Mutemo weHurumende
Mutemo weHurumende
Kubva kumakakatanwa ezvibvumirano kusvika kumari yekuripa — tinodzivirira zvido zvenyu pamutemo wehurumende
tsananguro
Mutemo wehurumende unodzora hukama hwepamutemo pakati pevagari nemabhizinesi: kubva pakutenga chigadzirwa kusvika pakubhadhariswa mari yekukuvara mushure metsaona yebasa, kubva pakutyorwa kwechibvumirano kusvika pakurangwa. Kana zvinhu zvikafamba zvisina kunaka pakati pemapato, mutemo wehurumende unopa maturusi ekusimbisa kodzero dzako - chero bedzi ukadzishandisa panguva yakakodzera uye nenzira kwayo.
Law & More inopa mazano uye inotonga nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzemutemo wevanhu: kusawirirana kwezvibvumirano, zvikumbiro zvemhosva, kuunganidza zvikwereti, uye kusawirirana pamusoro pekuva muridzi kana kodzero dzekushandisa. Magweta edu anoziva Dare reDunhu neDare reKukwidza Nyaya uye anonzwisisa kuti chiito chinokurumidza — semuenzaniso kuburikidza nematanho epfupiso (kort geding) — chinodiwa.
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Nyanzvi dzedu dzemutemo dzehurumende dzakagadzirira kubatsira. Wana mazano emutemo akagadzirirwa iwe pachako nhasi.
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Zvinyorwa zveMutemo weVanhu
Migove inogona kukosha zvikuru, asi haingogone kuvharwa: shure kwezvose
Chibvumirano cheNorth Atlantic — chinowanzozivikanwa seNATO Treaty kana kuti Washington
Kwemakore, chikamu cheDutch chebasa rechinguvana chaive chakaoma nemasangano asina hunhu aishandisa vashandi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika zvisina kunaka, vachibhadhara mari shoma.
Zvatinoita
Kukakavadzana kwechibvumirano uye kusaita (wanprestatie) zvichemo
Kutungamirirwa kwemakambani uye kutevedzera mitemo
Tort (onrechtmatige daad) uye zvikwereti zvemhosva
Maitiro ekuunganidza zvikwereti uye kubatanidzwa (conservatoir uye executoriaal)
Nyaya dzekupedzisira (kort geding) nedzimwe nzira dzekukurumidzira
Zvikumbiro zvekukuvadzwa (kukuvara kwemunhu, kurasikirwa nemari, kurasikirwa nebhizinesi)
Mutungamiriri uye mutoro weboka (bestuurders- en concernaansprakelijkheid)
Zvibvumirano uye zvakajairwa mazwi nemamiriro (algemene voorwaarden)
Kugadzirisa gakava uye kuyananisa kunze kwedare
Kusimbiswa kwekutongwa kweDutch nekwekunze kwenyika
Nei Sarudza Law & More
Vatongi vane ruzivo rwakakura vane mukurumbira wakanaka mumatare eDutch
Maitiro ekugadzira mazano ekubatanidza kutaurirana nematare edzimhosva
Kutaurirana kwakajeka mumitauro yakawanda
Maumbirwo emari yakajeka uye manejimendi emari
Tarisa pamhinduro dzinoshanda uye kuramba uchiita bhizinesi
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa - Mutemo weVanhu
Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa nezvemutemo wevanhu, inopindurwa nenyanzvi dzedu.
Pane kutyorwa kwechibvumirano (wanprestatie) kana bato rikatadza kuita zvinodiwa pasi pechibvumirano uye kukundikana ikoko kunokonzerwa nazvo. Kazhinji, mukwereti anofanira kutanga aziviswa nezvekusaita chikwereti, achiisa nguva yekupedzisira yakakodzera yekuita. Kana nguva iyoyo yapera pasina kuita chikwereti ndipo paanozokundikana kuita chikwereti, zvichipa rimwe bato kodzero yekukuvadzwa, kudzoserwa chikwereti, kana kuita chikwereti.
Kutyorwa kwechibvumirano kunokonzerwa nekusaitwa kwechibvumirano chiripo pakati pemapato. Chirango (onrechtmatige daad) chiito chisiri pamutemo kune mumwe munhu kunze kwechibvumirano chero chipi zvacho, sekukonzera kukuvara nekuregeredza. Zvese zvinogona kukonzera mutoro wekukuvadzwa, asi zvinodiwa, mutoro weuchapupu, uye nguva yekuganhurirwa zvinosiyana. Dzimwe nguva chiitiko chimwe chete chinogona kuumba zvese zviri zviviri.
Pokutangira ndekuti munhu akakuvara anofanira, nepaanogona napo, kuiswa panzvimbo yaangadai ari pasina kutyora mutemo kana kuita zvisiri pamutemo. Muchokwadi kurasikirwa chaiko kwakaitika kunoripwa, kusanganisira kurasikirwa kwakaitika uye purofiti yakarasika. Panofanira kuva nehukama huripo pakati pekuita nekukuvara, uye kukuvara kunofanira kukonzerwa nemunhu ane mhosva.
Chiziviso chekusabhadhara chikwereti (ingebrekestelling) chikumbiro chakanyorwa chinopa mukwereti nguva yekupedzisira uye yakakodzera yekuita. Kana nguva iyoyo yapera asina kuita chikwereti ndipo chete apo mukwereti anowira mukutadza kubhadhara chikwereti, zvichikonzera kodzero yekukuvadzwa kana kubviswa kwechikwereti. Mune zvimwe zviitiko kutadza kubhadhara chikwereti kunoitika otomatiki nekushanda kwemutemo, semuenzaniso apo nguva yakatarwa yapfuura, uye pasina chiziviso chakasiyana chinodiwa.
Chikumbiro chemhosva yemumatare chinodzimwa kana nguva yekuganhurirwa kwemhosva yapera, mushure mezvo hachichakwanisi kusimbiswa mudare. Nguva dzacho dzinosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwechikumbiro. Muganho unogona, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kukanganiswa, semuenzaniso nechiyeuchidzo chakanyorwa chinochengetedza kodzero yekuita, mushure mezvo nguva itsva inotanga kushanda.
Matanho ekubatsira kwenguva pfupi anobvumira mutongi wekubatsira kwekutanga kupa danho rekukurumidza, senge kurambidzwa kana murairo wekuita. Chinangwa chavo ndechekuita nyaya dzinokurumidzira uye hadzigumisi mutongo wekupedzisira pagakava. Sarudzo yacho inoramba iri yenguva pfupi, uye mapato anogona kuunza matanho akajairika mushure meizvozvo.
Kubata kwechinguvana inzira yekudzivirira inomisa midziyo yemunhu ane chikwereti, senge account yebhangi kana pfuma, pamberi kana panguva yekutongwa, kuti uwane kudzoserwa kwemari gare gare. Zvinoda mvumo yekutanga kubva kudare. Kana chikumbiro chikuru chikatsigirwa gare gare, kubata kunogona kushandurwa kuita kuti kusimbiswe; kana zvisiri, kunofanira kubviswa uye kunogona kukonzera mutoro wekukuvadzwa kwakakonzerwa.
Kazhinji, bato rinovimba nemigumisiro yemutemo yezvimwe zvinhu rinofanira kuratidza chokwadi ichocho kana chikakakavadzana. Humbowo hunogona kupihwa kuburikidza nemagwaro, zvapupu, nemishumo yenyanzvi, pakati pedzimwe nzira. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu mutoro weuchapupu unoshanduka zvichienderana nemutemo kana mwero wekunzwisisa nekururamisira.
Kuitwa kwemutemo wekutonga kunogona kuitwa nerubatsiro rwemuchengeti wemhosva, uyo anogona, semuenzaniso, kubatanidza maakaundi ebhangi, mihoro, kana zvinhu uye oenderera mberi nekutengesa pachena. Dare rinogonawo kubatanidza muripo wechirango (dwangsom) kumurairo, uyo anokwereta anorasikirwa nawo chero bedzi akakundikana kutevedzera. Tinotungamira vatengi kuburikidza nemaitiro ese ekumanikidza.
Nguva yacho inoenderana zvakanyanya nekuoma kwenyaya, humbowo hunodiwa, uye basa redare. Nyaya iri nyore yekuunganidza chikwereti inogona kupedzwa mukati memwedzi mishoma, asi nyaya yakaoma inosanganisira zvapupu nenyanzvi inogona kutora anopfuura gore. Panyaya dzinokurumidzira, matanho ekubatsira kwenguva pfupi anogona kupa danho rekukurumidza.
Chibvumirano chekugadzirisa nyaya chinobvumira mapato kugumisa gakava kana kusava nechokwadi nekunyora zvibvumirano zvinosunga, semuenzaniso sechikamu chekugadzirisa nyaya. Chinosunga mapato kunyangwe mhedzisiro yacho yakasiyana nemaonero chaiwo emutemo, izvo chaizvo zvinopa chokwadi chepamutemo.
Mumatare edzimhosva, munhu anokundwa anowanzo rairwa kuti abhadhare mari dzematare, asi muripo iwoyo unobva pamutengo wekutengesa wakatarwa uye hauwanzo bhadhara mari yese yegweta. Muripo wakazara chete muzviitiko zvakakosha, zvakaita sekutyorwa kwekodzero dzepfungwa.
Munhu wese anowana chikanganiso mukuita kwakaitwa anofanira kunyunyuta kune mumwe munhu mukati menguva yakakodzera. Kana ukanyunyuta kunonoka unogona kurasikirwa nekodzero dzako. Zvinoonekwa se "nguva yakakodzera" zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, asi kunyunyuta nekukurumidza uye nekunyora zvinogara zvichikurudzirwa.
Nemhosva dzakabatana uye dzakawanda, mukweretesi anogona kutora mari yese kubva kune chero ane chikwereti, uyo anofanira kugadzirisana pakati pavo. Nemhosva dzakabatana, mukweretesi wese ane mhosva yemugove wake chete. Fomu iri rinoshanda rinotevera mutemo kana chibvumirano.
Ehe, muchokwadi zvibvumirano zvemuromo zvinongoshanda sezvakanyorwa. Dambudziko guru humbowo: mukukakavadzana unofanira kukwanisa kuratidza zvakabvumiranwa. Kune mamwe mabasa epamutemo, akadai sekutenga imba nemunhu, mutemo unoda fomu rakanyorwa.
Mitemo Yepamutemo Inokosha
Mashoko akakosha anotsanangurwa nemutauro wakajeka
Onrechtmatige Daad (Tort/Chiito Chisiri pamutemo)
Hwaro hwemutemo weDutch une chekuita nemhosva hwakanyorwa muChikamu 6:162 cheMutemo weVanhu. Chiito chisiri pamutemo chinoitika kana mumwe munhu akakonzera kukuvara kuburikidza nezviito zvinotevera: (1) zvinotyora kodzero yepamutemo yemumwe, (2) zvinotyora basa repamutemo, (3) zvinotyora mitemo isina kunyorwa yetsika dzakanaka dzevanhu, kana (4) zvinoumba chiito chisina kutarisirwa. Mutadzi ane mhosva kana paine chikanganiso (chingafungidzirwa mune dzimwe nyaya), kukuvara kwacho kunokonzerwa nazvo, uye pane hukama hwechikonzero. Inofukidza zvese kubva mutsaona dzemumugwagwa kusvika pakusvibisa zita, makwikwi asina kururama kusvika pakutyora zvakavanzika. Vanhu vepanyama nemasangano epamutemo vanogona kuita daad yekudzivirira.
Wanprestatie (Kutyorwa kweKondirakiti)
Kukundikana kuita zvisungo zvechibvumirano sezvakabvumiranwa. Zvinosanganisira kusaita basa, kusaita basa zvakanaka, uye kunonoka kuita basa. Kana wanprestatie ikaitika, munhu akakuvara anogona kukumbira: (1) kuita basa kwakanangana (nakoming) kumanikidza munhu akatyora mutemo kuti azadzise chisungo chake, (2) kukuvara (schadevergoeding) nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwaakaita, (3) kugumiswa kwechibvumirano (ontbinding) kugumisa chibvumirano, kana (4) kudzikiswa kwemutengo nekuda kwekusaita basa zvakanaka. Mukweretesi anowanzo tumira chiziviso chekusaita basa (ingebrekestelling) asati ashandisa nzira idzi, kunze kwekunge nguva yekupedzisira yapera kana kuti kushanda nekukurumidza kusingagoneki. Kusiyana ne onrechtmatige daad, wanprestatie haidi nguva dzose kukanganisa - zvimwe zvisungo zvine mutoro wakasimba.
Schadevergoeding (Kukuvadzwa/Muripo)
Muripo wemari wekurasikirwa kana kukuvara. Mutemo weDutch unoona mhando mbiri huru: materiële schade (kukuvara kwezvinhu) inofukidza kurasikirwa kwakananga kwemari senge kukuvara kwepfuma, mari yekurapwa, kurasikirwa nemari, uye kurasikirwa kwebhizinesi; uye immateriële schade (kukuvara kusingakoshi) kwekukuvara kusiri kwehupfumi senge kurwadziwa nekutambura, uko kunongopihwa chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai sekukuvadzwa kwemunhu kana kutyorwa kwerukudzo. Kukuvadzwa kunofanirwa kuratidzwa uye kwakabatana nekuita zvisina kururama kana kutyorwa. Munhu akakuvadzwa ane basa rekuderedza kukuvara (schadebeperkingsplicht). Kukuvadzwa kwechirango hakupo mumutemo weDutch - muripo unovavarira kudzorera munhu akakuvadzwa panzvimbo yake asati akuvadzwa, kwete kuranga mutadzi. Mubereko (wettelijke rente) unowanikwa kubva pazuva rekukuvara.
Kunyora (Nguva Yekuganhurirwa)
Nguva yakatarwa inofanira kuendeswa kumatare edzimhosva, mushure mezvo isingachashandiswi. Nguva yakatarwa yekuganhurira ndeyemakore mashanu kubva pazuva rakatevera mushure mekunge mumhan'ari aziva kana kuti aifanira kunge aziva nezvekukuvadzwa uye munhu ane mhosva. Kuganhurira kwakakwana kunoitika makore makumi maviri mushure mechiitiko ichi, pasinei neruzivo. Nguva dzakatarwa dzinoshanda kune zvimwe zvikumbiro: makore maviri ekukuvara kwemunhu (kubva pakuwanikwa), makore matatu ezvikanganiso zvechigadzirwa, makore mashanu emhosva yehunyanzvi. Kuganhurira kunogona kukanganiswa nekubvuma chikumbiro, kubhadhara, kana kuendesa nyaya kudare. Kana chikumbiro chapera, chinodzimwa - dare richachiramba kunyangwe zvikasashanda. Zvakakosha kutarisa nguva dzekuganhurira uye kuita chimwe chinhu chisati chapera.
Bewijslast (Mutoro weUchapupu)
Mutoro wekuratidza chokwadi chinotsigira maonero emunhu pamutemo. Mutemo mukuru: "anoti anofanira kuratidza" (wie stelt, bewijst). Munhu anomhan'arira anofanira kuratidza chokwadi chinoita kuti chikumbiro chake chivepo; mupomerwi anofanira kuratidza chokwadi chinotsigira kuzvidzivirira kwake. Humbowo hwakafanana nehukuru hweuchapupu (hunogona kunge husina kunaka), hwakaderera pane hwemutemo wemhosva husingapokane. Humbowo hunogona kusanganisira magwaro akanyorwa (akasimba), humbowo hwezvapupu, pfungwa dzenyanzvi, uye humbowo hwemamiriro ezvinhu. Matare ane simba guru rekuongorora humbowo uye anogona kuderedza mutoro wehumbowo mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, akadai seapo rimwe bato rinodzora ruzivo rwakakosha chete. Kukundikana kusangana nemutoro wehumbowo kunoguma nekurambwa kwechikumbiro kana dziviriro.
Dwangsom (Kubhadhara Chirango)
Mari inobhadharwa nguva nenguva nedare (yakafanana nekuzvidza dare) yekumanikidza kutevedzera mutongo. Kana dare rikarayira mumwe munhu kuti aite chimwe chinhu kana kumisa maitiro, rinogona kubatanidza dwangsom: faindi inobhadharwa kune rimwe bato (kwete nyika) pazuva rega rega kana chiitiko chekusatevedzera mitemo, kusvika pamari yepamusoro. Semuenzaniso, dare rinogona kuraira kambani kuti irege kutyora chiratidzo chekutengeserana uye ibhadharise dwangsom ye€5,000 pazuva yekuramba ichityora mitemo, kusvika pa€500,000 yepamusoro. Iyo dwangsom yakasiyana nekukuvara - yakagadzirirwa kuve nechokwadi chekutevedzera mitemo, kwete kutsiva kurasikirwa. Inowanzoonekwa mumatare edzimhosva, kusimbiswa kwezvibvumirano, uye gakava repfuma yepfungwa. Inoshanda nekuti inoshanda yega pasina mamwe matanho edare kana yatyorwa.
Conservatoir Beslag (Interim Attachment)
Kutora midziyo yemunhu ane chikwereti kwenguva pfupi kuti awane chikumbiro chemhosva asati awana mutongo wekupedzisira. Inoshandiswa kana paine chikonzero chekukurumidzira chekudzivirira munhu ane chikwereti kuti asarasire midziyo, zvichiita kuti kuunganidzwa kusakwanise. Inogona kubatanidza maakaundi ekubhangi, dzimba, zvinhu zviri mudura, zvinhu zvinogamuchirwa, kana imwe pfuma. Inoda mvumo yedare uye mukweretesi anofanira kuratidza: (1) chikumbiro chinovimbika, uye (2) kuda kukurumidzira kwekubatanidzwa. Mukweretesi anowanzo tumira bond yekuvhara kukuvara kunogona kuitika kana chibvumirano chikasava nechikonzero. Mushure mekubatanidzwa, mukweretesi anofanira kutanga nyaya huru mukati memazuva gumi nemana kana chibvumirano chikapera. Chishandiso chine simba chekumanikidza kugadzirisa kana kuchengetedza mikana yekudzoserwa, asi chine njodzi kana chikumbiro chiripo chikakundikana. Chinowanzoshandiswa mumakakatanwa ekutengeserana, kunyanya nemapoka epasi rose kana njodzi dzekubhururuka.
Ingebrekestelling (Chiziviso cheDefault)
Chiziviso chakanyorwa chakanyorwa chinopihwa kune mumwe munhu akatadza kuita zvavakasungirwa, zvichivaisa pachena kuti "havachakwanisi kuita zvavakasungirwa". Chinodiwa kuti mukweretesi asati akwanisa kukumbira muripo wekunonoka, kugumisa chibvumirano, kana kutsvaga mvumo yekusimbiswa nedare. Chinofanira kutaurwa zvakajeka: (1) chii chisungo chisina kuzadzikiswa, (2) nguva yakatarwa yekuita, uye (3) migumisiro yekuramba usingaite. Hazvidikanwi kana: nguva yekupedzisira yapfuura uye mashandiro anoramba asipo, mashandiro haagoneke zvachose, kana kuti mukweretesi aratidza pachena kuti haazoite. Chiziviso chinotanga nguva pachikwereti chisina kubhadharwa uye chinobvumira mukweretesi kushandisa nzira dzekugadzirisa kutyorwa kwemutemo. Chinofanira kutumirwa netsamba yakanyoreswa kana email nerisiti yekuverenga kuti ive humbowo. Danho rekutanga rinokosha muzviito zvakawanda zvekusimbiswa kwezvibvumirano.
Onrechtmatige Daad (Tort/Chiito Chisiri pamutemo)
Chiito chisiri pamutemo kune mumwe munhu kunze kwechibvumirano chero chipi zvacho, chakadai sekukonzera kukuvara nekuda kwekushaya hanya, chinomanikidza mutadzi kuti abhadhare kukuvara kwakakonzerwa nechiitiko chacho kana chiri chikonzero chake.
Ingebrekestelling (Chiziviso cheDefault)
Chikumbiro chakanyorwa chinopa mukwereti nguva yekupedzisira uye yakakodzera yekuita. Kutadza kuita, uye pamwe chete nekodzero yekurasikirwa kana kudzoserwa, zvinowanzoonekwa kana nguva iyoyo yapera pasina kuita.
Dagvaarding (Kunyorwa Kwemasamani)
Gwaro repamutemo, rinopihwa nemuchengeti wematare, rinotanga nyaya dzematare edzimhosva uye rinoshevedza mumwe munhu kuti auye pamberi pedare, richiratidza chikumbiro chacho nezvikonzero zvacho.
Verzuim (Default)
Mamiriro ezvinhu apo munhu ane chikwereti anokundikana kubhadhara mushure mekuziviswa nezvekusabhadhara chikwereti kana kana kutadza kubhadhara chikwereti kwangoitika nemutemo. Kusabhadhara chikwereti kunowanzodiwa kana paine muripo wekunonoka uye wekudzimwa kwechikwereti.
Hoger Beroep (Kukwidza Nyaya)
Nzira yepamutemo iyo bato rinotumira mutongo wedare redunhu kudare rekukwirira kuti riongorore nyaya yacho, apo nyaya yacho inoongororwazve zvizere mukati menguva yekukwirira kwenyaya yacho.
Kusunga (Kubvisa)
Kugumiswa kwechibvumirano chekuwirirana nekuda kwekutyorwa kwemutemo, mushure mezvo mapato acho anofanira kuchinja mashandiro aakaita kare. Kugumiswa kwemutemo kunogona kuitika kunze kwedare kana nedare.
Kubvisa marwadzo (Vernietiting)
Kubviswa kwechibvumirano nekuda kwezvikanganiso panguva yachakagadziriswa, zvakaita sekukanganisa, kubiridzira, kana kushandisa mamiriro ezvinhu zvisina kunaka, zvichizotanga kushanda kusvika panguva yekupedzwa.
Verstekvonnis (Kutonga Kwenguva dzose)
Mutongo unopihwa kana mupomerwi akatadza kuuya mukutongwa. Chikumbiro chinowanzo bvumidzwa kunze kwekunge chichiratidzika sechisiri pamutemo kana chisina hwaro. Mutongo wekupikisa uripo.
Chinokonzeresa (Chinokonzeresa)
Kubatana kunodiwa pakati pemufambiro nekukuvara. Pasina kubatana kwakakwana pakati pekutyorwa kwemutemo kana chiito chisiri pamutemo nekurasikirwa, hapana chisungo chekuripa kurasikirwa ikoko.
Kupindirana (Kupindirana)
Rudzi rwekugadzirisa gakava umo murevereri akazvimiririra anotungamira mapato kuti asvike pakubvumirana ivo pachavo. Kazhinji zvinokurumidza uye hazviremi pane kumhan'ara nyaya kusvika yatongwa.
Vaststellingsovereenkomst (Chibvumirano Chekugadzirisa)
Chibvumirano chinoita kuti mapato agumise gakava kana kusava nechokwadi nekunyora mumashoko anosunga zvinoshanda pakati pavo. Chinoshanda kunyangwe zviri mukati macho zvakasiyana nepfungwa dzepamutemo dzekare uye chinowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirisa.
Klachtplicht (Basa Rokunyunyuta)
Mutoro wekunyunyuta mukati menguva yakakodzera mushure mekuona chikanganiso mukuita kwakaitwa. Munhu anonyunyuta kunonoka anogona kurasikirwa nekodzero yekugadzirisa, kubvisa kana kuripa.
Hoofdelijke Aansprakelijkheid (Kubatanidzwa uye Kwakawanda Mhosva)
Mamiriro ezvinhu apo vanhu vakawanda vane chikwereti vanogona kupiwa mhosva yechikwereti chose. Mukweretesi anosarudza wekutaura naye; vane chikwereti vanofanira kugadzirisa chikwereti pakati pavo.
Boetebeding (Chikamu cheMutongo)
Chibvumirano chinopa mari yakatarwa inobhadharwa kana munhu asina kuita basa rake, zvisinei nekurasikirwa chaiko. Dare rinogona, kana rakumbira, kuderedza chirango chakakwira zvisina musoro chechibvumirano.
Exhibitieplicht (Kodzero Yekuongorora Magwaro)
Kodzero, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu, yekukumbira kuongororwa kana kopi yemagwaro akachengetwa nerimwe bato. Chishandiso ichi chinoshandiswa kuchengetedza kana kuwana humbowo munyaya dzematare edzimhosva.
Une Mibvunzo NezveMutemo weVanhu?
Wedu ane ruzivo Magweta vakagadzirira kubatsira. Rongai musangano wekukurukura nezvemamiriro enyu chaiwo.
