Pfungwa iyi inoita seiri nyore: muzviito zvese zvine chekuita nevana, zvakanakira vana ndizvo zvinonyanya kufungwa nezvazvo. Asi, kune nyanzvi dzemutemo muNetherlands, kushandiswa kweChikamu 3 cheUN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) hakusi nyore. Inoshanda sechiratidzo chakakosha mumutemo wemhuri, nyaya dzekutama, uye nyaya dzekutarisira vechidiki, ichida kuenzanisa kwakasimba pakati pemitemo yakaoma uye chokwadi chehupenyu hwemwana.
Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora mamiriro aripo eChikamu 3 cheUNCRC mumatare edzimhosva ekuDutch. Tinoongorora kuti zvakatongwa neDare Repamusorosoro munguva pfupi yapfuura zvakajekesa sei zvinosungirwa nevatongi nemasangano ekutonga, uye tinoongorora kupindirana kuripo pakati pezvisungo zvechibvumirano chepasi rose nemitemo yemuno yakaita seYouth Act (Jeugdwet). Uyezve, tinotarisa zvinodiwa zvakanangana nehurongwa hweEurope, zvakaita seDirective 2013/32/EU (Recital 33) uye Regulation (EU) 2024/1348 (Recital 23), izvo zvinosimbisa kukosha kwekukoshesa kugara zvakanaka kwemwana munzvimbo dzekupotera uye dzemitemo. Nekutsanangura zvikamu izvi zvakaoma, gwara iri rine chinangwa chekugadzirira Magweta, vachengeti vemhuri, uye nyanzvi dzemutemo vane ruzivo rwekutaura zvinobudirira nezve 'zvakanakira' zvinodiwa mudare.
Pfungwa huru yeChinyorwa 3 UNCRC
Pachinzvimbo chayo chikuru, Chikamu 3 cheUNCRC chinosimbisa chisungo chakanaka kune masangano ese ehurumende neakazvimirira ekubatsira veruzhinji, matare edzimhosva mutemo, masimba ekutonga, uye masangano eparamende. Inorayira kuti zvakanakira mwana zvinofanira kuva "pfungwa huru". Cherechedza chirevo chaicho: ndizvo a pfungwa huru, kwete hazvo kuti Chete Zvisinei, zvine kukosha kukuru uye zvinoda kuti maonero emwana anyatsoongororwa uye aongororwe zvisati zvaitwa chero sarudzo.
Nyaya ino yakafara nemaune. Haingobatanidzi chete zvisarudzo zvakananga zvine chekuita nemwana, zvakaita semirairo yekuchengetwa kwemwana kana yekuiswa kwake, asiwo zvisarudzo zvinokanganisa vana zvisina kunanga, zvakaita sekudzingwa kwemubereki kana kusungwa kwemuchengeti wekutanga. Kushanda uku kwakakura kunosimbiswa nemutemo weEU. Semuenzaniso, Directive (EU) 2016/800 maererano nekuchengetedzwa kwemitemo yevana mumatare emhosva inotaura pachena kukosha kwezvido zvemwana (Recital 8).
Chiyero chiri kuseri kweChinyorwa chechitatu ndechekuziva kushaya simba kwemwana. Vana vanowanzoshaya kodzero yepamutemo uye kuzvitonga kuti vadzivirire zvido zvavo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hurongwa hwemutemo hunofanirwa kuripa kutarisirwa uku. Sezvataurwa mumutemo wechangobva kuitika (ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1799) uye mhedziso yeGweta Guru (ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:728), chinyorwa ichi chinoshanda sedziviriro yemaitiro. Chinomanikidza muiti wesarudzo kuti amire obva aruramisa pachena kuti sarudzo yacho inokanganisa sei kukura kwemwana, kuchengetedzeka, uye kugara zvakanaka. Haisi kungotaura chete chinangwa; itsika inosunga inoda kurudziro yakasimba mukutonga kwese kwemutemo kunosanganisira mwana mudiki.
Kunyorera muDutch Legal Practice
Chisungo ichi chechibvumirano chinoshandura sei nyaya yedare reDutch? Chinhu chakakosha mududziro iyi chisarudzo chakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura neDare Repamusorosoro (ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1799). Mumutongo uyu, Dare Repamusorosoro rakatsanangura zvaitarisirwa nemutongi pakushandisa Chikamu 3 cheUNCRC, richidudzira murayiro uyu kuburikidza nemaonero eVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
Dare rakaratidza kuti kunyange hazvo kufarira mwana kuri kukuru, basa remutongi munyaya dzematare edzimhosva rinoramba rakasungwa nepfungwa dzemakakatanwa emutemo. Musiyano wakakosha wakaitwa maererano nebasa remutongi rekuferefeta. Dare Repamusorosoro rakatonga kuti kunyange hazvo mutongi achifanira kuyera kufarira kwemwana zvichibva pane zvataurwa, hapana chisungo chekuita exwireo kuferefeta kunze kwemiganhu yemaitiro, kunze kwekunge paine mutemo chaiwo unopa simba rakadaro (kufunga nezvazvo 3.4.3). Izvi zvinopa vamiriri vemutemo basa guru rekupa dare ruzivo rwakakwana maererano nemamiriro emwana.
Mukuita, izvi zvinoda kuenzana. 'Chido chakanakisisa' hachisi chiratidzo chekuti zvimwe zvido zvese hazvina basa. Semuenzaniso, munyaya dzekudzingwa, kodzero yemwana yekuwana pekugara uye kodzero yekusaparadzaniswa nevabereki zvinhu zvakakosha (ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1799, pfungwa 3.3.3, 3.3.4). Zvisinei, Dare Repamusorosoro rakaona kuti kodzero idzi hadzipi dziviriro yekudzingwa kana kufarira kwemuridzi wemba kana kufarira kweveruzhinji kuchikosha. Mutongi anofanira kuongorora kana imwe imba iripo uye kana mhedzisiro yemwana isingaenzaniswi. Mhedziso yeGweta Guru (ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:728) inotsanangura zvakare kuti dziviriro inoshanda yemutemo inoda kuti mutongi aite kuti kufarira kwemwana kuve pachena, kunyangwe mapato asina kushandisa Chinyorwa 3 cheUNCRC.
Zvakanakira Mwana: Anochinjika Asi Anosunga
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinonetsa magweta ndechekuti pfungwa yekuti "zvakanakira mwana" hainyatsojekeswi. Ndiyo nzira inochinjika inoda kuzadzwa kwakasimba zvichienderana nechokwadi chaicho chenyaya yacho. Mumutemo weDutch, pfungwa iyi inoshandiswa kuburikidza nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira kuchengetedzeka kwemuviri, kuchengetedzeka kwepfungwa, kuramba uchikura, uye maonero ekukura kwemwana.
Hukama huripo pakati peChikamu 3 cheUNCRC nemutemo wenyika hunoonekwa muChikamu 1:377 cheDutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek – BW) maererano nekodzero dzekuwana ruzivo uye Chikamu 3.1 cheMutemo weVechidiki (Jeugdwet). Mitemo iyi yemuno inonyanya kurongedza mwero wepasi rose. Zvisinei, kuchinjika kweshoko iri kunobvumira kushandiswa kwakanangana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Muchirongwa chekutarisira (ondertoezichtstelling), kuchengetedzeka kwemwana kungave ndicho chinhu chikuru. Panyaya yekutama, kuramba uchidzidza uye nharaunda yemagariro evanhu zvinogona kurema zvakanyanya.
Kunyangwe zvichichinjika, mutemo uyu unosunga pamutemo. Dare Repamusorosoro rakasimbisa kuti Chikamu 3 cheUNCRC chine simba rakananga mumutemo weDutch sezvo chichida kuti dare riite mukuenzanisa zvido. MuECLI:NL:HR:2025:1948, zvakasimbiswa kuti kutadza kukurudzira kuti kufarira kwemwana kwakayerwa sei kunogona kutungamira mukurambwa kwechisarudzo. Chikamu 810 cheMutemo weMaitiro eVanhu (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering – Rv) inotsigirawo izvi nekubvumira mutongi kuti agadze muchengeti akakosha (mutariri webijzondere) kana zvido zvemwana zvichipesana nezvevabereki, kuve nechokwadi chekuti "zvakanakira" hazvisi kungori pfungwa yedzidziso chete asi kuti ndezvechokwadi.
Izwi reMwana
Chinhu chakakosha pakusarudza zvakanakira mwana iChikamu 12 cheUNCRC: kodzero yemwana yekunzwikwa. Haugone kusarudza zviri kufarira mwana usingamubvumidze kutora chikamu mukutongwa. Mumutemo weDutch procedure, izvi zvinowanzo shandiswa kuvana vane makore gumi nemaviri zvichikwira, asi kune katsika kari kukura kekunzwa vana vadikiwo, zvichienderana nekukura kwavo.
Mutongo wenyaya dzazvino uno (ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1948) unosimbisa kuti "izwi remwana" harisi kungobvunza mwana zvaanoda. Rinosanganisira kupa huremu hwakakodzera kumaonero ake zvichienderana nezera rake nekukura kwake. Mutongi anofanira kuona kuti mwana anonzwa akachengeteka kutaura zvaanofunga akasununguka. Sezvakaratidzwa mumhedziso yeGweta Guru (ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:825), kutora chikamu kwemwana hakusi kungoitwa chete; ibasa rinokosha rekutsvaga chokwadi rinoita kuti Chinyorwa 3 chishande. Kana mutongi akatsauka kubva pane zvaidiwa nemwana zvekudzivirira zvido zvake, izvi zvinofanirwa kukurudzirwa zvakajeka mukutonga kuratidza kuti inzwi remwana rakatorwa zvakakomba, kunyangwe risingatevedzwe.
Chinyorwa 3 UNCRC inopesana nezvinodiwa neVeruzhinji
Kusawirirana kunowanzo itika kana zvakanakira mwana zvikapesana nezvido zveveruzhinji kana kodzero dzevamwe. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka mukudyidzana kuripo pakati peUNCRC neChikamu 8 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), iyo inodzivirira kodzero yehupenyu hwemhuri. Dare reEuropean Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) rinoda kuti pave ne "kuenzanisa kwakaringana" pakati pezvido zvemunhu nenharaunda zvinokwikwidzana.
Saka, kufarira kwemwana kunokunda rini? Kunyange zvazvo Chikamu 3 chichitaura kuti chinofanira kunge chiri chinhu "chinonyanya kufungwa", matare edzimhosva anosimbisa kuti hachisi chinhu chakakwana. Matare enyika anopiwa "muganhu wekukoshesa". Zvisinei, mitongo yazvino inoratidza kuti muganho wekupfuura kufarira kwemwana wakakwira. Semuenzaniso, muECLI:NL:RBLIM:2025:1533 uye ECLI:NL:PHR:2023:801, zvakaonekwa kuti munyaya dzekupindira kwenyika (dzakadai sekuisa mwana muchengeti), nyika ine mutoro unorema wekuratidza kuti chiyero chakadaro chinodiwa uye chakaenzana. Muedzo we "kuenzanisa kwakaringana" unoreva kuti kana chiyero chisina kupindira chichigona kuzadzisa chinangwa chimwe chete cheveruzhinji (semuenzaniso rubatsiro kumba pane kubviswa), kufarira kwemwana kuramba ari nevabereki kunofanira kukunda.
Mabasa uye Mutoro
Mutoro wekutevedzera Chikamu 3 cheUNCRC uri wehurumende, asi munzvimbo dzakagadzirwa nevechidiki vekuDutch, basa iri rinoshandawo kumasangano ane zvitupa (Gecertificeerde Intellingen - GIs) uye vanopa rubatsiro rwevanhu vega.
Ndiani ane mhosva kana zvido zvemwana zvikaregeredzwa? Hurumende nemasangano ekutonga vane mutoro wekuratidza kuti zvisarudzo zvavo zvinoenderana neChikamu 3. Mutemo (EU) 2024/1348 (Chikamu 22) unosimbisa chisungo chekuti vane masimba varuramise zvisarudzo zvavo pachena. Kana chisarudzo chisina chikonzero ichi, chinogona kukanzurwa.
Uyezve, mutoro unogona kusvika kumasangano akazvimirira. Pasi peChinyorwa 1:263 BW neChinyorwa 1:304 BW, vachengeti nemasangano vanogona kupomerwa mhosva yekukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nekutonga kwakashata kana kutadza kuchengetedza mwana. Mutemo wenyaya wazvino uno (ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1948) unoratidza kuti kutadza kwehurongwa kuisa kuchengetedzeka kwemwana pakutanga—semuenzaniso, nekuisa mwana mumusha usina kuchengetedzeka wevana vasina kuongororwa zvakakwana—kunogona kutungamira kumhosva yesangano. Muzviitiko zvakanyanya zvekusateerera, vashandi vanogona kutotarisana nemhosva yemunhu kana mhosva kana zviito zvavo (kana kusavapo kwazvo) zvichiisa mwana panjodzi zvakananga.
Mibvunzo Inonyanya Kubvunzwa
Zvinorevei kuti "zvido zvemwana" muChikamu 3 cheUNCRC?
Itsika yakavhurika inoda kuti kuchengetedzeka kwemwana, kukura kwake, uye kugara zvakanaka kwake zvive zvinhu zvinonyanya kufungwa nezvazvo muzviito zvese. Zviri mukati mayo zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu emunhu, akadai sekunamatira uye kuramba achitarisirwa.
Ndiani ane basa rekutarisa zvakanakira mwana?
Mutoro uyu uri pamasangano ese anoita sarudzo: matare edzimhosva, masimba ekutonga (akaita semaguta), uye masangano ekubatsira vanhu (kusanganisira Bhodhi reKutarisira neKudzivirira Vana neMasangano Akanyoreswa).
Ko Chikamu 3 cheUNCRC chinogona kusimbiswa zvakananga mudare reDutch here?
Ehe. Kunyange zvazvo iri tsika yakavhurika, matare eDutch anoziva mhedzisiro yayo zvakananga. Vatongi vanofanira kuongorora kana maitiro ekuita sarudzo akayera zvakakwana zvido zvemwana, kazhinji vachishandisa mitemo yenyika (BW, Youth Act) kuti ishandiswe zvakajeka.
Zvido zvemwana zvinofanira kutsanangurwa sei zvakananga mumatare edzimhosva?
Zvinotsanangurwa nekuongorora zvinhu chaizvo: kuchengetedzeka kwemuviri nekwepfungwa, kudiwa kwekugadzikana, kuchengetedzwa kwehukama hwemhuri, uye maonero emwana pachake. Izvi zvinofanirwa kuyerwa zvakananga zvichienderana nezvimwe zvinofarirwa.
Basa remwana nderipi pakusarudza zvaanofarira?
Pasi peChikamu 12 cheUNCRC, vana vane kodzero yekunzwiwa. Maonero avo chinhu chakakosha pakusarudza zvavanofarira, kunyangwe kukosha kwavanopiwa kunoenderana nezera ravo nekukura kwavo.
Chikamu chechitatu cheUNCRC chine chekuita sei nemutemo wemhuri weDutch?
Chikamu chechitatu chinoshanda sehurongwa hwepamusoro. Mitemo yeDutch yakaita seChinyorwa 1:377 BW (kuwanikwa) uye Chikamu 3.1 Youth Act ndiyo nzira yenyika yese yekuzadzisa chisungo ichi chechibvumirano, ichipa vatongi maturusi emutemo.
Chikamu chechitatu cheUNCRC chinogona here kutungamira kurambwa kwechikumbiro chekudzingwa?
Ehe, zvingangoitika. Kunyange zvazvo zvisiri chinhu chinodzivisa kudzingwa kwemwana, dare rinofanira kuongorora kufarira kwemwana pekugara. Kana kudzingwa kwemwana kuchikonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya uye pasina dzimwe nzira, chikumbiro chinogona kumiswa kana kurambwa.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati peChikamu 3 ndima 1 nechikamu 2 cheUNCRC?
Ndima 1 inosimbisa musimboti wekuti "pfungwa huru inofanira kufungwa nezvayo" pakusarudza zvinhu zvakananga. Ndima 2 inoisa mutoro wakakura kuHurumende wekuona kuti mitemo nehutungamiriri zvinodzivirira kugara zvakanaka kwemwana.
Nyanzvi dzingashandisa sei kufarira kwemwana nemazvo?
Nekutaura pachena kufarira kwemwana mishumo yese, kuferefeta kukanganisa kwezvisarudzo pamwana, kubatsira kodzero yemwana yekunzwiwa, uye kukurudzira kuti nei mhedzisiro chaiyo ichibatsira zvakanyanya.
Sei Chikamu 3 cheUNCRC chichisungirwa zviri pamutemo kunyangwe chichichinjika?
Nekuti Netherlands ndiyo nyika yakasaina chibvumirano ichi. Dare Repamusorosoro rakatonga kuti pasinei nekukosha kwaro, urongwa Kuyera mubereko kwacho kunosungirwa uye kunogona kuongororwa nemutemo.
mhedziso
Chikamu chechitatu cheUNCRC ndicho musimboti wemutemo wekuchengetedzwa kwevana muNetherlands. Chinorayira kuti zvakanakira mwana hazvisi kungotarisa chete, asi kuti zvive chinhu chikuru chinotarisa matanho ese emutemo. Sezvinoratidzwa nedare repamusoro-soro munguva pfupi yapfuura, kunyange hazvo mutongi asiri muongorori wechokwadi asina muganho, ivo ndivo vanotarisira zvakanyanya chibvumirano ichi.
Kune nyanzvi dzemutemo, basa rakajeka: kuve nechokwadi chekuti maonero emwana anotsanangurwa zvakajeka, anotsigira chokwadi, uye anoyerwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nevanokwikwidzana mukutumira nekubvuma kwese. Kuenzana pakati peChikamu 3 cheUNCRC nezvimwe zvinodiwa nevanhu kuchiri kutetepa, asi maitiro emutemo wenyaya ari kufambira mberi akananga kukuchengetedzwa kwakasimba kwekodzero dzemwana.
Une mibvunzo chaiyo here maererano nemutemo wekuchengetedza vana kana kushandiswa kweUNCRC munyaya dzako? Bata neni Law & More nhasi kuti uwane mazano emutemo ane hunyanzvi akagadzirirwa basa rako.
