Tsvaga "chinoverengera mari yekuchengeta vana" cheNetherlands uye uchawana zvishandiso zvinoburitsa nhamba mumasekonzi makumi matatu. Hapana chinotaura kuti nhamba iyi haina hwaro hwakananga hwemutemo. Mutemo weDutch unoti vabereki vanofanira kupa mari yevana vavo zvichienderana nezvavanokwanisa; masvomhu anobva mumirayiridzo yakagadzirwa nedare redzimhosva pacharo. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura mashandiro anoita kuverenga ikoko uye zvinoshanduka kana mumwe mubereki achigara kunze kweNetherlands.
Hapana fomura yepamutemo: mushumo weTrema
Mutemo weCivil Code unoisa musimboti, kwete huwandu hwemari. Vabereki vane chikwereti chekuchengeta vana vavo (art. 1:392 BW); vanofanira kutakura mari yekuchengetwa nekurerwa kwevana vavo vadiki zvichienderana nekwavanowana (art. 1:404 BW); uye mari yacho inoyerwa nezvinodiwa nemunhu ane kodzero uye kugona kwemunhu anosungirwa kubhadhara (art. 1:397 BW). Ndizvo chete - hapana zvikamu, hapana matafura, hapana mabhureki.
Mukaha uyu unozadzwa neRapport alimentatienormen , iyo inonzi mushumo weTrema pasi rose zvichienderana nejenari revatongi rawakatanga kubuda mariri. Yakanyorwa neExpertgroep Alimentatienormen, boka rinoshanda revatongi vemhuri vanobva kumatare edunhu nematare ekukwirira, uye yakaburitswa nedare revatongi vekuDutch. Shanduro itsva inotanga kushanda musi wa1 Ndira gore rega rega, netafura dzakagadziridzwa dzemitero yegore iroro, mari yekubatsira uye mazinga emari; shanduro yazvino inotangira muna Ndira 2026.
Migumisiro miviri inokosha. Chekutanga, mushumo hausi mutemo: vatongi nemapato vanogona kusiya, uye mushumo wacho unotaura izvozvo pachawo. Ikurudziro yakagadzirirwa kuita kuti mhedzisiro ifungidzike uye ifanane munyika yese, kwete mutero unosunga. Chechipiri, kukakavadzana nezvazvo saka kunyengetedza pane kududzira mutemo. Kana mamiriro ako ezvinhu asingakodzeri muenzaniso unofungidzirwa nemirairo - mari isingawanzoitiki, mari inobhadharwa nevashandirwi, mari inowanikwa kunze kwenyika - zvinogona kutaurwa, asi neumboo chete.
Kuverenga kunoitwa mumatanho maviri: mari inobhadharwa nemwana, uye mari inogona kubhadharwa nemubereki mumwe nemumwe.
Danho rekutanga: zvinodiwa nemwana (zvakakodzera)
Pokutangira haisi mari inodyiwa nemwana nhasi, asi mararamiro aifarirwa nemwana vabereki vari pamwe chete. Mitemo iyi inobvisa mari yaiwanikwa nevabereki munguva yekupedzisira vasati vaparadzana uye inoverenga nhamba inoenderana kubva patafura yezvinodiwa ( behoeftetabel ), yakabva mukutsvagurudza kwebhajeti remhuri pamusoro pemari inoshandiswa nemhuri pavana vavo. Dzimwe pfungwa dzinobata vanhu pfungwa:
- Tafura yacho inopa huwandu hwevana vose pamwe chete. Pamari yemwana mumwe nemumwe, unogovanisa nenhamba yevana. Nekuda kwehupfumi hwevana, vana vaviri havabhadharise mwana mumwe kaviri: huwandu hwevana pamwana mumwe hunoderera sezvo nhamba yacho ichikwira.
- Zera harichinje nhamba yetafura. Tafura yezvinodiwa inoshanda paavhareji yevana vechidiki uye haishandisi kugadzirisa zera: mwana ane makore mashanu neane makore gumi nemashanu vanowana mari yakafanana nemari imwe chete. Zera rinogona kuramba richikosha munhaurirano, kana paine mitengo inoshamisa uye inooneka, asi harichinji maverengerwo akajairwa.
- Bhajeti revana vechikoro rinowedzerwa pamari inowanikwa nemhuri kana nhamba yakabatanidzwa yasimbiswa.
- Mari yekuwedzera yekuvaka inogona kuwedzerwa pamusoro: kuchengetwa kwevana, mari yechikoro, mari yekuremara kana chirwere chisingaperi. Mari yechikoro yepasi rose inzvimbo inowanzo rwiwa: matare anoiona semutengo wakakura kupfuura zvinodiwa netafura chete kana mamiriro emhuri ari kunze kwenyika, kana chibvumirano pakati pevabereki, chichizvitsigira.
- Tafura yakavharirwa. Pamusoro pemari yakabatanidzwa, tafura yacho inomira, uye zvinodiwa zvinofanira kusimbiswa nehurongwa chaihwo hwekushandisa pane kuverenga gakava.
Pfungwa imwe chete yepfungwa iyi: Hoge Raad yakabata musi wa9 Gumiguru 2015 (ECLI:NL:HR:2015:3011) kuti bhajeti revana vechikoro pamwe chete nekuwedzera kwemubereki mumwe chete hazvibviswe pane zvinodiwa nemwana. Zvinowedzera kugona kwemubereki anozvigamuchira, uye zvinofanirwa kunge zviri muchikamu chechipiri.
Danho rechipiri: kugona kubhadhara (draagkracht)
Kana zvinodiwa zvagadziriswa, nhungamiro dzinoverenga kuti mubereki wega wega anogona kupa chii - vabereki vese vanoongororwa, kwete chete uyo achabhadhara. Kuverenga kunotanga nemari inowanikwa nemubereki wega wega ( netto besteedbaar inkomen , NBI): mari yese inowanikwa kubva kuzvinhu zvese, yakagadziriswa mutero, makiredhiti uye mari yekubatsira. Kubva ipapo nhungamiro dzinobvisa bhajeti redzimba rakagadzirwa pachikamu chakatarwa chemari inowanikwa nemubereki, pamwe nemutengo wakatarwa wekurarama. Chikamu chakatarwa chezvinosara - 70 muzana yekuchengeta mwana - ndiko kugona kwemubereki kubhadhara.
Maumbirwo acho haana kunaka nemaune, uye ndicho chikonzero: pane kuongorora mabhiri erendi yemubereki wega wega uye ezvekudya, gwara iri rinoratidza mari yakajairika, saka mhedzisiro haitsamiri pakuti mubereki anosarudza kurarama nemari yakawanda sei. Mushumo wacho unoutsanangura sefomura: chikamu chakatarwa chemari inowanikwa chinochengeterwa pekugara, chiyero chekurarama chakagadziriswa chinobviswa pamari yekurarama, uye 70 muzana yezvasara zvinoonekwa sehuwandu hwezvinhu. Pasi pemuganho fomura inotsiviwa netafura yehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakatarwa, nepasi remwana mumwe uye pasi repamusoro revanhu vaviri kana kupfuura, saka mubereki ane mari shoma achiri kupa chimwe chinhu.
Mimwe migumisiro inoshanda:
- Mari chaiyo yedzimba haina basa zvakanyanya. Yakakwira Amsterdam rendi haiwani mari yechikwereti otomatiki.
- Kugona kuwana mari, kwete kungowana mari chete. Mubereki anorega basa kana kuti anoderedzwa mari nemaune anogona kuongororwa mari yaanogona kuwana.
- Zvikwereti zvinowanzoregeredzwa kunze kwekunge zvisingadzivisiki uye zvisina kuitwa nesarudzo.
- Vana ndivo vanotanga. Kana mubereki asingakwanise kuzadzisa zvese zvaanosungirwa kuita pakuchengeta mwana, zvikumbiro zvevana nevana vekurera zvinotanga kupihwa pekutanga pane vamwe vanokweretesa mari yekuchengeta mwana, kusanganisira waaimbove murume/mukadzi wake (art. 1:400 BW). Mari yekuchengeta mwana inoverengwa kutanga; mari yekuchengeta mwana wemurume/mukadzi inotora yasara, kana paine chimwe chinhu.
- Bvunzo rekugamuchirwa ndiyo vharuvhu yekuchengetedza apo kuverenga kwakajairwa kunosiya mubereki anobhadhara ari pasi pemutengo wakaderera, asi kunoda kuburitswa pachena kwakazara kwemari inowanikwa, midziyo uye mashandisirwo emari.
The care discount (zorgkorting)
Mubereki ane mwana anogara naye anotoshandisa mari yake zvakananga pamwana — chikafu, kudziyisa, imba yekurara, nezvimwe zvinhu. Mitemo iyi inobvuma izvi nekudzikiswa kwemari yekuchengeta mwana, inoonekwa sechikamu chezvinodiwa nemwana uye inobviswa pane izvo mubereki iyeye aizotamisa. Maitiro ekuchengeta mwana akanyorwa muchirongwa chekurera mwana kazhinji ndiwo anotanga kuagadzirisa.
| Avhareji yekutarisira mukati mevhiki | Chengetedza kutapudza |
|---|---|
| Pasingasviki zuva rimwe chete pasvondo | 5% |
| Zuva rimwe chete pavhiki | 15% |
| Mazuva maviri pasvondo | 25% |
| Mazuva matatu pasvondo | 35% |
Chikamu ichi chinoshandiswa pazvinodiwa patafura, kwete pahuwandu hwemubereki anobhadhara, uye mazororo anoverengerwa paavhareji yevhiki nevhiki. Zvishoma zve5 muzana zvinowanzo shandiswa kunyangwe paine mukana wekuti mubereki nemwana vasangane, zvichireva kuti mubereki nemwana vane kodzero nebasa rekuonana. Muchirongwa chekuchengeta vana zvakaenzana, kudzikiswa kwemari kunonyanya kukosha, uye vabereki vanowanzo shanda pamwe chete muakaundi yevana - chirongwa chega kwete mhedzisiro yegwara.
Chii chinoitika kana paine kushomeka
Kana vabereki vakabatana vasingakwani pane zvinodiwa nemwana — zvinova zvakajairika — kushomeka kwemwana kunogovaniswa, mubereki wega wega achitora hafu yezvinodiwa. Kana paine hurongwa hwekutarisirwa, hafu yekushomeka kwemwana inobhadharwa nemutengo wekudzikiswa kwemwana: mubereki anobhadhara anorasikirwa nechikamu chemubhadharo wekudzikiswa kwemwana uye anobhadhara zvakawanda kupfuura zvaingangotaurwa. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, mutengo wacho unotorwa zvachose. Mubereki wega wega achiri kupa mari kusvika pamuganho wemubhadharo wake.
Chisungo chinopera rini?
Kuchengetwa kwemwana hakugumiri pamakore gumi nemasere. Vabereki vane chikwereti chemari yekurarama nekudzidza yevana vavo vane makore gumi nemasere, gumi nemapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri (art. 1:395a BW). Basa iri rejongmeerderjarige rinosiyana nerekuchengetedza zvinhu zvakajairika nenzira imwe chete inokosha: wechidiki haafanire kuratidza kuti anoda rubatsiro. Hoge Raad yakasimbisa musi wa30 Gunyana 2016 (ECLI:NL:HR:2016:2234) kuti kushayiwa hakusi chinhu chinodiwa, saka mwana ane makore gumi nemapfumbamwe ane basa renguva pfupi anogona kuramba achida rubatsiro.
Kubva pamakore gumi nemasere, chikumbiro ndechemunhu mukuru wechidiki, saka muripo unowanzoitwa zvakananga kumwana uye chero chikumbiro chinounzwa muzita remwana pachake. Kuderedzwa kwemari yekuchengeta mwana hakuchashandi, nekuti kunoreva kutarisirwa kwemwana mudiki. Pamakore makumi maviri nerimwe, muripo wemwana unongopera; mushure meizvozvo chikumbiro pakati pemubereki nemwana mukuru chinogoneka chete kana paine zvinodiwa zvechokwadi.
Kunyorwa kwegore negore
Mari yese yekubhadhara inogadziriswa nedare reDutch kana yakabvumiranwa pakati pevabereki inogadziriswa otomatiki musi wa1 Ndira gore rega rega (art. 1:402a BW). Gurukota rezvemitemo nekuchengetedzwa kwevana vanoisa huwandu hwemari zvichienderana nekuvandudzwa kwemihoro uye vanozivisa muna Mbudzi wegore rinotevera, vachiiburitsa muStaatscourant uye pa rijksoverheid.nl. Nguva dzose tora nhamba yegore riri kutaurwa nezvaro kubva pachiziviso ichocho.
Kuishandisa kuri nyore asi kazhinji kunokanganikwa: tora mari inobhadharwa muna Zvita woiwedzera nechikamu kubva musi wa1 Ndira. Hapana murairo wedare unodiwa, uye mubereki anobhadhara anotarisirwa kutamisa mari itsva asina kukumbirwa. Kana indexation yave ichiregeredzwa kwemakore, mutsauko wekuunganidza unogona kudzoserwa semari yasara. Indexation inogona kubviswa, asi chete kana murairo kana chibvumirano zvichitaura izvozvo zvakajeka.
Kuchinja odha: art. 1:401 BW
Chibvumirano chekuchengeta mwana kana chibvumirano chinogona kuchinjwa kana kubviswa nedare rinozotevera kana, nekuda kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu, chisisina kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nemutemo (art. 1:401 BW). Zvikonzero zvakajairika: shanduko yemari yemubereki, shanduko muhurongwa hwekutarisirwa, kuzvarwa kwemumwe mwana, kutamira kune imwe nyika, kurasikirwa nebasa.
Chinyorwa chimwe chete ichi chinopa dzimwe nzira mbiri. Odha inogona kuchinjwa kana isina kumbobvira yasvika padanho repamutemo kubva pakutanga nekuti yakavakirwa paruzivo rusina kururama kana rusina kukwana - nzira yekutora apo mubereki akataura mari shoma. Uye chibvumirano chinogona kubviswa kana chikaitwa nekusateerera mutemo zvakanyanya.
Nyevero mbiri. Shanduko iyi inofanira kunge iri huru kupfuura dzose; kuchinja kushoma kwemari inowanikwa hakuzobatsiri. Uye matare edzimhosva anongwarira nezvekuderedza mari yekuchengeta mwana mushure menguva pfupi, nekuti mari yacho inowanzo shandiswa pamwana. Isa chikumbiro nekukurumidza pane kuderedza mari yaunobhadhara wobva waita nharo nezvazvo gare gare: kudzikiswa kwemari imwe chete kunoita kuti mari irambe ichibhadharwa.
Kusimbiswa kwemutemo kuburikidza neLBIO
Kana mari yekuchengetedza isina kubhadharwa, mugamuchiri haafanire kuudza muchengeti wemari ipapo ipapo. Landelijk Bureau Inning Onderhoudsbijdragen (LBIO) isangano rehurumende rinounganidza mari yekuchengetedza zvichibva pachikamu 1:408 BW, uye mabasa aro haabhadharwi kune munhu ane kodzero yekuwana mari yacho. Mamiriro acho anoshanda kwete ehunyanzvi:
- mari yekuchengetedza inofanira kunge yagadziriswa nedare (chibvumirano chega hachina kukwana);
- panofanira kunge paine chikwereti chemari inosvika €10;
- kusabhadhara kunofanira kuwira mukati memwedzi mitanhatu chikumbiro chisati chaitwa, uye musimboti chete chikwereti chemwedzi mitanhatu ichocho ndicho chinogona kuunganidzwa, kunze kwekunge dare rarayira zvakasiyana;
- Mubereki anobhadhara anofanira kunge akaudzwa kwekubhadhara.
Kana LBIO yatora chigaro, mubereki anobhadhara ndiye anotakura mari yacho: mari yekuwedzera ye15 muzana pamari yasara uye 15 muzana pamari inosara pamwedzi, imwe neimwe inoenderana nemutengo wepasi uyo LBIO inogadzirisa nguva nenguva uye inoburitsa pawebhusaiti yayo. LBIO inogona kubatanidza mihoro nemari yekubatsira uye kuwedzera kusvika pakumanikidzwa kwemutemo, izvo zvinodiwa kuti gwaro rekutanga redare rive rakavharwa. Kubhadhara zvizere uye nenguva ndiyo imwe nzira yakachipa.
The international dimension
Kune mhuri dziri kunze kwenyika, mitemo yekuyambuka miganhu inowanzokosha kupfuura kuverenga.
Dare ripi rine simba rekutonga nyaya iyi?
MuEU, simba rekuchengetedza mhuri rinotongwa neMaintenance Regulation, Regulation (EC) Nhamba 4/2009. Pasi peChikamu 3, mukweretesi anogona kumhan'arira kumatare ekugara kwemukweretesi kana kwake, uye chikumbiro chekuchengetedza mhuri chinogonawo kuunzwa kudare rave kutobata nyaya yekurambana kana mutoro wemubereki. Ichocho chisarudzo chechokwadi, chinonyanya kufungwa nezvacho nyaya isati yatanga, uye chinoenderana nemubvunzo wakakura wekuti dare ripi rine simba rekuchengetedza mhuri yepasi rose . Chikamu 4 chinobvumira mapato kuti abvumirane padare, asi kwete mari yekuchengeta mwana ari pasi pemakore 18: vabereki havagone kubvumirana kunze kwedare remwana.
Mutemo upi?
Hutongi nemutemo unoshanda mibvunzo yakasiyana: Dare reDutch rinogona uye rinoshandisa mutemo wekuchengetedza wekunze. Mutemo unoshanda unotevera 2007 Hague Protocol, iyo inotaurwa neChikamu 15 cheMutemo. Mutemo mukuru (Chikamu 3 cheMutemo) mutemo wenyika inogara mukweretesi; kana mwana akatama, mutemo wenyika itsva unoshanda kubva panguva yekutama. Chikamu 4 chinowedzera mitemo inotsigira mukweretesi munyaya dzevabereki nemwana: kana mutemo wekugara kwemwana usingape mari yekuchengeta, mutemo weforamu unoshanda; apo mukweretesi anomhan'arira munyika yemukweretesi, mutemo wenyika iyoyo unoshanda kutanga, nemutemo wekugara kwemwana senzira yekudzokera shure; hunhu hwese inzira yekupedzisira. Mwana anotama kubva kuNetherlands anowanzo kuve nemhosva inoongororwa pasi pemutemo wenyika itsva, uye nhungamiro dzeTrema hadzizoshandi zvachose.
Kutevedzwa kwemutemo kunze kwenyika
Sarudzo yeDutch yekuchengetedza inotenderera mukati meEU pasina nzira yekutonga apo Nhengo yeNyika yakabva inosungirwa ne2007 Hague Protocol (Chikamu 17 cheMutemo), saka kusimbiswa kwemutemo kunogona kuitwa zvakananga mune imwe Nhengo yeNyika. Maonero eDenmark akasiyana: inosungirwa neMutemo pasi pechibvumirano chakasiyana asi kwete neMutemo. Nhengo yega yega yeNyika inosarudza chiremera chikuru (Chikamu 49); kuNetherlands iyo iri LBIO, inoshanda sesangano rinotumira uye rinogamuchira. Chinyorwa 46 chinoda rubatsiro rwemutemo rwemahara rwezvikumbiro zvekuchengeta mwana nemubereki kune munhu ari pasi pemakore 21.
Kunze kweEU, 2007 Hague Convention on the International Recovery of Child Support inopa hurongwa hwakafanana hwemasimba makuru uye kurerutsa kuzivikanwa pakati penyika dzine chibvumirano. Kana imwe nyika isina chikamu chechibvumirano ichi, kudzoreredzwa kunoenderana nemutemo wenyika iyoyo uye kunogona kunonoka kana, mukuita, kusagoneka. Rondedzero yenyika dzine chibvumirano inochinja, saka tarisa mamiriro enyika ine chekuita nazvo zvakananga neHCCH usati wavimba neChibvumirano.
Mari inowanikwa kunze kwenyika uye mari yekubhadhara vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika
Kuverengwa kwemari inobhadharwa nevatengi kunosanganisira Dutch payslip. Kana mubereki akabhadhariswa mutero wemari kunze kwenyika, mutero wevatorwa, mari yemubhadharo weimba yemushandirwi kana mari yekunze, kushandurwa kuita nhamba yemari inobhadharwa nevatengi yeDutch kunokakavadzana kakawanda kupfuura chero chimwe chinhu chekuverenga. Mutero wevatorwa wevashandi vanouya unoverengwa semari chaiyo chero bedzi ichienderera mberi; kurasikirwa kwayo kunotariswa kana zvikaitika, pane kungotarisirwa. Chikamu uye nguva yepamusoro yemutero iwoyo zvakachinjwa kanopfuura kamwe chete, saka shanda kubva pamitemo inoshanda mugore rekuverenga. Gadzirira magwaro emutero aripo pachine nguva.
Law & More inopa mazano kuvabereki vari muNetherlands nekune dzimwe nyika nezvekuchengeta vana: kuona zvinodiwa uye kugona kwavo pamitemo iripo, kutaurirana kana kuchinja huwandu hwemari, uye kubata nekutonga kwemiganhu, mutemo unoshanda uye kutevedzera mitemo. Kana muchida kuti kuverenga kuongororwe kusati kwave kuraira, ndapota taurai nesu.
Ko karukureta yekutsigira vana yepamhepo yeNetherlands yakavimbika here?
Sechiratidzo chekufungidzira chete. Zvishandiso zvepamhepo zvinoshandisa matafura aripo panhamba dzaunonyora, asi chikamu chakaoma hachisi chekuverenga - ndechekuona mari inowanikwa nemubereki wega wega, kuderedzwa kwemari yekuchengeta mwana, uye kana paine mari yekuwedzera yakakodzera zvinodiwa nemwana. Izvozvo ndizvo zvinokakavadzana nemapato. Tora mhinduro yekarukureta senzvimbo yekutanga yekukurukurirana, kwete senhamba ingarairwa nedare.
Vabereki vanofanira kuenda kudare kuti vagadzirise mari yacho here?
Kwete. Vabereki vanogona kubvumirana mari, uye kana vaine vana vadiki, hurongwa hwekurera vana hunoratidza hurongwa hwekuchengeta mwana hunodiwa pamwe nechikumbiro chekurambana (art. 815 Rv). Chibvumirano chinosunga pakati pevabereki. Zvisinei, LBIO inogona kungotora mari kana mari yekuchengeta yagadziriswa nedare, saka kuva nechibvumirano chakasimbiswa mumurairo wedare inzira yekungwarira ine musoro kwete tsika isina basa.
Ndingarega kubhadhara here kana mumwe mubereki akavhara kubatana kwemwana?
Kwete. Mari yekuchengetedza nekutaurirana zviri pamutemo. Mubereki ari kurambidzwa kutaura nemwana anoramba aine mutoro wekubhadhara, uye kunyima mwana mari kunongokonzera kusabhadhara mari uye, kana LBIO ikabatanidzwa, muripo wekuwedzera we15 muzana. Mushonga wekutaurirana kwakavharirwa chikumbiro chakasiyana kudare nezvehurongwa hwekutaurirana, kwete kuzvibatsira kuburikidza neakaundi yebhangi.
Kuva nemhuri itsva kunoderedza mari yandinobhadhara here?
Zvinogona, asi kwete zvoga. Mwana mutsva anogadzira imwezve mutoro wekuchengetedza, uye kugona kuripo kunogovaniswa pavana vese vane chekuita nazvo, izvo zvinoderedza huwandu hwemwana mumwe nemumwe. Vana vanomira pamberi pevamwe vanokweretesa mari yekuchengetedza (art. 1:400 BW). Mubatsiri mutsva ane mari yake anogonawo kukanganisa kuverenga. Chero kudzikiswa kunoda shanduko pasi peart. 1:401 BW pane kugadziriswa kwemunhu mumwe chete.
Mwana wangu anosvitsa makore gumi nemasere mwedzi unouya. Chii chinoshanduka?
Chisungo ichi chinoenderera mberi kusvika 21 pasi pechikamu 1:395a BW, uye wechidiki haafanire kuratidza kuti anoda. Chinochinja ndechekuti mari yacho ndeyaani: chikumbiro chinova chemwana, saka muripo unowanzoenda kwaari zvakananga uye chero chikumbiro chedare chinoitwa muzita rake. Kuderedzwa kwemari yekuchengeta kunobviswa. Zvakakosha kunyora gadziriro itsva yekubhadhara nekunyora kudzivirira gakava pamusoro pekuti muripo wacho wakaitwa zvechokwadi here.
Ndingashandisa sei indexation yegore negore?
Tora mari yawakabhadhara muna Zvita woiwedzera nechikamu chakaziviswa neGurukota muna Mbudzi chegore rinouya, kubva musi wa1 Ndira. Hapana murairo wedare unodiwa; zvinoitika nekushanda kwemutemo pasi pechikamu. 1:402a BW. Kana indexation yakarasika kwemakore akati wandei, unoshandisa chikamu chegore rega rega, uye kushomeka kwacho kunodzoserwa semari yasara kunze kwekunge indexation yabviswa pachena.
