Mushandirapamwe weDutch: zvinoreva, mutoro uye mashandiro awo

Sangano reDutch cooperative (coopëratie) isangano repamutemo, rinotsanangurwa muchikamu 2:53 cheBurgerlijk Wetboek sesangano rakabatanidzwa sesangano remubatanidzwa negwaro renotarial, rine chinangwa chekupa zvinodiwa zvenhengo dzaro kuburikidza nezvibvumirano zvakaitwa navo mubhizinesi ravanoita nechinangwa ichocho. Rine hunhu hwepamutemo, rinotongwa nenhengo dzaro nenzira yedemocracy, uye kusiyana nesangano remazuva ose rinogona kugovera purofiti kwavari. Zita raro rinofanira kutaura hurongwa hwemhosva hwakasarudzwa nenhengo: UA, BA kana WA

Tsanangudzo iyoyo ine musiyano wese kubva kune besloten vennootschap. BV iripo kuti iwane kudzoka pamari yakadyarwa uye inopa simba zvichienderana nemasheya; cooperative iripo kuti iite bhizinesi nenhengo dzayo uye inopa mumwe nemumwe wavo izwi. Gwaro iri rinotsanangura kuti cooperative yeDutch chii, kuti mutoro unoshanda sei, kuti inotangwa sei uye inotongwa sei, kuti purofiti nemitero zvinobatwa sei, uye kuti fomu racho ringave ripi uye risiri ripi sarudzo chaiyo.

Chii chinonzi kubatana pasi pemutemo weDutch

Mubatanidzwa weDutch isangano remhando yesangano. Rinoumbwa negwaro remutemo, rinonyorwa muCommercial Register kuChamber of Commerce, uye rine hunhu hwepamutemo kubva panguva iyo gwaro rinoitwa, zvinoreva kuti rine pfuma yaro, rinopinda muzvibvumirano zvaro uye rine mutoro wechikwereti charo. Nhengo hadzisi vadyidzani mumubatanidzwa uye hadzina migove; dzine nhengo, ine kodzero nezvisungo zvakanyorwa muzvinyorwa zvesangano.

Chinosiyanisa mushandirapamwe kubva kune vereniging yakajairika ndicho chinangwa chawo. Sangano harigone kugovera purofiti kunhengo dzaro uye rinowanzo tevera chinangwa chakanaka kana chemagariro evanhu; mushandirapamwe uripo kuti ushumire zvido zvenhengo dzaro uye unogona kugovera zvarinowana pakati pavo. Chinosiyanisa neBV hukama huripo pakati pesangano nevanhu vari shure kwaro: nhengo inhengo dzesangano pamwe chete nevaridzi varo. Vanotenga kubva kwariri, vanoritengesa, kana kuti vanotora basa kuburikidza naro, uye bhizinesi riripo kuti riite kuti kutengeserana ikoko kuve nani kupfuura zvingaitwa nenhengo dzoga.

Mubatanidzwa unogona kuita bhizimisi nemamwe mapato asiri nhengo dzawo, asi chete kana zvinyorwa zvichibvumira uye mukati memiganhu chete: zvibvumirano nenhengo hazvifanirwe kuva zvekukosha pasi. Mubatanidzwa une basa rekutengeserana nevanhu vekunze wabva pane pamutemo waunoshandisa, uye izvozvo zvinokosha pakutonga kwawo uye pakubhadhara purofiti yawo kubva mumitero.

Sangano re onderlinge waarborgmaatschappij, sangano re inshuwarisi yemutual, ndiro hama ye cooperative iri muzita rimwechete reCivil Code. Isangano rakabatanidzwawo ne notarial deed, asi chinangwa charo ndechekuita zvibvumirano zve inishuwarenzi nenhengo dzaro. Mitemo yekubatanidzwa kwekambani uye yemhosva yenhengo inoshanda panguva imwe chete.

Mutoro wenhengo: UA, BA neWA

Mabhii ari pamagumo ezita rekambani haasi ekushongedza. Pasi pechinyorwa 2:55 cheMutemo weVanhu, kana kambani ikamiswa uye midziyo yayo isina kukwana, nhengo, uye chero ani zvake akarega kuva nhengo gore risati rapera, anofanira kupa mari yekushaikwa kwemari. Kunze kwekunge zvinyorwa zvichiratidza zvakasiyana, zvinopa migove yakaenzana. Chikamu 2:56 chinobvumira zvinyorwa kubvisa mutoro iwoyo zvachose kana kuuganhurira kusvika padanho repamusoro rakatarwa, uye chidimbu muzita racho chinoudza nyika yekunze kuti ndeipi sarudzo yakaitwa.

Zvinhu zviviri zvinogara zvichitaurwa zvisirizvo. Chekutanga, mhosva iyi haisi mhosva yakananga kune vane chikwereti munguva yehupenyu hwemushandirapamwe. Mutengesi haakwanise kumhan'arira nhengo nekuda kwe invoice isina kubhadharwa; chisungo chinobva pakutengeswa kwemari, kune pfuma yemushandirapamwe, uko midziyo isingashande zvakanaka. Chechipiri, kusiya basa hakugumisi pakarepo: mumwe munhu akaenda mukati megore risati rapera anobatwawo. Chero ani zvake anobva mumubatanidzwa weBA kana WA anofanira kurangarira gore iroro.

Mubatanidzwa wemakambani asina kubvisa mutoro wenhengo dzawo unofanirwa kuisa runyorwa rwenhengo dzawo kuCommercial Register uye woramba uchirunyora, kuitira kuti chinzvimbo chacho chionekwe neavo vari kubata nawo. Mubatanidzwa wemakambani weUA hauna basa iroro, ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvinoita kuti fomu reUA rive guru.

Kusabvisa mutoro wenhengo hakubvisi mutoro wevatungamiriri. Vatungamiriri vane basa rekuita basa ravo nemazvo kuboka revashandi pamwe chete uye vanogona kupiwa mhosva yekutungamira zvisina kunaka, uye kana paine kusakwanisa kubhadhara mari, mitemo yakajairika pamusoro pemhosva yevatungamiriri pakuita mabasa zvisina kunaka inogona kushanda. Kusarudza fomu reUA kunodzivirira nhengo munzvimbo yavo senhengo; hazvibatsiri nhengo iriwo mubhodhi.

Kuenzaniswa kwakaitwa mubatanidzwa nemamwe mafomu emutemo eDutch

Kusarudza fomu repamutemo isarudzo yezvinhu zvitatu panguva imwe chete: ndiani ane njodzi, ndiani ane simba, uye kuti mari inobva sei mubato. Tafura iri pazasi inoratidza makambani ekubatana zvichienderana nemafomu anowanzo tariswa.

Saka sangano reDutch cooperative harisi reBV rakareruka asi mhinduro yakasiyana kumubvunzo wakasiyana. Gakava rinotonga nyaya zhinji nderevatori vechikamu nekuvhota. Kana vanhu vanobatanidzwa vachida kubatwa zvichienderana nezvavanopa mubhizinesi mukutengeserana kwete nemari, sangano recooperative rinokwana. Kana vachida kubatwa zvinoenderana nezvavakaisa mari, hazviiti, uye kumanikidza pfungwa iyi nekunyora hurongwa hwekuvhota hwakadzama muzvinyorwa zvesangano recooperative kunowanzoreva kuti BV ndiyo mhinduro iri nani.

Mubatanidzwa unogona zvakare kubatanidzwa nemamwe masangano pane kusarudzwa panzvimbo pavo. Nhengo dzinowanzo tora chikamu kuburikidza nemaBV avo, uye mushandirapamwe anogonawo kuva nemigove muBV iri pasi pekambani inoita basa rekushanda. Maumbirwo iwayo akafanana uye anoshanda, asi anowedzera magwaro anofanira kubvumirana.

Matongerwo emushandirapamwe

Mubatanidzwa une miviri inosungirwa: musangano mukuru wenhengo (algemene vergadering) uye bhodhi (bestuur). Zvinyorwa zvinogona kuwedzera bhodhi rekutarisira, uye makoperano makuru anosangana nezvibvumirano zvemutemo anowira pasi pehurongwa hwehurongwa, hunounza bhodhi rekutarisira rinosungirwa rine masimba aro ekugadza nekubvumidza.

Musangano mukuru ndiwo mubatanidzwa wepamusoro-soro. Unogadzirisa zvinhu, unogadza uye unodzinga bhodhi, unogadza maakaundi egore negore uye unosarudza kugoverwa kwepurofiti. Mutemo wekutadza kushanda, wakatorwa kubva kumutemo wesangano, ndewekuti nhengo yega yega isina kumiswa basa ine vhoti rimwe chete, izvo zvinorehwa nevanhu pavanoti cooperative democracy. Kutadza kushanda ikoko kunogona kusiyana: zvinhu zvinogona kuyera mavhoti zvichienderana nekuchinjana kwemari ne cooperative, kuendeswa kwezvinhu, kana chimwe chiyero chakanangana, uye ma cooperative mazhinji makuru anoita izvozvo chaizvo. Kuvhota kwakasimba kuri pamutemo, asi kunofanira kuva sarudzo yekuzvisarudzira yakanyorwa muzvinyorwa pane kufunga nezveramangwana.

Bhodhi rinoita mabasa ezuva nezuva ekutarisira, rinomiririra sangano remubatanidzwa mukubata nevamwe vanhu, uye mhinduro dzemusangano mukuru. Nhengo dzebhodhi dzakanyoreswa muCommercial Register, uye rejista inoratidzawo chero muganho pasimba ravo rekumiririra sangano remubatanidzwa. Nekuti bhodhi rinoita zvibvumirano panzvimbo yesangano rine nhengo dzaro, kusawirirana kwezvido kunogona kuitika pano pane muBV, uye zvinyorwa zvinofanira kutaura kuti zvinoitwa sei.

Nhengo yacho pachayo inotongwa nezviri mubumbiro remitemo: ndiani anogona kujoina, zvichienderana nemamiriro api ezvinhu, chii chinofanira kuendeswa kana kutengwa nenhengo, chii chinoitika pakusiya basa kana kudzingwa, uye kana nhengo ine kodzero yekuwana chero chinhu pakubva. Izvi ndizvo zvinokonzeresa kusawirirana. Mubatanidzwa unobvumidza nhengo nerupo uye usingataure chinhu nezvekubuda uchazviona kana nhengo yakakura ichida kubva pakati pegore rezvemari.

Kusawirirana pakati penhengo

Nekuti sangano rekushandira pamwe rinosanganisa hukama hwekutengeserana nehukama hwehutungamiriri, gakava rinowanzo svika kumativi ese ari maviri panguva imwe chete: nhengo isingafariri mitengo kana kugoverwa kwebasa inhengo ine vhotiwo. Nyaya idzi ndidzo dzinofanira kudzivirirwa, uye dzinofanira kupa nzira yekuita sarudzo ichiri kushanda kana musangano wakakamurwa, zvikonzero uye maitiro ekudzingwa, uye nzira yekugadzirisa kusawirirana.

Kunze kwezvinyorwa, sangano remubatanidzwa ndeimwe yenzira dzepamutemo dzinoshandiswa kubvunza mibvunzo pamberi peOndernemingskamer (Enterprise Chamber), saka nhengo ine chinzvimbo chakakwana inogona kukumbira dare iroro kuti riongorore mutemo nemafambiro enyaya uye kuisa matanho echinguvana. Mitemo yemutemo yekukakavadzana uye zvinodiwa zvekubvumidzwa kwemaitiro iwayo zvakagadziriswa kubva musi wa1 Ndira 2025, uye zvinyorwa zvesangano zvakanyorwa kare kare zvakanyorwa zvichipesana nehurongwa hwekare. Sangano remubatanidzwa rinoongorora magwaro aro rine chikonzero chakanaka chekutarisa pfungwa iyoyo panguva imwe chete.

Kugadzira sangano rekubatsirana

Kubatanidzwa kwemakambani kunoda gwaro remutemo rine zvinyorwa zvesangano, rinoitwa pamberi pegweta remutemo wehurumende reDutch (notaris). Mubatanidzwa unotanga kushanda kana gwaro raitwa uye wozonyoreswa muCommercial Register, pamwe chete nenhengo dzebhodhi rawo nevaridzi vanobatsira zvikuru muUBO register. Sesangano rine nhengo, mubatanidzwa unoumbwa nenhengo dzinopfuura imwe chete; mubatanidzwa wenhengo imwe chete inyaya inopesana, uye muzvinabhizinesi anoda sangano remunhu mumwe chete anofanira kunge achitarisa BV.

Zvinhu izvi ndizvo zviri pabasa. Zvinofanira kutaura zita, kusanganisira chivakashure chakakodzera, chigaro, nechinangwa maererano nechikamu 2:53, uye zvinofanirwa kubata nezvekubvumidzwa nekubviswa kwenhengo, zvinosungirwa nhengo kumubatanidzwa, kuvhota, kuumbwa nesimba rebhodhi, gore rezvemari uye kugoverwa kwepurofiti nekurasikirwa. Kuzvigadzirisa gare gare kunoda rimwe gwaro rekunyora uye huwandu hwezvinyorwa zvinorayirwa, saka zvakakodzera kupedza nguva pazviri pakutanga.

Pamwe chete nezvinyorwa izvi, ma cooperative mazhinji anoshanda anoda chibvumirano chenhengo kana seti yemitemo inobata neruzivo rwekutengeserana: zvisungo zvekusvika, mwero wemhando, mitengo, magoverwo anoitwa mabasa pakati penhengo, zvakavanzika uye kusakwikwidzana. Nyaya idzodzo hadzisi dzezvinyorwa, izvo zviri pachena, uye zvinochinja kazhinji kupfuura zvingateverwa negwaro re notarial.

Mabasa ekunyoresa anotevera maitiro akajairwa esangano reDutch: kupinda muCommercial Register, kunyoresa neBelastingdienst yemitero yemari yekambani neVAT, kunyoresa mihoro kana sangano richishandisa vashandi, uye chero rezenisi rakanangana nechikamu. Kana sangano recooperative risina kubvisa mutoro wenhengo, runyorwa rwegore negore rwenhengo runofanirawo kunyorwa.

Purofiti, kugoverwa uye mutero

Mubatanidzwa unogona kugovera purofiti yawo kunhengo dzawo, uye ndiwo musiyano mukuru wekutengeserana kubva kusangano renguva dzose. Maitiro eDutch anosiyanisa zvinhu zviviri zvemhedzisiro yacho. Chikamu chinokonzerwa nekutengeserana kwakaitwa nenhengo pachadzo kuburikidza nemubatanidzwa chinotsanangurwa severlengstukwinst, purofiti yekuwedzera, nekuti hupfumi inoramba ichienderera mberi nebhizinesi renhengo kuburikidza nemubatanidzwa. Chimwe chasara ipurofiti yemubatanidzwa, iyo inogona kuchengetwa kuti idyarwe kana kugoverwa pasi pezvinyorwa.

Sangano remubatanidzwa rinobhadhariswa mutero wemari yekambani sesangano repamutemo, uye mabatirwo emari inobhadharwa kunhengo inyaya ine zvinodiwa zvaro zvepamutemo. Mitengo, mabhureki uye mamiriro akabatana nekubviswa kwepurofiti yekuwedzera zvinhu zvinoitwa nemupi wezano wemitero uye zvinochinja gore negore; hatizviise pachena pano uye hatipi mazano pamusoro pekugadzirisa mitero. Chatinopa mazano pamusoro penyaya yepamutemo: kuti kodzero yekugoverwa inotsanangurwa sei muzvinyorwa, kuti inogona kuchinjwa sei, uye kuti nhengo inokodzera kuwana chii painobva.

PaVAT, cooperative inowanzova munhu anobhadhariswa mutero, saka, kazhinji, nhengo dzayo. Kana nhengo dzinozvishandira dzichibhadharisa cooperative pabasa radzo, dzinobhadharisa VAT pamainvoice iwayo, uye cooperative inobhadharisa mutengi. Kuyerera ikoko kunofanirwa kugadziriswa nemazvo pakutanga, nekuti cooperative inoshandiswa nevashandi vega kuti vawane basa pamwe chete ndiyo chaiyo mamiriro ayo mibvunzo yeVAT nepamubhadharo inomuka.

Izvi zvinotungamirira kunyevero inonyanya kukosha kuma cooperative evanhu vanozvishandira. Chokwadi chekuti nyanzvi inhengo ye cooperative hachiratidzi kuti ivo vakazvimirira kwete mushandi webato ravanoshandira. Kurongwa kwehukama hwebasa kunotongwa nepfungwa dzahwo, uye cooperative haigone kuvanza hukama hwebasa kupfuura chero chimwe chibvumirano. Nhengo dze cooperative yevanhu vanozvishandira dzinofanirawo kutarisa kuti chibvumirano ichi chinorevei pachinzvimbo chavo painishuwarenzi yemagariro evanhu.

Kana sangano rekubatsirana riri fomu rakakodzera, uye risiri iro

Sangano reDutch cooperative rinoshanda zvakanaka apo boka remabhizinesi akazvimirira rinoda kuita chimwe chinhu pamwe chete risina kubatana: kutenga pamwe chete kuti vawane mamiriro ari nani, kutengesa kana kugadzirisa pamwe chete, kugovera nzvimbo, masisitimu kana hofisi yekumashure, kana kupa bato rimwe chete rinoita chibvumirano kune vatengi nepo nhengo yega yega ichiramba iine bhizinesi rayo. Rinoshandiswa mumabasa ese ekurima eDutch, emagetsi, ekutengesa, ehutano uye ehunyanzvi, uye riri kusarudzwa zvakanyanya nemapoka evashandi vanozvishandira vanoda mumwe chete wepamutemo wevatengi vasina kusiya rusununguko rwavo.

Hazvina kunaka mumamiriro matatu. Kana vanoisa mari vekunze vachida kutora chikamu muchikamu chemari uye vachitarisira kutonga zvichienderana nemari inoiswa, BV ndiyo fomu yechisikigo; cooperative ine nhengo, kwete vagovani, uye haigone kuzadzisa zvinodiwa. Kana sarudzo dzichifanira kuitwa nekukurumidza uye pasina mumwe munhu, democracy yenhengo imutengo kwete bhenefiti. Uye kana zvido zvenhengo zvakasiyana, fomu iyi inopa boka rega rega izwi uye hapana nzira yekugadzirisa dambudziko kunze kweiyo inogadzirwa nezvinyorwa.

Nyaya yezvemari inofanirwa kufungwa zvakasiyana. Mubatanidzwa hauna mari yemasheya, saka masheya anobva mumipiro yenhengo uye purofiti yakachengetedzwa, uye vanokweretesa vanowanzo kumbira nhengo kuti dzipe dziviriro kana vimbiso. Izvi zvinogona kudzoreredza mukana wekuti nhengo dzemubatanidzwa weUA dzionekwe, ndosaka chimiro chemari chichifanira kuongororwa pamwe chete nesarudzo yehutongi hwemhosva pane kuti chisazoitika.

Mafungiro asina kujairika

Chekutanga ndechekuti masangano ekubatsirana ibasa rekurima. Haasi: chimiro ichi chinoshandiswa mumagetsi, hutano, zvitoro, kutakura, mabasa ehunyanzvi uye nemapoka evanhu vanoshanda vega, uye kukwezva kwacho kwakavakirwa pachimiro kwete muzvikamu.

Chechipiri ndechekuti sangano remubatanidzwa harigone kuwana kana kugovera purofiti. Rinogona kuita zvese zviri zviviri, chero bedzi zvinyorwa zvichiti kugoverwa kwacho kuchibatsira nhengo. Ndiyo pfungwa chaiyo inosiyana nesangano remazuva ose.

Chechitatu ndechekuti nhengo dzeUA dzemubatanidzwa hadzimbofi dzakafumurwa. Kusabatwa kwemhosva pasi pechinyorwa 2:56 kune chekuita nekushomeka kwemari. Hazvibatanidzi vimbiso yemunhu pachake yakapihwa kubhangi, mutoro wemutungamiriri wekutarisira zvisina kunaka, kana chisungo icho nhengo ine chikwereti kumubatanidzwa pasi pezvinyorwa kana chibvumirano chenhengo, senge chisungo chekuendesa kana mupiro.

Chechina ndechekuti mabhii ari muzita anogona kuchinjana. Imashoko kumusika pamusoro pekuti njodzi iri papi, anoona kana runyorwa rwegore negore rwenhengo ruchifanira kunyorwa, uye kuchinja mutemo kunoda kugadziriswa kwezvinyorwa negwaro rekunyora.

Kugumisa nhengo, uye kugumisa kubatana

Nhengo inoguma nekusiya basa, nekudzingwa, nerufu rwemunhu chaiye kana kuparara kwenhengo, kana nekubatana pachako kusavapo. Nyaya idzi dzinoratidza nguva yekuzivisa uye nguva iyo kusiya basa kunotanga kushanda, uye dzinofanirawo kutaura kuti nhengo iri kusiya basa ine kodzero yei uye kuti ichiri nechikwereti chei. Kana pasina chakabvumiranwa, gakava pamusoro pezvakanaka, nezvekukosha kweakaundi yenhengo uye nezvezvisungo zvinoenderera mberi zvekuendesa mari ndiwo mhedzisiro inofungidzirwa.

Mubatanidzwa wacho pachawo unoparadzwa nechisarudzo chemusangano mukuru, mushure mezvo midziyo yawo inobviswa, vanokweretesa vanobhadharwa uye chero yasara inogoverwa sezvinotaurwa nemagwaro, isati yabviswa paCommercial Register. Kana midziyo ikasakwana, mutemo wezvikwereti zvenhengo unova wakakosha: mumubatanidzwa weUA, kushomeka kunongova kurasikirwa kune vanokweretesa, nepo mumubatanidzwa weBA kana WA nhengo nevaimbova nhengo vanokurudzirwa kuti vape mipiro. Ndiyo nguva iyo sarudzo yakaitwa mugwaro rekubatanidzwa, dzimwe nguva makore apfuura uye kazhinji pasina kufunga zvakawanda, inoburitsa mhedzisiro yayo.

Law and More inopa mazano kune vemabhizinesi, mapoka enyanzvi nemakambani aripo muNetherlands pamusoro pekusarudza fomu repamutemo, pamusoro pekuti kambani yemubatanidzwa yeDutch ndiyo nzira yakakodzera here, kunyora zvinyorwa zvesangano uye zvibvumirano zvenhengo, gadziriro dzekubvumidzwa nekubuda, hurongwa hwekutonga nekuvhota, uye gakava pakati penhengo kana nebhodhi. Kana uri kufunga nezvekugadzira kambani yemubatanidzwa, kana kuti zvinyorwa zvako zviripo hazvichaenderani nemashandiro anoita kambani yemubatanidzwa, magweta emakambani pa mutemo & More vachafara kukupa mazano.