Chibvumirano cheCMR chinotonga zvibvumirano zvekutakura zvinhu pasi rose nemugwagwa. Chinoshanda otomatiki chero kupi zvako kwavanenge vachitakura zvinhu uye kwavanenge vachitumira zvinhu munyika dzakasiyana uye mumwe wavo anenge ari mubato reChibvumirano, uye chinoshanda kunyangwe mapato acho achitaura nezvazvo kana kuti kwete: zvibvumirano zvinobva pazviri zvichikanganisa mubereko wezvinhu hazvina basa.
Mitemo miviri ndiyo inosarudza gakava guru. Mutakuri ane mhosva yekurasikirwa, kukuvara kana kunonoka pakati pekutora zvinhu nekuzviendesa, kunze kwekunge achigona kushandisa chimwe chezvibvumirano zvinobvumidza, uye mutoro wake wakaganhurirwa ku8.33 units yeakaundi pakirogiramu yehuremu hwakaderera - muganho unogona kutyorwa chete nekutadza nemaune kana nekuzivisa kukosha kwakakwira mutsamba yekutumira mari kana muripo. Zvikumbiro zvinoiswa pasi penguva yekuganhurirwa kwegore rimwe, inowedzerwa kusvika kumakore matatu kana paine kusaita nemaune. Chinyorwa ichi chinotsanangura zvinosungirwa nebato rega rega, basa retsamba yekutumira yeCMR uye kuti zvikumbiro zvinobatwa sei.
Chii chinonzi CMR Convention?
Chibvumirano cheCMR ndicho hwaro hwekutakura migwagwa yepasi rose uye inotonga kodzero nezvisungo zvevose vanobatanidzwa. Mugwaro iri, iwe uchadzidza zvese nezve CMR Kokorodzano, kushanda kwayo uye kuti iwe, semutyairi wekutakura, unogona sei kubatsirwa zvakanyanya kubva kune uyu mutemo wepasirese.
Chibvumirano cheCMR (Convention relative au Contrat de Transport International de Marchandises par Route), chibvumirano pamusoro pechibvumirano chekutakura zvinhu pasi rose nemugwagwa, chinoumba hwaro hwepamutemo hwekutakura zvinhu mumigwagwa pakati penyika dzinopfuura makumi mashanu nematanhatu pasi rose. Chibvumirano ichi chepasi rose chinosimbisa mitemo yakafanana yemhosva, magwaro uye kugadzirisa gakava, zvichidzivirira vatakuri nevanotumira zvinhu mukutakura kwenyika. Chibvumirano ichi chakagadzirwa neUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). Nyika dzinenge dzese dzemuEurope dzakabvumidza Chibvumirano cheCMR, zvichiratidza kushandiswa kwacho kwakapararira munharaunda iyi.
Muchirongwa ichi chakazara, tinofukidza:
- Tsanangudzo uye akakosha pfungwa dzeCMR Kokorodzano
- Kushanda kwekushandisa uye zvinyorwa zvinodiwa
- Mitemo yemhosva uye muripo
- Nhanho-ne-nhanho kuita kwekambani yako
- Kukanganisa kwakajairika uye nzira yekuzvidzivisa
- Mienzaniso inoshanda uye mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa
Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha kune vanotakura zvinhu, vatakuri vengarava, vanopa masevhisi uye chero ani zvake ane chekuita nekutakurwa kwezvinhu nemugwagwa.
Kunzwisisa CMR Convention: pfungwa huru netsananguro
2.1 Tsananguro huru
Chibvumirano cheCMR chakasainwa muGeneva musi wa19 Chivabvu 1956 uye chave chichishanda kubvira musi wa14 Chikunguru 1960. CMR inoshanda kune chero chibvumirano chekutakura zvinhu nemugwagwa pakati pevanhu vari munyika dzakasiyana. Pamusoro pezvo, anotuma ane kodzero yekurasa zvinhu zvisati zvaendeswa.
Chidimburidzo cheCMR chinomirira zita rechiFrench regungano iri rinokosha rekufambisa. Iyo inonyatso gadzirisa kuyambuka-muganho kutakurwa kwezvinhu nemugwagwa pakati peNhengo dzeNyika, apo imwe yenyika dzinotanga kana kupera chifambiso inofanira kunge iri bato kugungano. Nhamba iri kukura yenyika dzeAsia dzave kubvumawo kuCMR Convention, ichiwedzera kuwedzera chiyero chayo.
Chikamu chekushandiswa kweCMR Convention:
- Kutakurwa kwezvinhu mumigwagwa yepasi rese zvekuhaya kana mubairo
- Zvifambiso pakati penyika dzakasiyana dziri mapato kugungano
- Inoshanda otomatiki pakutakura miganhu, zvisinei nezvibvumirano zvekondirakiti
- Zvishoma zvakasarudzika zveposvo, zvekuvigwa uye zvekubvisa
2.2 Mafungiro akakosha uye kubatana
Kokorodzano yeCMR inogadzira chinongedzo chakananga pakati pezvinhu zvina zvakakosha: iyo CMR consignment note segwaro, mutoro wemutakuri, kudzikiswa kwemuripo uye yunifomu mitemo yekugadzirisa gakava. Iyo CMR inoisa yunifomu yemhosva mitemo yekukuvadza muchiitiko chekurasikirwa kana kukuvadzwa kwemutoro. Mutakuri ane mhosva yekukuvadzwa, kurasikirwa kana kunonoka, kunze kwekunge achigona kuratidza kuti kukuvadzwa kwakakonzerwa neforce majeure, kukanganisa kudivi reanotumira, kana nemamiriro ezvinhu akadai sekurongedza kwakashata.
Zvisungo zvakakosha:
- Mandatory nature: Chisungo 41 CMR inorambidza kutsauka kwechibvumirano kubva kune zvakatemwa zvegungano
- Hukama kune multimodal transport: Chinyorwa 2 CMR inogadzirisa mashandisirwo mukutakura kwakasanganiswa (musanganiswa wemugwagwa / njanji / mvura)
- SDR Protocol ye1978: Inotema miganhu yemuripo muSpecial Drawing Rights
- Mutemo wenyika: CMR inotungamira pamusoro pemitemo yekufambisa yenyika mukufambisa kwenyika
Chibvumirano ichi chinotara kuti mapato haafanire kutsauka kubva pazviga zvekudzivirira, izvo zvinopa vese vanotakura uye vanotumira chokwadi chepamutemo muzviitiko zvekufambisa kwenyika.
Chikonzero nei CMR Convention ichikosha
Chibvumirano cheCMR chinopa mirairo yakafanana munyika dzinopfuura makumi mashanu nenhanhatu, ichivimbisa chokwadi chepamutemo uye kufanotaura mukufambisa kwemumigwagwa. Uku kumira kunodzivirira mapato ese uye kunoderedza zvakanyanya kuomarara kwemutemo.
Kongiri mabhenefiti echikamu chekutakura:
Chokwadi chepamutemo uye kufanotaura
- Mitemo yakamisikidzwa yemhosva inodzivirira vese vatakuri nevatakuri
- Matare echiDutch anoshandisa mitemo yakafanana nematare mune dzimwe nyika dzine chikamu chegungano
- Mhedzisiro inofanotaurwa mumakakatanwa nekuda kwekushandiswa kwakafanana
Mabhenefiti ehupfumi
- Kuwedzera kwekutengesa kuyerera nekuda kwekuderedzwa kwemutemo zvipingamupinyi
- Mari yekutengeserana yakaderera nekuda kwemaitiro akaenzana
- Kurerutsa kutengeserana kwepasirese
- Kugadzirisa kukakavara kwakanyanya kuburikidza nemirairo yakafanana
Mabhenefiti anoshanda anoshanda
- Zvinyorwa zvisina kujeka kuburikidza neCMR consignment note munyika dzese dzechibvumirano
- Maitiro akamisikidzwa ekuzivisa kukanganisa uye kugadzirisa
- Bvisa mazuva ekupedzisira uye zvirevo muchiitiko chematambudziko panguva yekufambisa
- Kushandisa otomatiki pasina nhaurirano dzakaoma dzekondirakiti
Sekureva kwemasangano emaindasitiri, CMR Convention inofambisa mamirioni ezvifambiso zvekuyambuka muganhu gore rega rega, nemirairo yemayunifomu ichideredza zvakanyanya kupokana uye kusagadzikana.
Mutoro weCMR uye muripo: tafura yekufananidza
| Mhando yekukuvara | CMR muganhu | Kuverenga | Muenzaniso (1000 kg) | Kunze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kurasikirwa nezvinhu | 8.33 SDR pakg | Gross huremu x 8.33 SDR | € 10,400 | Kusazvibata nemaune / kuregeredza kwakakomba kune chikamu chemutakuri |
| dhemeji | 8.33 SDR pakg | Depreciation x chiyero | Max € 10,400* | Chisungo 29 CMR |
| Delay | Max mutengo wekutakura | Kunonoka > zuva rekutumira | Maximum mari yekufambisa | Kukuvadza kwakaratidzwa kunodiwa |
| Mutoro wakazara | 8.33 SDR pakg | Huremu hwese x chiyero | Maererano nehuremu | Muchiitiko chekurasikirwa zvachose |
*Zvimwe zvinotaridza zvichibva pachiyero cheSDR chekuchinjana chingangoita €1.25 paSDR
Pfungwa dzinokosha dzekucherechedza:
- Kudzikiswa kwemhosva hakushande kana paine chinangwa kana kuregeredza kwakanyanya kune mutakuri (Chinyorwa 29 CMR)
- Kukuvadza kunoverengerwa zvichienderana nekuderedzwa kwemutengo
- Muchiitiko chekunonoka, mutengo wekutakura ndiwo muripo mukuru
- SDR mitengo inochinja, zvinoreva kuti maeuro anogona kusiyana
- Zvese zvichemo zvinopokana nemutakuri zvinopera mushure megore rimwe, kunze kwekunge paine chinangwa, ipapo nguva yemakore matatu inoshanda.
Kuenzanisa nemitemo yenyika: Chibvumirano cheCMR chinowanzopa dziviriro yakanaka kupfuura mitemo yenyika yekufambisa, kunyanya nekuda kwemubhadharo wepasi wepakirogiramu. Mitemo yekufambisa yeDutch isina kushandiswa kweCMR inogona kushandisa miganhu yakaderera.
Gwaro rematanho-nhanho rekufambisa kwenyika dzese kunoenderana neCMR
Danho 1: kugadzirira uye kunyora zvinyorwa
Tarisa kushanda kweCMR. Tarisa kana kutakurwa kwako kuchienderana neCMR Convention zvichienderana neChinyorwa 1. Chibvumirano ichi chinoshanda pakufambiswa kwezvinhu pasi rose nemugwagwa kuti zvibhadharwe, uko imwe yenyika dzawakabva kana kwawakaenda iri bato reChibvumirano.
Gadzirira CMR consignment note
- Tora chinyorwa chaicho cheCMR chekutumira zvinoenderana neZvinyorwa 5-6
- Zadza minda yese inosungirwa: mutumi, munyoreri, nzvimbo yekurodha / kurodha
- Taura nemazvo hunhu uye huremu hwezvinhu
- Cherechedza chero mirairo yakakosha kana kuchengetedza
Rondedzero yeruzivo rwunosungirwa:
- Zuva uye nzvimbo yekubudiswa kwechinyorwa chekutumira
- Zita nekero yemutumisi neanotambira
- Nzvimbo yekugamuchira uye yekutumira
- Tsanangudzo yakajairika yezvinhu
- Kurema uye nhamba yemapakeji
- Mutengo wekutakura uye mari yekuwedzera
- Mirayiridzo yetsika dzetsika
- Nhamba yemapakeji uye iwo akakosha mamaki uye manhamba
Anotumira ane mhosva yemitengo uye kukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nekusarurama kuri mutsamba yekutumira. Zvisinei, kusavapo, kusarongeka kana kurasikirwa kwechinyorwa chekutakura hakukanganisi kuvapo kwechibvumirano chekutakura.
Danho 2: Kuitwa kwekutakura
Kunyatsobata zvinhu panguva yekufambisa Chikamu 17 cheCMR chinomanikidza mutakuri kubata zvinhu nokungwarira. Nyora pasi mamiriro ese akakodzera anogona kukanganisa mamiriro emutoro.
Maitiro akakosha panguva yekufambisa:
- Ita ongororo yenguva dzose pamusoro pemamiriro emutoro nemotokari
- Nyora mamiriro ekunze (mamiriro ekunze, kunonoka, zviitiko)
- Chengetedza CMR consignment note munzvimbo yakachengeteka mukati mese kutakura
- Taura chero kukuvara, kurasikirwa kana kunonoka munzira nekukurumidza
Mutakuri anofanira kutarisa chokwadi chetsamba yekutumira paanotambira.
Kushandiswa kweCMR zvinyorwa:
- Takura ese matatu makopi (mutumi/pingi, mugamuchiri/bhuruu, mutakuri/girinhi)
- Ipa iyo CMR consignment note panguva yekutarisa nevakuru
- Usaite chero shanduko pasina kubvumirana nemapato ese
Nhanho 3: Kuendesa uye kugadzirisa
Kutumirwa kwakarurama zvichienderana neCMR. Kuendesa zvinhu kune anotumira kana kumumiriri wake ane mvumo zvichienderana neZvinyorwa 13-16 CMR. Tarisa hunhu uye simba remugamuchiri.
Maitiro ezviitiko zvakasiyana:
- Kukuvadza kunoonekwa: Kuratidzira nekukasira uye chinyorwa pane chinotumirwa
- Kukuvadzwa kwakavanzika: Munyoreri ane mazuva manomwe mushure mekutumira kuti ape chichemo
- Delay: Yakanyorwa kuratidzira kune anotakura mukati memazuva makumi maviri nerimwe
- Kurasikirwa: Chiziviso chekukurumidza pakuwanikwa
Administrative kugadzirisa:
- Chengetedza zvese zvinyorwa zveCMR zvenguva yekumisikidza (1 gore)
- Nyatsorekodha kupikisa uye mishumo yekukuvara
- Gadzirira humbowo kune chero zvikumbiro
- Zivisa inshurensi nenguva yakanaka kana paine kukuvara
- Chirevo chakanyorwa chinomisa nguva yekumisikidza kusvika zuva iro mutakuri anoramba chikumbiro nekunyora.
Zvikanganiso zvinowanzoitwa mukutakura kweCMR zvinofanirwa kudzivirirwa
Chikanganiso 1: Kuzadzwa kwemari yekufambisa isina kukwana kana isiriyo Kusakwana kwemagwaro eCMR kunoderedza simba remutemo wako. Kushaikwa kweruzivo nezvehuremu, rudzi rwezvinhu kana mirairo yakakosha kunogona kukonzera matambudziko nehumbowo uye mutoro.
Mistake 2: Kushaikwa kwemazuva ekuratidzira
Iyo CMR Kokorodzano inoshandisa yakaomesesa mazuva ekupedzisira: yekukurumidza chiziviso muchiitiko chekukuvara kunooneka, mazuva manomwe mune yakavanzika kukuvara. Kupfuura mazuva ekupedzisira aya kunogona kukanganisa kodzero yako yekubhadharwa.
Chikanganiso chechitatu: Kuderedza miganhu yemutoro Vatakuri vazhinji havazivi kuti muganho weCMR we8.33 SDR pakirogiramu ungasave wakakwana pazvinhu zvinokosha. Inishuwarenzi yekuwedzera inowanzodiwa.
Chikanganiso chechina: Kusanzwisisana pamusoro pekushanda mukutakura kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana Mitemo yakaoma inoshanda pakutakura kunosanganisira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutakura (mugwagwa/njanji/mvura). Mutemo weCMR unoshanda chete kuchikamu chemugwagwa, kunze kwekunge kukuvara kwaitika panguva iyoyo.
Zano Renyanzvi : Shandisa maitiro akajairwa ekunyora CMR uye dzidzisa vashandi vako nguva dzose. Shandisa zvinhu zvekutarisa zvechikamu chega chega chekutakura uye chengeta mitemo yenyaya kuburikidza nemasangano evashandi.
Muenzaniso unoshanda: Chikumbiro chekukuvara kweCMR kubva kuna a kusvika kuna z
Nyaya Yechidzidzo: Kukuvadzwa kwemvura panguva yekufambisa kwemidziyo yemagetsi
Mutakuri weDutch anotakura midziyo yemagetsi inokosha €50,000 (gross huremu 2,000 kg) kubva kuRotterdam kuenda kuWarsaw. Nekuda kwechifukidziro chakaremara, kukuvadzwa kwemvura kunoitika panguva yekunaya kukuru muGermany.
Mamiriro ekutanga:
- Cargo: Midziyo yemagetsi, kukosha €50,000
- Kurema: 2,000 kg gross
- Nzira: Netherlands kuenda kuPoland (CMR inoshanda)
- Kukuvadza: 40% yezvinhu zvisingagoneki nekuda kwekukuvara kwemvura
Matanho akatorwa:
- Panguva yekuzivisa: Mutakuri anoshuma kukuvadzwa pakarepo pawawanikwa
- CMR ongororo: Consignment note yakapedzwa nemazvo, hapana chikonzero chekusiya
- Kukanganisa kuongorora: Nyanzvi inosarudza 40% kurasikirwa kwese (€20,000)
- Kuverenga muripo: 2,000 kg × 8.33 SDR = 16,660 SDR ≈ £17,775
Mhedzisiro yekupedzisira: Mutakuri wemotokari ndiye aive nemhosva yekukuvadzwa nemvura (pasina simba guru). Muripo waive wakaganhurirwa ku €20,825 zvichienderana neChinyorwa 23 cheCMR, kunyangwe kukuvara chaiko kwaive €20,000.
| Kuonekwa | Pamusoro peCMR | Pamwe neCMR |
|---|---|---|
| Mhosva | Pasina chokwadi | Kudzorwa zvakajeka |
| Kubhadhara | Negotiable | € 20,825 (SDR muganhu) |
| nzira | Complex | Standardized |
| Terms | shanduka | 7 days kuratidzira |
| Kurwisana | Nguva refu | Kukurumidza kugadzirisa |
Zvidzidzo zvinodzidzwa:
- CMR inopa kujeka pamusoro pemhosva uye maitiro
- Muripo wemuripo unogona kudzikira pane kukuvadzwa chaiko
- Mapepa echokwadi akakosha pakukumbira kunobudirira
- Inishuwarenzi yakawedzerwa inokurudzirwa kune zvinhu zvakakosha
Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa nezve CMR Convention
Mubvunzo wekutanga: Ko Chibvumirano cheCMR chinoshandawo here pakutakura vanhu muNetherlands? A1: Kwete, Chibvumirano cheCMR chinoshanda chete pakutakura vanhu kunze kwenyika. Kutakura vanhu mudzimba kunofukidzwa chete kana chiri chikamu chenzira yepasi rose kana kuti mapato acho achibvumirana zvakajeka nemamiriro eCMR.
Mubvunzo wechina: Muganho wemutoro we8.33 SDR pakirogiramu unopera rini? A4: Muganho uyu unopera kana paine chinangwa kana kuregeredza kukuru kwemutakuri zvichienderana neChinyorwa 29 cheCMR. Kana zvakadaro, muripo wakazara unogona kukumbirwa pasina muganho. Kana chikumbiro chikasagamuchirwa zvishoma, nguva yekuganhurira inotangazve kushanda kwayo kune chikamu chinokakavadzana chete.
Mubvunzo 3: Mukati menguva ipi yandinofanira kuzivisa kukuvara zvichienderana neCMR Convention? A3: Kukuvadzwa kunoonekwa kunofanira kuziviswa nekukasika pakutumira. Kune kukuvara kwakavanzika, munhu anotumira ane mazuva manomwe mushure mekutumira. Kana kunonoka, nguva yemazuva makumi maviri nerimwe inoshanda.
Mubvunzo wechina: Muganho wemutoro we8.33 SDR pakirogiramu unopera rini? A4: Muganho uyu unopera kana paine chinangwa kana kuregeredza kukuru kwemutakuri zvichienderana neChinyorwa 29 cheCMR. Kana zvakadaro, muripo wakazara unogona kukumbirwa pasina muganho.
Mubvunzo 5: Nguva yekugumira yekukumbira CMR inotora nguva yakareba sei? A5 : Chinyorwa 32 CMR inotara nguva yekugumira yegore rimwe mushure mekuendeswa kwezvinhu. Kana zvinhu zvikarasikirwa zvachose, nguva yacho inotangira pamazuva makumi matatu mushure mezuva rekuendeswa rakabvumiranwa. Kana pasina nguva yakatarwa, zvikumbiro zvekukuvadzwa zvinopera mazuva makumi matanhatu mushure mekugashirwa nemutakuri.
Mubvunzo wechitanhatu: Chii chinoitika kana imwe yenyika isiri chikamu cheCMR Convention? A6: CMR Convention inoshanda chete kana nyika yawakabva nenyika yawakaenda iri nhengo dzayo. Munyika dzisina kusaina, mitemo yenyika yekufambisa kana zvibvumirano zvechibvumirano zvinoshanda.
mhedziso
Musangano weCMR unoumba hwaro hunokosha hwepamutemo hwekutakurwa kwezvinhu mumigwagwa yepasirese. Nekushandisa mitemo yakafanana yemhosva, zvinyorwa uye kugadzirisa gakava, chibvumirano chinodzivirira mapato ese anobatanidzwa uye chinosimudzira kutengeserana kwenyika.
Iwo mashanu akanyanya kukosha mapoinzi kune vanotakura zvifambiso:
- Kushanda: Chibvumirano cheCMR chinoshanda otomatiki pakufambisa migwagwa inoyambuka pakati penyika dzine makondirakiti
- Consignment note: Zvinyorwa zveCMR zvakarurama zvinosungirwa uye zvakakosha kune humbowo
- Mhosva: Mhosva yakaganhurirwa ye8.33 SDR pakg, kunze kwekunge paine chinangwa kana kuregeredza kwakakomba
- Nguva inogumira: Nguva dzakasimba dzekuratidzira (pakarepo / mazuva manomwe) uye nguva yekumisa (1 gore)
- Mutemo unosungirwa: Hapana kutsauka kwechibvumirano kubva kune zvinodzivirira zvinogoneka
Inokurudzirwa matanho anotevera:
- Isa maitiro akamisikidzwa eCMR mukambani yako
- Rovedza vashandi nezve kupedzwa kwegwaro rekufambisa nenzira kwayo uye nzira dzekushuma kukuvara
- Ongorora kuvharwa kweinishuwarenzi maererano neCMR miganho yemhosva
- Gara uchiziva nezvemutemo wenyaya uye zviri kuitika mumutemo wekutakura
Mazano ehunyanzvi: Kana paine mabasa akaoma ekufambisa kana gakava renyika dzakawanda, gara uchibvunza nyanzvi yemutemo wekufambisa. Chibvumirano cheCMR chinopa hwaro hwakasimba, asi mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo angada ongororo yepamutemo yakawedzerwa.
Nekushandisa nemazvo iyo CMR Convention, iwe unogadzira chokwadi chepamutemo chekambani yako uye unovaka kuvimbana nevadyidzani vekunze vekutengesa. Uyu mutemo wepasi rose unoramba uri musimboti wezvifambiso zvakavimbika zvekuyambuka miganhu.
Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa
Chii chinonzi CMR Convention?
Chibvumirano cheCMR chibvumirano chepasi rose chinodzora zvibvumirano zvekutakura zvinhu nemugwagwa pakati penyika. Chinoisa mitemo yakafanana pamusoro pemhosva yemutakuri, magwaro anodiwa akadai segwaro rekutumira zvinhu, uye kodzero nemitoro yevanotumira nekutakura zvinhu mukutakura zvinhu mumugwagwa.
Musangano weCMR unoshanda rini?
Mutemo weCMR unoshanda pakufambiswa kwezvinhu pasi rose nemugwagwa kuti uwane mubairo kana nzvimbo yekutakurisa zvinhu nenzvimbo yekutakurisa zvinhu iri munyika mbiri dzakasiyana, imwe yacho iri bato reChibvumirano. Unoshanda pasinei nerudzi rwemapato kana kuti vari kupi.
Chii chinonzi CMR consignment note?
Tsamba yekutakura yeCMR igwaro rekutakura rinoratidza chibvumirano chekutakura zvinhu nemamiriro ekutakura. Kunyange hazvo kusavapo kwayo kusingaite kuti chibvumirano chisashande, tsamba iyi inopa humbowo hwakakosha hwezvinhu zvakagamuchirwa uye zvirevo zvakabvumiranwa, uye inofanira kuzadzwa nokungwarira.
Mutoro wemutakuri unogumira sei pasi peCMR?
Pasi pemutemo weCMR, mutakuri ndiye ane mhosva yekurasikirwa kana kukuvara kwezvinhu pakati pekutorwa kwazvo nekutumira, pamwe nekunonoka, asi mhosva yacho inovharwa nemuganhu unobva pahuremu unoratidzwa mukodzero dzekudhonza dzakakosha. Muripo wakakwira unogoneka chete mumamiriro ezvinhu mashoma.
Inguva yakadii yekukumbira CMR?
Zvikumbiro zviri pasi peCMR zvinowanzoiswa muganho wegore rimwe chete, zvichiwedzerwa kusvika kumakore matatu kana paine kusazvibata nemaune. Kuchengetedzwa kwekukuvara kunooneka kunofanirwa kuitwa panguva yekuendeswa uye kana kukuvara kusingaonekwe mukati menguva pfupi mushure meizvozvo, saka matanho ekukurumidzira akakosha.
