirira vese vanogona kubatwa sevatungamiriri nechinangwa chekuremerwa kwemari. Dare rinotarisa pesvedzero chaiyo, kwete kurejista yekutengeserana.
Vaimbove vatungamiriri vachiri pachena munguva yavakagara pachigaro. Kusiya basa kunomisa nguva yekuzvibata mune ramangwana asi hakubvisi zvakapfuura, uye nguva yemakore matatu yekupomerwa kwekusashanda zvakanaka inodzokera shure pamusoro pevatungamiriri vakabva vasati vabuda. Mutungamiriri anosiya basa nekuda kwekuti chinzvimbo chake chave chisingachagoneki anofanira kunyora chikonzero, uye anofanira kuve nechokwadi chekuti kusiya basa kwanyoreswa neChamber of Commerce, nekuti rejista ndiyo inosarudza zvingafungwa nevanhu vechitatu.
Nzira ina dziri padivi nepadivi
Tafura iri pazasi inoratidza muchidimbu kuti chii chinotaurwa kubva kunaani, chii chakavakirwa pachiri, uye chii chinofanira kusimbiswa.
| Nzira | Nheyo dzepamutemo | Ndiani anounza chikumbiro | Bvunzo repakati |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mutoro wemukati | Chinyorwa 2:9 Dutch Civil Code | Kambani, kana kuti mutariri wemutariri mushure mekubhuroka | Kuita mabasa zvisina kunaka pamwe nekuzvidzwa kukuru |
| Mutoro wekunze | Chinyorwa 6:162 Dutch Civil Code | Mukweretesi kana mumwe munhu wechitatu | Maitiro ekuzvipa mhosva akakuvadza mukweretesi uyu, akaratidzwa nemukweretesi |
| Kushomeka kwemari mukusashanda zvakanaka | Art. 2:248 (BV) kana 2:138 (NV) Dutch Civil Code | Mutariri ari mukubhuroka | Kutarisirwa kusina kunaka kuri pachena sechikonzero chakakosha, nekufungidzira kuti pane kuchengetwa kwemabhuku kana kuti kutadza kufaira |
| Mitero isina kubhadharwa | Chikamu 36 Mutemo weKuunganidzwa kweMitero yeHurumende wa1990 | Makambani emitero | Kutungamirirwa kusina kunaka, kunofungidzirwa kuti kusakwanisa kubhadhara hakuna kuziviswa nenguva |
Maitiro ekuderedza njodzi mukuita
Dziviriro yese inobudirira inobva pachinhu chimwe chete: chinyorwa chenguva imwe chete chinoratidza kuti sarudzo yacho yakaitwa zvichibva paruzivo rwaifanira kuitwa nesarudzo yakakura kudaro. Vatungamiriri vanovakazve mafungiro avo makore akazotevera, mumashoko euchapupu, vanotanga vari panzvimbo isina kusimba kupfuura vatungamiriri vane mafungiro akanyorwa panguva iyoyo.
Tsika nhanhatu dzinotakura huremu hwakawanda.
- Rambai muchiongorora mashandiro ekambani uye chengetai maakaundi egore negore mukati menguva yakatarwa, gore rega rega, pasina musiyano. Iyi ndiyo inishuwarenzi yemutoro yakachipa iripo uye chikonzero chimwe chete chinowanzo konzera kuti vatungamiriri vakundikane.
- Taurai zviri muzvisarudzo zvebhodhi, kwete mhedzisiro chete: dzimwe nzira dzakatariswa, nhamba dzakashandiswa, mazano akawanikwa uye chero kusabvumirana kwakaratidzwa.
- Goverana mabasa ari mubhodhi zvakajeka uye nekunyora, uye iva nechokwadi chekuti mutungamiriri wega wega achiri kugamuchira ruzivo runodiwa kuti atarisire vamwe.
- Tarisai nguva dzose mari yekambani pane kungotarisa mwedzi mitatu yega yega, uye isai mutemo wekuti bhodhi richaongorora riini zviri pamutemo kana kambani ichiri kukwanisa kuzadzisa zvainosungirwa.
- Tora mazano emutemo kana emari ekunze usati waita kutengeserana kwakakura maererano nebharanzi, usati waita chero kugoverwa, uye paunotanga kukundikana kubhadhara, wonyora kuti zano racho rakawanikwa uye rakateverwa.
- Zivisai vane masimba emitero kana musingakwanise kubhadhara mukati memavhiki maviri, uye torai nguva iyoyo seyakafanira.
Directors uye maofficial ma inshurensi
Inishuwarenzi yeD&O inovhara mari dzekudzivirira, muripo uye kukuvara kunobva pazvikumbiro zvinoitirwa vatungamiriri mubasa ravo rekutungamira, uye kune mabhodhi mazhinji inhanho inodiwa. Miganhu yayo inofanira kunzwisiswa isati yaedzwa. Chivigiro chinowanzo nyorwa zvichibva pazvikumbiro, saka mutemo uri kushanda kana chikumbiro chaitwa unokosha kupfuura mutemo uri kushanda pakaitwa chisarudzo, uye chivigiro chekutanga chinokosha kune chero ani zvake anorega basa. Kutadza nemaune, hutsotsi uye pfuma yemunhu hazvibatanidzwi, faindi nezvirango zvinowanzova zvisina inishuwarenzi, uye mari inopihwa inishuwarenzi inogovaniswa nebhodhi rese. Gwaro redu reinishuwarenzi yemhosva muNetherlands rinotsanangura kuti mapolisi aya anoenderana sei.
Zvekuita kana chikumbiro chasvika
Chikumbiro chemhosva chinowanzozvizivisa setsamba inobva kumutariri wemutero ichikumbira magwaro, kana sechiziviso chemhosva kubva kuvakuru vemitero. Hapana chimwe chazvo chinofanira kupindurwa zvisina kurongeka. Chengeta zvinyorwa kutanga, kusanganisira maminiti ebhodhi, manejimendi, tsamba neakaunti uye nhoroondo yekubhadhara kwegore rekupedzisira, nekuti pfuma inenge yatova nazvo uye maburi ari mukopi yako haabatsiri munhu.
Tarisa mamiriro epamutemo nekukasika: kana mufambiro wakanyunyutwa uchiwira mukati menguva yemakore matatu, kana maakaundi egore akaendeswa zvechokwadi uye rini, kana chiziviso chekusakwanisa kubhadhara chakaitwa, uye kana chikumbiro chacho chakarambidzwa. Chiziviso chemhosva kubva kuvakuru vemitero chine nguva yacho yekupikisa, uye kushaikwa kwacho kunodhura dziviriro yakasimba. Usabhadhara, usabvuma mhosva uye usapinda muchibvumirano usati waongorora mapoinzi iwayo, uye chenjerera zvinotaurwa mubvunzurudzo nemutariri, ari kuunganidza humbowo hwechikumbiro chingangoitika.
Kana paine vatungamiriri vakati wandei vanobatanidzwa, tsvagai mazano ekuti zvido zvavo zvinoenderana here vasati vapa gweta rimwe chete. Mumafaira mazhinji, dziviriro dzinosiyana pamutungamiriri wega wega, uye kugoverwa kwemabasa kunosunungura mumwe kunopomera mumwe. Chikwata chedu chemutemo wekambani chinogona kuongorora izvozvo pakutanga.
Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa
Paunenge uchitsvaga kuoma kwemutemo weDutch corporate, zvakajairika kuti mibvunzo chaiyo ibude, kunyanya pamusoro pemhosva yemutungamiriri. Hedzino dzimwe dzakajeka, dzakananga mhinduro kumibvunzo yatinonzwa kazhinji.
Ko director asiri Executive anogona kupiwa mhosva here?
Hongu, zvachose. Ipfungwa isiriyo yakajairika yekuti basa ravo rekutungamira rinovaisa pachena. MuNetherlands, vatungamiri vasiri vatungamiri vane basa rekutarisa bhodhi revatungamiri uye vanopindira kana vakaona zvinhu zvichinyanya kuipa.
Kana vakaziva nezvehutungamiri husina kunaka nechikwata chevakuru uye vakatadza kutora matanho ane musoro, vanogona kuwanikwa vaine mhosva 'yemhosva huru'. Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti ivo pachavo vazvidavirire kune chero mhedzisiro inokonzeresa, mamiriro ezvinhu anowanzo buda pachena panguva yekubhuroka apo kutadza kwavo kutungamira kwakabatsira kunyudza kambani.
Kusiya basa kunondidzivirira kubva kumatambudziko ekare here?
Kwete, kusiya basa hakubvisi zvachose. Mutoro wemutungamiriri wakabatana zvakanyanya nezviito nesarudzo dzakaitwa panguva yaaive mubhodhi.
A bankruptcy trustee kana mukweretesi anogona kuramba achiuya mushure meaimbove director wezvisina kunaka manejimendi zvakaitika pawachi yavo. Kana sarudzo dzako dzakapfuura dzakaita basa mukusabhadhara kwekambani kana kukuvadza, iwe unoramba uchizvidavirira kwenguva refu mushure mekunge wapa kuregedza kwako.
Izvi zvinosimbisa musimboti wemusimboti mumutemo wechiDutch: mhosva yakabatana nemafambiro ako semutungamiriri, kwete zita rako razvino rebasa. Mutoro wako wezviito zvekare haungonyangarike paunobuda pamukova.
Chii chinonzi director weDutch Law?
Mutungamiriri we 'de facto' munhu asina kumbogadzwa zviri pamutemo kubhodhi asi, nezvinangwa zvese, akaita semumwe. Funga nezvemunhu anogara achiisa mutemo wekambani, akaita sarudzo dzakakosha dzekutonga, uye anonyanya kudaidza mapfuti kubva kuseri kwezviitiko.
Pasi pemutemo weDutch, kunyanya munyaya dzekubhuroka dzinotongwa neChikamu 2:248 cheCivil Code , vanhu ava vanogona kupiwa mhosva sekunge vaive vatungamiriri vepamutemo. Dare harina hanya nezita ravo repamutemo; rinotarisa simba chairo nepesvedzero yavaive nayo.
Law & More inopa mazano kuvatungamiriri, vagovani vemasheya nevatariri pamusoro pemhosva yemutungamiriri muNetherlands, kubva pakutanga kwekuzivisa mhosva kusvika kumatare edzimhosva. Tinoongorora kuti nyaya yacho iri papi, tinochengetedza chinzvimbo panguva yekupedzisira yekuganhurirwa uye yekuzivisa, uye tinodzivirira kana kuunza zvichemo pasi peZvinyorwa 2:9, 6:162 uye 2:248 zveDutch Civil Code. Bata timu yedu yemutemo wemakambani kuti mukurukure mamiriro ako ezvinhu.
