Civil Lawyer
muNetherlands

Mutengi wako haabhadhare, mutengesi anotyora chibvumirano, kana mumwe munhu anokutora semutoro wekukuvara. Aya ndiwo makakatanwa emutemo wevanhu: kusawirirana pakati pevanhu vega nemakambani. Gweta rehurumende muNetherlands rinokubatsira kubva patsamba yekutanga kusvika pakutongwa. Papeji rino unoverenga kuti ndeapi mitemo yeDutch Civil Code inoshanda, ndeapi mazuva ekupedzisira anopera uye kuti tinokubatsira sei.

Ndirini paunoda gweta rehurumende muNetherlands?

Unoda gweta rehurumende kana gakava rebhizinesi kana repachivande risingachagone kugadziriswa pakati pemapato. Munyaya zhinji dzine chekuita nemari, chibvumirano chisina kuitwa, kana kukuvara.

Vatengi, makambani nevanhu vega, vanouya kukambani yedu yemagweta panyaya dzakadai sedzinotevera:

• ma invoice asina kubhadharwa: mutengi haabhadhare, kunyangwe mushure mekuyeuchidzwa;
• kutyorwa kwechibvumirano: mutengesi anoburitsa zvinhu kunonoka, zvishoma kana chimwe chinhu kunze kwekunge zvabvumiranwa;
• zvikanganiso mushure mekutenga: mota, muchina kana software hazvisi izvo zvaungatarisira;
• kukuvara kunokonzerwa nemumwe munhu asina chibvumirano, senge chigadzirwa chisina kunaka kana kuburitswa kwenhema;
• nharo pamusoro pemitemo nemamiriro ezvinhu, kana kuti dare ripi rine simba rekutonga;
• wagamuchira gwaro rekushevedzwa uye unofanira kupindura mukati menguva yakatarwa;
• kambani yekune dzimwe nyika inoda kusimbisa nyaya yekupokana nebato reDutch, kana kuti neimwe nzira.

Chii chinonzi mutemo wehurumende muNetherlands?

Mutemo wehurumende unodzora hukama hwepamutemo pakati pevanhu vega nemakambani. Mitemo mizhinji iri muDutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek); maitiro acho ari muDutch Code of Civil Procedure.

Mumutemo wezvemhosva, nyika inopomera munhu anenge apomerwa mhosva, uye mumutemo wekutonga nyaya yacho isarudzo yehurumende. Mumutemo wezvemitemo yevanhu, mapato maviri akazvimirira akatarisana, akadai semutengi nemutengesi. Mutemo wezvemitemo wakakamurwa kuita mabhuku. Bhuku rechitatu rine mutemo wezvemidziyo, kusanganisira nguva dzekuganhurira. Bhuku retanhatu rinovhara zvisungo: zvibvumirano, kutyora mutemo uye mhosva. Bhuku rechinomwe rinovhara zvibvumirano zvakananga, zvakaita sekutengesa, kurenda nekuvaka.

Mutemo wehurumende unosanganisirawo mutemo wemhuri, mutemo webasa uye mutemo wezvivakwa. Nzvimbo idzi dzemutemo dzine mapeji adzo pakambani yedu yemagweta. Peji rino rinotarisa pamakondirakiti, mutoro, kuunganidza zvikwereti uye maitiro ehurumende. Kunze kweCivil Code, mitemo yeEU nemitemo yezvikamu zvinowanzoita basa munyaya dzekutengeserana.

Ko chibvumirano chinotyorwa riini?

Kutyorwa kwechibvumirano (wanprestatie) zvinoreva kuti bato hariite zvarinofanira kuita, kana kuti hariite zvarinofanira kuita kunonoka kana zvakaipa. Pasi peChinyorwa 6:74 Dutch Civil Code, bato iroro rinofanira kubhadhara kukuvara kwakakonzerwa nako, kunze kwekunge kukundikana kwacho kusingataurwi kuti kwakakonzerwa nako.

Chibvumirano chinoumbwa nekupihwa uye kugamuchirwa. Saini haidiwi, saka chibvumirano chemuromo chinosungawo, kunyangwe zvakaoma kuratidza. Pasi peChinyorwa 6:248, chibvumirano ichi chinosanganisirawo zvinotevera kubva mumutemo, tsika uye mwero wekunzwisisa nekururamisira.

Sei uchifanira kutanga watumira chiziviso chekuti hauna kushanda?

Kazhinji unofanira kutanga wazivisa mumwe munhu nezvekusaita basa (ingebrekestelling). Ichi chikumbiro chakanyorwa chinopa nguva yakakodzera yekuita basa racho (Chinyorwa 6:82 Dutch Civil Code).

Kana mumwe munhu akaramba kuita basa rake, anenge asina kuita basa rake, uye unogona kukumbira muripo kubva ipapo. Hazvidiwi kana nguva yakatarwa yechibvumirano yapera (Chinyorwa 6:83). Izvi zvinoshandawo kana mumwe munhu akataura nekunyora kuti haazoite basa rake. Nyaya dzakawanda hadzina kujeka panyaya iyi, saka gweta rehurumende muNetherlands ngarinyore tsamba idzi.

Ndezvipi zvaungasarudza mushure mekutyorwa kwemutemo?

• Mashandiro: unoda kuti mumwe munhu arambe achiita zvakabvumiranwa, kana zvichidikanwa nekubhadhara chirango pazuva rekusatevedzera mutemo.
• Kugumiswa: pasi peChinyorwa 6:265 Dutch Civil Code unogona kugumisa chibvumirano, nekunyora gwaro (Chinyorwa 6:267). Kutyorwa kudiki hakurevi kuti chibvumirano chinogumiswa nguva dzose.
• Zvakakuvadzwa: unoti kurasikirwa kwawakaita uye purofiti yakarasika (Chinyorwa 6:96). Unogona kusanganisa izvi nekuita kana kugumisa.

Kugumiswa kwebasa kwakasiyana nekugumiswa kwebasa. Nekugumiswa kwebasa, pane chimwe chinhu chakanga chatove chisina kumira zvakanaka pakaitwa chibvumirano, zvakaita sekukanganisa kana kubiridzira. Verenga zvakawanda munyaya yedu pamusoro pemutemo wechibvumirano muNetherlands.

Mitemo nemipimo zvinoshanda rini?

Mitemo nemipimo zvinosunga mumwe munhu chete kana zvikagamuchirwa uye mushandisi akapihwa mukana wakakwana wekuaverenga. Pasi peChinyorwa 6:233 Dutch Civil Code, chikamu chinogona kubviswa kana chiri chinorema zvisina musoro kana kuti mitemo yacho isina kupihwa nemazvo.

Kune vatengi, mutemo une runyoro rutema uye runyoro rwegrey rwezvikamu zvisina basa kana zvinofungidzirwa kuti hazvina musoro (Zvikamu 6:236 na 6:237). Pakati pemabhizinesi, hondo yemafomu inowanzomuka kana mapato ese ari maviri achitaura nezvemitemo yawo. Pasi peChikamu 6:225(3), kutaurwa kwekutanga kunoshanda, kunze kwekunge bato rechipiri raramba zviri pachena mitemo iyoyo. Gweta rehurumende muNetherlands rinoshandisa makambani kunyora macheki ekuti mitemo yako yakanyatsobatanidzwa.

Munhu anosungirwa riini asina chibvumirano?

Pasina chibvumirano, bato rinogona kuva nemhosva. Chinyorwa 6:162 Dutch Civil Code chinoti chero ani zvake anoita chiito chisiri pamutemo chinogona kunzi chakakonzerwa naye anofanira kuripa kukuvara kwakakonzerwa.

Mutemo hausi pamutemo kana uchityora kodzero, uchityora basa repamutemo kana uchipesana nemitemo isina kunyorwa yetsika dzakanaka dzevanhu. Gweta rehurumende muNetherlands rinoongorora kana chinhu chimwe nechimwe chichigona kuratidzwa. Panofanirawo kuva nekukuvadzwa uye chikonzero. Mienzaniso ndeyekukuvadzwa kwemukurumbira kubva pakuburitswa kusina kururama kana kukuvara kunokonzerwa nechigadzirwa chisina kunaka. Rugwaro rweBhuku 6 rwuri pa wetten.overheid.nl (muchiDutch).

Nguva yekukumbira kwako inodzimwa riini?

Chikumbiro chekuitwa kwechibvumirano chinorambidzwa makore mashanu mushure mekunge chatanga kubhadharwa (Chinyorwa 3:307 Dutch Civil Code). Chikumbiro chekuripwa chinorambidzwa makore mashanu mushure mekunge waziva nezvekuripwa uye munhu ane mhosva (Chinyorwa 3:310). Chero zvazvingava, chinopera makore makumi maviri mushure mechiitiko ichi.

Unogona kumisa nguva yekuganhurirwa nekukumbira kwakanyorwa kunoratidza pachena kuti une kodzero yekuita basa (Chinyorwa 3:317). Nguva itsva inotanga kushanda, kazhinji zvakare makore mashanu. Vatengi vevatengi vanofanirwawo kunyunyuta mukati menguva yakakodzera mushure mekuona chikanganiso; mwedzi miviri chero ipi zvayo iri panguva yakatarwa (Chinyorwa 7:23).

Unotora sei invoice isina kubhadharwa?

Kuunganidzwa kwechikwereti kunoitika muzvikamu zviviri: chekutanga kunze kwedare, uye kana zvichidikanwa kuburikidza nedare. Unotumira zviyeuchidzo nechikumbiro chekupedzisira chinotaura nguva yekubhadhara uye matanho anotevera.

Une kodzero yekuwana mubereko wepamutemo pamari yasara (Chikamu 6:119 Dutch Civil Code). Pakati pemabhizinesi, mubereko wepamusoro wekutengeserana unoshanda (Chikamu 6:119a). Unogona zvakare kukumbira mari yekuunganidza kunze kwedare. Pakukumbira mubereko kusvika kumaeuro zviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu izvi zvikamu gumi nemashanu muzana, neasingasviki makumi mana emaeuro, uye chikamu chinoderera pamusoro pemari iyoyo.

Kana munhu ane chikwereti ari mutengi, unofanira kutanga watumira tsamba yemazuva gumi nemana. Inopa mutengi mazuva gumi nemana ekubhadhara pasina muripo uye inotaura mari yekuunganidza ichatevera (Chinyorwa 6:96(6)). Pasina tsamba chaiyo, dare rinoramba mari iyoyo. Gweta rehurumende muNetherlands rinogona kuita maitiro ese ekuunganidza, kubva pakutanga kusvika pakusimbiswa kwemutemo.

Unoita sei kuti zvinhu zvako zvichengetedzwe nechinhu chakabatanidzwa?

Chibvumirano chepamberi pekutonga (conservatoir beslag) chinomisa midziyo yemumwe munhu dare risati ratonga chikumbiro chako. Unoda mvumo kubva kumutongi werubatsiro rwekutanga (Chikamu 700 Dutch Code of Civil Procedure). Unogona kubatanidza maakaundi ebhangi, dzimba, mota kana migove. Mutongi anogadza nguva yekutanga nyaya huru, mazuva gumi nemana mushure mekubatanidzwa; kana ukarasikirwa nazvo, chibvumirano chinopera. Nemutongo, muchengeti wemari anogona kubhadharisa chibvumirano chemutongi uye kutengesa midziyo kana zvichidikanwa.

Gweta rehurumende reDutch rinotonga sei nyaya dzematare muNetherlands?

Nyaya dzematare edzimhosva dzinowanzotanga netsamba yekushevedza nyaya, iyo inopihwa nemuridzi wedare redzimhosva kune rimwe divi. Dare ripi rine simba rekutonga rinoenderana nerudzi rwenyaya uye huwandu hwenyaya yacho.

dare	Ndezvipi zviitiko	Gweta rinosungirwa here?
Dare redunhu (kantonrechter)	Zvikumbiro zvinosvika uye zvinosanganisira maeuro zviuru makumi maviri nemashanu, uye nguva dzose nyaya dzebasa, rendi, kutengesa vatengi uye zvikwereti zvevatengi	Kwete, unogona kuzvimhan'arira
Dare redunhu (rechtbank)	Zvikumbiro zvinopfuura 25,000 euros uye zvikumbiro zvine kukosha kusingataurwe	Ehe
Mutongi werubatsiro rwekutanga	Summary kutongwa (kort geding) munyaya dzekukurumidzira	Hongu kune anokwidza nyaya, kunze kwenyaya dzedare redunhu
Dare repamusoro (gerechtshof)	Kukwidza nyaya pamusoro pemutongo wedare redunhu kana redunhu	Ehe
Dare Repamusorosoro (Hoge Raad)	Cassation pamusoro penyaya dzemutemo	Ehe, gweta rakabvuma kuDare Repamusorosoro

Mushure mekudaidzwa, mupomerwi anoisa gwaro rekudzivirira. Kunzwa kwemuromo kunowanzo tevera, uko dare rinoongororawo chibvumirano. Kana ukagamuchira gwaro rekukumbira, svika panguva. Kana usingagamuchire, dare rinogona kupa mutongo wekutadza. Unogona kazhinji kuisa chipikiso mukati memavhiki mana (Chikamu 143 Dutch Code of Civil Procedure). Ruzivo rwunoshanda rwuri pa rechtspraak.nl.

Unosarudza rini nyaya dzepfupiso?

Nyaya pfupi (kort geding) inyaya dzinokurumidza kutaurwa panyaya dzisingakwanise kumirira kutongwa kwakazara. Unofanira kuratidza kufarira kukuru (Chikamu 254 Dutch Code of Civil Procedure). Nyaya inowanzo bvunzwa mukati memazuva kana mavhiki. Chisarudzo chacho ndechenguva pfupi: mune dzimwe nyaya huru dzinotevera dare rinogona kutonga zvakasiyana.

Unogona kukwidza nyaya kana kuenda kudare repamusoro here?

Unogona kukwidza nyaya yacho kudare repamusoro kana redunhu mukati memwedzi mitatu kubva pakutongwa (Chikamu 339). Hapana kukwidza nyaya yacho kunokwanisika kune zvikumbiro zve1,750 euros kana pasi (Chikamu 332). Kupesana nemutongo wedare repamusoro, kukwidza nyaya yacho kuDare Repamusorosoro kunogoneka mukati memwedzi mitatu (Chikamu 402). Dare Repamusorosoro rinongoongorora mashandisirwo emutemo chete, kwete chokwadi. Ona peji redu remagweta epamusorosoro.

Ndeipi nguva iri nani yekugadzwa kwematare edzimhosva kana imwe nzira?

Mapato anogona kubvumirana kuti dare revatongi (arbitral court) kwete dare rinotonga gakava ravo. Arbitration inotongwa neBhuku rechina reDutch Code of Civil Procedure uye inowanikwa mukuvaka, kutengeserana uye zvibvumirano zvepasi rose.

Kugadzirisa nyaya dzematare edzimhosva kwakavanzika uye kunokutendera kuti usarudze vagadziri vematare vane hunyanzvi muchikamu chako. Netherlands Arbitration Institute (NAI) inzvimbo inozivikanwa; gakava rekuvaka rinowanzoenda kuNetherlands Arbitration Board for the Construction Industry. Mukati meEU, Brussels I bis Regulation (EU) Nhamba 1215/2012 ndiyo inosarudza kuti ndeipi dare renyika rine simba uye inoita kuti kutonga kushandiswe mune dzimwe nyika dziri nhengo. Gakava zhinji rinoperawo muchibvumirano chekugadzirisa nyaya (vaststellingsovereenkomst, Article 7:900), chibvumirano chinosunga chinogadzirisa gakava racho.

Marii yekutongwa kwematare edzimhosva?

Kunze kwemari yegweta rako, unobhadhara mari yedare (griffierecht) nemari yedare. Mari yedare inoenderana nedare, huwandu hwechikumbiro uye kana uri munhu wega kana kambani. Mari yacho inogadziriswa gore rega rega.

Kana ukakunda, dare rinowanzo raira mumwe munhu kuti abhadhare mari yekutongwa kwenyaya. Mubairo iwoyo unotevera chiyero chakatarwa uye unowanzo bhadhara chikamu chemari yako chaiyo yepamutemo. Kana ukakundwa, unobhadhara mari yako wega pamwe nechikamu ichocho chakatarwa chemari yemumwe munhu. Gweta rehurumende muNetherlands rinorayira vatengi vako kuti vaone njodzi iyi usati waenda kudare.

Inoshanda sei ne Law & More basa?

Segweta renyu rehurumende muNetherlands, tinoshanda muzvikamu zvina. Muchikamu chimwe nechimwe tinokurukura kuti ndeipi danho rinoenderana nezvido zvenyu, uye kuti ndeapi mari nenjodzi zvinouya naro.

1. Kugamuchirwa. Mumusangano wekusuma wemahara tinoronga mamiriro ako ezvinhu toona kuti ndeapi mazuva ekupedzisira anosvika. Mienzaniso inguva yekuganhurirwa kana kuti nguva yekupindura kushevedzwa.
2. Mazano. Tinoongorora magwaro enyu uye tinopa mazano akajeka pamusoro penzvimbo yenyu, mikana yenyu, njodzi dzenyu uye mari inotarisirwa.
3. Kutaurirana. Tinonyora chiziviso chekusabhadhara chikwereti, tsamba yekupedzisira yekukumbira kana yemhosva, uye totaurirana nebato rimwe. Kana zvichibvira tinoshanda kuti tigadzirise nyaya.
4. Nyaya Dzinotongwa. Kana hurukuro dzikakundikana, tinotonga nyaya: nyaya yekuwedzera, nyaya pfupiso, nyaya huru, nyaya yekugadzwa kwenyaya kana nyaya yekukwidzwa kwenyaya.

Gweta rehurumende muNetherlands rinodhura marii? Law & More?

Gweta pa Law & More inobhadharisa maeuro mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu kusvika mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu paawa pasina VAT. Mumwe anobhadharisa maeuro mazana matatu kusvika mazana mana pasina VAT. Tinokurukura mutengo wacho pachine nguva, nekufungidzira kwemari yese.

Musangano wekutanga haubhadharwi. Musangano wekupa mazano kamwe chete pasina rumwe rubatsiro unodhura maeuro mazana matatu kusanganisira VAT. Mari dzedare nemari yemumiriri wedare dzinouya pamusoro penyaya. Vanhu vane mari shoma vanogona kuwana rubatsiro rwemutemo kuburikidza neLegal Aid Board (Raad voor Rechtsbijstand). Law & More haishande pahwaro ihwohwo. Kambani yedu yemagweta iri pa Marconilaan 13 in Eindhoven uye ine nzvimbo yekushanya mu AmsterdamTinoshandira vatengi muNetherlands yese, muchiDutch neChirungu.

Ndeapi mabasa ane chekuita neizvi atingakubatsira nawo?

Kune mibvunzo chaiyo iri munharaunda iyi yemutemo, mapeji aya anotsanangura zvakadzama.

• Kuunganidzwa kwezvikwereti muNetherlands
• Kuunganidzwa kwezvikwereti zvepasi rose
• Matongerwo enyika
• Zvikumbiro zvekukuvadza
• Gweta rezvibvumirano
• Mediation

Ndezvipi zvinyorwa zvinokubatsira zvakanyanya?

• Matanho munyaya yehurumende
• Tort law
• Kugumisa chibvumirano pasi pemutemo weDutch
• Kuunganidzwa kwezvikwereti muNetherlands
• Kusimudza chisungo chekuchengetedza
• Kushandiswa kweCassation muNetherlands
• Sei uye nguva yekusarudza rusaruro
• Maverengerwo anoitwa mari dzematare eDutch kumatare

Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa

Gweta rehurumende muNetherlands: ndinoda rimwe here panyaya yangu?

Pamberi pedare redunhu unogona kuzvikwidza kudare, nekuda kwezvikumbiro zvinosvika uye zvinosanganisira maeuro zviuru makumi maviri nemashanu uye nekuda kwenyaya dzebasa, dzekurenda nedzevatengi. Pamberi pedare redunhu, dare rekukwirira neDare Repamusorosoro, gweta rinosungirwa. Kunyangwe kudare redunhu, gweta rinokubatsira kuvaka nyaya yako uye kuchengeta nguva yakatarwa.

Ndinofanira kuunza chikumbiro chemhosva kwenguva yakareba sei?

Chikumbiro chekuitwa kwechibvumirano chinorambidzwa mushure memakore mashanu (Chinyorwa 3:307 Dutch Civil Code). Chikumbiro chekuripiswa chinorambidzwa mushure memakore mashanu mushure mekunge waziva nezvekuripiswa uye munhu ane mhosva. Muganho wakakwana makore makumi maviri. Unogona kumisa nguva yacho nechikumbiro chakanyorwa.

Ndinofanira kutanga ndazivisa nezvekutadza kubhadhara here?

Kazhinji, hongu. Kana wangozivisa kuti hauna kugadzirira, unopa mumwe munhu nguva yakakwana yekunyora kuti aite basa rake (Article 6:82 Dutch Civil Code). Hazvidiwi kana nguva yakatarwa yapera kana mumwe munhu akaramba kunyora basa rake.

Ndichadzoserwa mari dzangu dzematare here kana ndikakunda?

Kazhinji kacho chikamu chimwe chete. Dare rinorayira munhu anenge akundwa kuti abhadhare mari zvichienderana nechikero chakatarwa, icho chinowanzova chakaderera pane mari chaiyo. Mari dzekuunganidza mari kunze kwedare dzinogona kukumbirwa zvakasiyana.

Ndinofanira kukwidza nyaya yangu kwenguva yakareba sei?

Nguva yekukwidza nyaya yematare edzimhosva imwedzi mitatu kubva pazuva rekutongwa. Hapana kukwidza nyaya yacho kunokwanisika kana paine zvikumbiro zve1,750 euros kana pasi. Ita kuti nguva yekupedzisira iongororwe mushure mekutongwa.

Ndingagadzirisa gakava here ndisina kuenda kudare?

Ehe. Makakatanwa mazhinji anoguma nekugadzirisa nyaya, kwakanyorwa muchibvumirano chekugadzirisa nyaya. Mapato anogonawo kusarudza nzira yekuyananisa nyaya, kana kubvumirana pakugakava, umo vatongi vanopa sarudzo inosunga pane dare.

Une kusava nechokwadi nezvechinzvimbo chako? Tiudze nezvemamiriro ako ezvinhu. Tichakuzivisa mukati mezuva rimwe chete rebasa kuti ndeapi masarudzo ako. Taura nesu, fonera +31 40 369 06 80 kana email info@lawandmore.nl.

Peji rino rinopa ruzivo rwakawanda uye haritsivi mazano pamusoro pemamiriro ako chaiwo.