Kurera vana pamwe chete muNetherlands kunobva pamatanho matatu epamutemo: simba revabereki (gezag), iro rinosarudza kuti ndiani angatora sarudzo dzakakosha; imba huru yemwana (hoofdverblijfplaats), iyo inogadzirisa hwaro hwezuva nezuva; uye hurongwa hwekuchengeta nekuonana (zorgregeling kana omgangsregeling), iyo inogovanisa nguva. Vabereki vakaparadzana vane simba rekugovana vanofanira kunyora izvi muchirongwa chekurera vana (ouderschapsplan). Kana vasingabvumirane, mumwe wavo anogona kuendesa gakava kudare pasi pechinyorwa 1:253a cheDutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW), iyo inosarudza zvinofarirwa nemwana.
Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura mashandiro anoita zvinhu izvi mukuita: ndiani ane simba uye kuti rinowanikwa sei, zvinodiwa nemutemo kuti hurongwa hwekurera vana hugadziriswe, kuti pekugara nekuchengetwa kwevana zvinokamurwa sei, kuti mari yekuchengetedza vana inoverengwa sei uye inounganidzwa sei, zvekuita kana mamiriro ezvinhu achinja, uye kuti ndeapi mitemo inoshanda kumazororo, kufamba uye kutama kwevana. Manzwiro acho anoshanda, nekuti gakava zhinji rekurera vana pamwe chete harisi repasi pemutemo asi rinoonekwa pamapepa, nguva yekupedzisira uye zvisarudzo zvemunhu mumwe chete.
Zvinorevei kuva nevana pamwe chete pasi pemutemo weDutch
Mutemo weDutch haushandisi izwi rekuti co-parenting sechikamu chepamutemo. Hapana tsananguro yepamutemo ye co-ouderschap uye hapana mutemo wekuti nguva inofanira kugovaniswa makumi mashanu nemakumi mashanu. Zvinotevedzwa nemutemo zvakamanikana uye zvinobatsira: ndiani ane simba remubereki, mwana ane pekugara papi, kuti kutarisirwa nekubatana zvinogovaniswa sei, uye kuti ndiani anopa mari yemwana. Zvese zvinonzi nevabereki vakaparadzana co-parenting inzira yekuzadza mibvunzo mina iyoyo.
Nheyo mbiri dzinoshanda mune zvese izvi. Chekutanga ndechekuti zvinodiwa nemwana ndizvo zvinotongwa nehurongwa hwese, kwete kuti vabereki vade kubatsirwa. Chechipiri ndechekuti vabereki vese varambe vaine basa rekusimudzira hukama pakati pemwana nemumwe mubereki, hwakatarwa muchikamu 1:247 ndima 3 BW. Basa iroro rine chekuita nekushanda: mubereki anodzivisa kusangana, kana anoshandisa mwana semutumwa, anoshayisa simba chinzvimbo chake mune chero nzira inotevera.
Pfungwa yechitatu inowanzo furatirwa. Kubva pazera remakore gumi nemaviri, mwana anofanira kupihwa mukana wekunzwikwa nedare munyaya dzine chekuita nemasimba, pekugara, kuonana uye kuchengetedza (chinyorwa 809 cheMutemo weMaitiro eVanhu, Rv). Dare rinogonawo kunzwa vana vadiki. Kana zvido zvemwana nezvevabereki zvichipesana zvechokwadi, dare rinogona kusarudza mumiriri wemwana, mutariri webijzondere, pasi pechinyorwa 1:250 BW.
Simba remubereki: ndiani ane simba iri uye ndiani anosarudza kuti chii
Simba revabereki rinofukidza kutarisirwa nekurerwa kwemwana, kutarisirwa kwepfuma yemwana uye kumiririrwa kwemutemo. Muchokwadi isimba rekutora sarudzo dzinokosha: sarudzo yechikoro, kurapwa kusiri kwenguva dzose, kunyoreswa nachiremba, kunyorera pasipoti, uye kwaanogara mwana.
Kuti simba rinomuka sei zvinoenderana nehukama huripo pakati pevabereki. Vabereki vakaroora kana kuroorwa nevakaroorana vakanyoreswa vane simba rekubatana otomatiki. Kune vabereki vasina kuroora kana kuroorwa, chinzvimbo chakachinja musi wa1 Ndira 2023: kubva pazuva iroro, mumwe munhu asina kuroora kana kuroorwa anobvuma mwana (erkenning) anowana simba rekubatana rekuva mubereki nekushanda kwemutemo pamwe chete naamai, chero bedzi kubvuma kwacho kuchiitika musi iwoyo kana kuti mushure mawo. Kutenda kwakaitwa musi wa1 Ndira 2023 usati wasvika hakuratidzi simba rekudzoka shure, saka vabereki vari munzvimbo iyoyo vachiri kuda kunyoresa pamwe chete murejista yehurumende (gezagsregister) kana, kana chibvumirano chikakundikana, sarudzo yedare.
Kurambana kana kuparadzana hakuchinje simba. Simba rekubatana rinongoramba riripo mushure mekunge hukama hwapera, uye rinoramba richida sarudzo dzekubatana panyaya huru. Simba reumwe chete ndiro rinosiyana: dare rinongoripa chete kana simba rekubatana richiita njodzi isingagamuchirwi yekuti mwana achava pakati pevabereki, uye kana pasina imwe nzira inopa kuvandudzwa kwakakwana. Muganho iwoyo wakakwira, uye hausanganiswi nekukakavadzana kwakajairika mushure mekuparadzana.
Chikamu chezuva nezuva chakakodzera kunyorwa pasi zvakajeka. Sarudzo dzezuva nezuva ndedzemubereki ari kugara nemwana panguva iyoyo: nguva yekurara, basa rechikoro, kuenda kuna chiremba wepfungwa kana pahuro panorwadza. Sarudzo dzinopfuura zuva ndedzese. Kudoma mapoka acho pachine nguva ndiyo nzira imwe chete inoshanda yekudzivisa kupomerwa sarudzo yemunhu mumwe chete. Ongororo yedu yenyaya dzesimba revabereki inoratidza nzira dzekuita kana chibvumirano chikatadza kushanda.
Hurongwa hwekurera vana: zvinodiwa nemutemo weDutch
Hurongwa hwekurera vana hausi hwekusarudza. Kana vakaroorana kana vakaroorana vakanyoreswa vane vana vadiki vari pasi pechikumbiro chavo chekurambana, chikamu 815 ndima 2 Rv chinovaraira kuti vanyorese hurongwa hwekurera vana nechikumbiro. Vabereki vasina kuroorana vanoshandisa simba pamwe chete uye vanogumisa hukama hwavo vane chisungo chakafanana kuburikidza nechikamu 1:247a BW. Chikumbiro chakaendeswa pasina hurongwa, uye pasina tsananguro chaiyo yekuti nei chisingakwanise kuburitswa zvine musoro, chinogona kunzi hachigamuchirwi.
Zviri mumutemo zvakapfupikiswa uye zvakananga. Chikamu 815 ndima 3 Rv chinoda zvibvumirano pakugovaniswa kwemabasa ekuchengeta nekurera kana kurongana, nzira iyo vabereki vachazivisana nekubvunzana nezvenyaya dzakakosha dzine chekuita nemwana nepfuma yemwana, uye pamusoro pemari yekuchengetwa nekurera. Chikumbiro chinofanirawo kutaura kuti vana vakabatanidzwa sei mukugadzira chirongwa ichi, ndosaka matare achitarisira zvinopfuura siginecha patemplate.
Kupfuura zvinodiwa nemutemo, zvirongwa zvinoshanda ndizvo chaizvo. Chirongwa cheouderschapsplan chinoshanda chinodudza rota yevhiki nevhiki pazuva nenguva, chinotaura nzvimbo yekupihwa kwemwana uye kuti ndiani anotyaira, chinopa mazororo echikoro nemazororo everuzhinji pagore, chinotara nguva yekuzivisa yekuchinjana, chinonyora nzira yakabvumiranwa yekukumbira mvumo nenguva yekupindura, chinonyora mari dzinogoverwa uye kuti muhuwandu hupi, uye chinotaura kuti vabereki vachaedza kutaurirana vasati vaendesa chikumbiro kudare. Chinofanirawo kuisa nguva yekuongorora, nekuti chirongwa chakanyorwa mwana ava nemakore mana hachizokwaniri mwana iyeye ava nemakore gumi nerimwe.
Chirongwa ichi pachacho chibvumirano pakati pevabereki. Chinozoshanda nesimba kana dare rikachiisa mumutemo wekurambana kana mumutemo wakasiyana, unova tsika yakajairika pakurambana uye unofanirwa kurongwa nemaune kana vabereki vasati varoorana. Pasina izvozvo, kumanikidza zvinoreva kutanga wawana sarudzo, iyo inotora nguva chaiyo kana nguva iri pfupi.
Mwana anogara kupi uye kuti kutarisirwa kwake kwakakamurwa sei
Iyo hoofdverblijfplaats ndiyo kero iyo mwana anonyoreswa mudhatabhesi rezvinyorwa zvemunhu zvekanzuru. Iyo inomiririra manejimendi ine mhedzisiro chaiyo: inosarudza kanzuru yekunyoresa, inofambisa kunyoreswa kwechikoro, uye inotungamira kuti ndeupi mubereki anogamuchira rubatsiro rwemwana uye bhajeti rine chekuita nemwana kubva kuvakuru vemitero. Haisarudze kuti mwana anopedza nguva yakawanda sei nemubereki wega wega, uye haiiti kuti mubereki anonyoresa ave iye anonyanya kukosha.
Kugovaniswa kwenguva inyaya yakasiyana, inotongwa nehurongwa hwekuchengeta vabereki vane simba pamwe chete (zorgregeling) kana, apo mubereki mumwe chete ane simba, nehurongwa hwekuonana hwechinyorwa 1:377a BW. Pakutanga kwechinyorwa 1:377a BW ndechekuti mwana nemubereki asina simba vese vane kodzero yekuonana. Dare rinoramba kana kuganhurira kusangana chete nezvikonzero zvidiki zvakanyorwa muchinyorwa ichocho, zvakaita sekukuvadza kukuru kukura kwepfungwa kana kwemuviri kwemwana, kana mwana ane makore gumi nemaviri kana kupfuura anoramba nezvikonzero zvakakomba.
Hapana murairo wepamutemo we rota. Kuchinjana kwemavhiki, maitiro mashanu, maviri, maviri, mashanu, mavhiki, uye manheru pakati pevhiki zvose zvinoitika, uye mhinduro chaiyo inoenderana nezera remwana, daro riri pakati pedzimba uye maitiro ekushanda evabereki vese. Chinokosha pamutemo ndechekuti urongwa hwacho hushande, hunofungidzirwa uye hunocherechedzwa zvechokwadi. Mubereki anodzosa mwana nguva nenguva kunonoka, kana anodzima kubatana kwemwana ari ega, anogadzira chinyorwa chakaoma kutsanangura gare gare.
Kupa vana vana kunofanirwa kuva nemutemo wavo. Kubvumirana kuti mubereki ane nguva iri kupera ndiye anounza mwana, pane kuti mumwe mubereki atore vana, kunobvisa kusawirirana pasuo kunoshandura shanduko kuita nzvimbo dzinonetsa. Kana paine kusawirirana, nzvimbo yekupa vana isina kwayakarerekera yakadai sechikoro kana nzvimbo yekuchengetera vana inoshanda zviri nani pane chero imba. Nyaya yedu pamusoro pekutaurirana panguva yekurambana nevana inopinda muchikamu chinoshanda, uye mutemo wekuchengeta vana weDutch unotsanangura zvakadzama hurongwa hwacho.
Mari yekuchengetedza mwana uye mari inoshandiswa pamwe chete
Vabereki vese vane chikwereti chemari yekuchengeta nekukura kwemwana wavo, zvichienderana nekwavanowana. Mutoro uyu unoshanda kusvika mwana asvitsa makore gumi nemasere uye wozoenderera mberi nenzira yakagadziriswa: kune vechidiki vari pakati pemakore gumi nemasere nemakumi maviri nerimwe, chitsauko 1:395a BW chinoisa mutoro wekuchengeta vabereki pasina mwana kuratidza kuti anoda nenzira yakajairika. Kubva pamakore makumi maviri nerimwe zvichienda mberi, kuchengetedza kunongodiwa chete kana mwana asingakwanisi kuzviriritira.
Mari yacho haigadzirwe nemutemo. Matare eDutch anoshandisa gwara rekuchengetedza rakagadzirwa neboka renyanzvi pamusoro pemitemo yekuchengetedza yematare edzimhosva, anowanzozivikanwa seTremanormen. Gwara iroro rinoshanda mumatanho maviri. Kutanga zvinodiwa nemwana zvinoonekwa, uchishandisa matafura akavakirwa pakutsvaga kwemari inoshandiswa nemhuri nemari inowanikwa nemhuri isati yaparadzana. Zvadaro, kugona kwemubereki wega wega kubhadhara kunoverengerwa kubva pamari inowanikwa, nemari yakatarwa yekurarama, uye mhedzisiro yacho inogoverwa pakati pevabereki zvichienderana nekugona ikoko, nekugadzirisa kutarisirwa kunoitwa nemubereki anobhadhara pachake. Gwaro iri harisi mutemo uye dare rinogona kurisiya, asi chikumbiro chisingariteereri hachiwanzopona.
Zvinhu zviviri zvinokonzera nharo zhinji. Chekutanga i indexation: mari yekuchengetedza inogadziriswa nedare kana muchibvumirano inogadziriswa nemutemo musi wa1 Ndira gore rega rega, nechikamu chinotarwa neGurukota rezvemitemo nekuchengetedzwa uye chinoburitswa pachine nguva. Vabereki vanokanganwa izvi vanounganidza zvikwereti zvisina kubhadharwa vasingazvizivi. Chechipiri ikuunganidza. Kana muripo usingaitwe, National Maintenance Collection Agency (Landelijk Bureau Inning Onderhoudsbijdragen, LBIO) inogona kutora mari kubva kumubereki anogamuchira pasina muripo kumubereki iyeye, chero bedzi paine kodzero yekuchengeta uye zvikwereti zvichienzaniswa nemamiriro ayo; LBIO inobhadharisa mukwereti mari yekuwedzera pamusoro pemari inofanirwa kubhadharwa, izvo zvinoita kuti kusabhadhara kudhure pane kungonetsa.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvinogoverwa zvakasiyana nekuchengetedza uye zvinofanira kutariswa saizvozvo muchirongwa chekurera vana. Mari yemitambo, nzendo dzekuchikoro, maodhoni, magirazi uye kuchengetwa kwevana ndizvo zvinowanzo shandiswa. Fomura inoshanda irunyorwa rwezvikamu, chikamu chakapatsanurwa, muganho uri pamusoro apo mvumo yakanyorwa inodiwa usati wabhadhara, uye nguva yakatarwa yekutumira risiti. Kubhadhara nekutumira mari nebhangi nereferensi yakajeka, kwete nemari, kunoshandura muripo wese kuita humbowo. Chinyorwa chedu pamusoro pekuti mubhadharo wekuchengetedza unopera rinotsanangura zvakadzama nezvenguva yacho.
Kana zvirongwa zvichifanira kuchinja: kupindirana, dare uye kutevedzera mitemo
Kuronga zvinhu kunopera. Basa idzva, chikoro chitsva, kutama, mudiwa mutsva kana mwana ari kukura zvinogona kuita kuti munhu anoshanda asashande. Mutemo uyu paunenge uchikurukurwa haufadzi asi wakasimba: zviri kushanda zvinoramba zvichishanda. Mubereki anorega kutevedzera mutemo uyu nekuti anoona kuti chibvumirano chacho hachina kururama haasi kushandisa kodzero yake; ari kukonzera kutyorwa kwemutemo uko mumwe mubereki anogona kuita.
Nzira yekutanga ndeyekubvumirana, kana zvichidikanwa nemurevereri. Kurevereri kunokurumidza uye kwakachipa pane maitiro, uye kunoburitsa addendum iyo vabereki vese vanosaina uye inogona kuendeswa kudare kuti ibatanidzwe mumurairo. Kana vabereki vasingabvumirani, chinyorwa 1:253a BW chinopa chero mubereki ane simba rakabatana kodzero yekuendesa gakava kudare redunhu. Chisungo ichocho chakafara: chinofukidza kugoverwa kwekuchengeta, pekugara pakuru, ruzivo nekubvunzana, uye chero gakava ripi zvaro mukushandiswa kwesimba rakabatana. Dare rinosarudza sezvarinoona serinobatsira mwana, uye rinogona kuisa hurongwa hwakati pane kungotonga pane chikumbiro chiri pamberi paro. Kumiririrwa kwemutemo negweta kunodiwa pamatanho aya.
Kutevedzwa kwemutemo ibasa rakaitwa. Kana murairo kana chirongwa chekurera vana chisina kuteererwa, mutongi wenguva pfupi anogona kubatanidza muripo wechirango pakutevedzera mitemo, uye muzviitiko zvakakomba dare rinogona kuraira kuti mwana aendeswe mumaoko ake nerubatsiro rwemapurisa, kana kuti murairo wekupa mhosva. Izvi zvinhu zvinorema uye matare haazvishandisi zvakanyanya, nekuti zvinosanganisa mwana zvakananga. Kana dambudziko guru riri kukura kwemwana kwete kusateerera kwevabereki, kutumira kuBhodhi reKutarisira Vana neDziviriro (Raad voor de Kinderbescherming) uye, pakupedzisira, murairo wekutarisira mhuri pasi pechinyorwa 1:255 BW ungave nzira yakakodzera.
Zvinhu zviviri zvinosarudza kuti maitiro aya anofamba sei. Chekutanga inzira yekunyora: maemail ane mazuva, karenda yakagovaniswa, kutumira mari kubhangi nemazita evana, uye rondedzero yekutumira zvinhu zvisina kufambiswa zvakanaka kana kunonoka zvine huremu hwakakura kupfuura kurangarira. Chechipiri inzwi. Mashoko akanyorwa nehasha anoverengwa mudare, uye mubereki akachengeta meseji yese seyebhizinesi uye akatarisana nemwana haawanzozvidembi.
Mazororo, kufamba uye kutamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo
Mazororo anonyanya kugoverwa gore riri pamberi pemwana nekunyora, achichinjana mazuva akakosha uye achiisa nguva yekupedzisira iyo mubereki wega wega anofanira kutaura zvaanoda. Chinhu chinodzivirira nharo zhinji inguva yekuzivisa: mutemo wekuti zvirongwa zvezororo zvinochinjaniswa zuva rakatarwa gore rega rega risati rasvika, uye kuti kuchinjana kunokumbirwa nhamba yakatarwa yemavhiki pachine nguva, zvinobvisa kumanikidzwa kweminiti yekupedzisira kunoita kuti chibvumirano chisakwanise.
Kufamba nemwana kunze kwenyika kunoda mvumo yevabereki vese vari vaviri kwavane mvumo yekutonga. Vakuru vepamuganhu weDutch nemakambani endege vanogara vachikumbira mubereki ari kufamba ega nemwana kuti ape mvumo yakanyorwa kubva kune mumwe mubereki, uye Royal Netherlands Marechaussee inoburitsa fomu rekubvumirana rechinangwa ichi, rinofanira kutakurwa pamwe chete nemakopi emagwaro ekuti vabereki vese vari vaviri vazivikanwe. Mwana anoda pasipoti yake kana kadhi rake rekuti azivikanwe, uye kunyorera rimwe kunoda mvumo yevari vaviri vane mvumo. Kana mvumo ikarambidzwa pasina chikonzero chakanaka, mvumo yekutsiva inogona kukumbirwa kudare.
Kutamiswa kwemwana ndiyo nyaya yakaoma zvikuru. Mubereki ane simba rekubatana pamwe chete haafanire kutamisa imba yemwana ari ega, kwete muNetherlands uye kwete kunze kwenyika. Kana mumwe mubereki akaramba mvumo, mubereki ari kutamiswa anofanira kukumbira mvumo kudare pasi pechinyorwa 1:253a BW asati atama. Dare rinoongorora mamiriro ezvinhu ese: kukosha kwekutama, kuti kwakafungwa kusvika papi uye dzimwe nzira dzakafungwa, kana mubereki ari kutamiswa akapa mari yekutaurirana, zera remwana nemaonero emwana, daro uye mutoro wekufamba, migumisiro yemari, uye kuti kusangana nemumwe mubereki kunogona kuchengetedzwa sei zvechokwadi. Hapana chinhu chimwe chete chinosarudza, uye kodzero yemubereki ari kutamiswa kuronga hupenyu hwake chimwe chezvinhu zvakawanda pane kungogunun'una.
Kutamira kunze kwenyika nemwana pasina mvumo inodiwa kana mvumo yedare hakusi kusateerera mutemo wemhuri asi kubiwa kwemwana pasi rose. Zvikumbiro zvekudzoserwa pasi peMusangano weHague we1980 zvakanangana nedare redunhu muThe Hague, uye kubvisa mwana kubva kuchiremera chepamutemo imhosvawo pasi pechikamu 279 cheCriminal Code. Munhu wese ari kufunga nezvekutamira kunze kwenyika, kana kutarisana neimwe, anofanira kubvunza asati atora chero chinhu, kwete mushure mezvo. Izvi zvinoshandawo kurwendo rurefu rwekunze kwenyika runodzikisa nguva yemumwe mubereki.
Zvokuita zvinotevera
Nzira inoshanda iri nyore. Tanga waona kana mese muri vaviri muine simba rekuva mubereki, uye kana kubvuma kwacho kuripo 2023 isati yasvika, tarisa rejista yesimba pane kufungidzira. Wobva waisa gadziriro yacho papepa: rota, kupihwa, mazororo, zvikamu zvekubvumirana, kugovana ruzivo, mari uye nguva yekuongorora. Ita kuti chirongwa ichocho chibatanidzwe mudare redzimhosva kwaunogona, nekuti chirongwa chakabatanidzwa chinogona kusimbiswa uye chega chinofanira kutanga chamiswa mudare. Gadzira karenda yakagovaniswa uye nzira imwe chete yakanyorwa, uye chengeta mari dziri kuteverwa.
Kana hurongwa hwacho hwatove kupokana, gadzirisai kutevedzana kwete manzwiro. Rambai muchitevedzera zviri kushanda, nyorai chikumbiro chenyu nesarudzo mbiri kana nhatu dzinoshanda, taurai nezvekutaurirana, uye chengetedzai humbowo hwezvakaitika chaizvo. Kana izvozvo zvikasashanda, chikumbiro chiri pasi pechinyorwa 1:253a BW chinowanikwa uye hachidi kuti mumwe mubereki abatane.
Law and More inopa mazano kuvabereki nezvezvirongwa zvekurera vana, masimba avo, pekugara, marongero ekuchengeta vana, kutamira kune imwe nyika uye nyaya dzemunyika dzakasiyana, uye inovamiririra mumatare edzimhosva kana chibvumirano chikasakwanisika. Kana muchida kuti mamiriro enyu ezvinhu aongororeke, kana kuti chibvumirano chiripo chiongororwe chisati chava gakava, ndapota taurai nedare redu. chikwata chemutemo wemhuriyedu; gwara remutemo wemhuri uye ongororo yedu ye nyaya dzekurambana dzakakwikwidzana tsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu akafara.
