Pakutanga isu takanyora a blog nezve mamiriro ezvinhu pasi pekuti kubhuroka kunogona kuiswa uye mashandiro aya. Kunze kwekubhuroka (kwakagadzwa muChinyorwa I), iyo Bankruptcy Act (muDutch iyo Faillissementswet, kuno kunzi 'Fw') ine mamwe maitiro maviri. Zvinoreva kuti: kumiswa (Musoro wechipiri) uye chirongwa chekugadzirisa chikwereti chevanhu venyama (Musoro wechitatu, unozivikanwawo seMutemo Wechikwereti Kugadziridza Natural Persons Act kana muDutch iyo Wet Schuldsanering Natuurlijke Munhu 'WSNP'). Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pemaitiro aya? Muchikamu chino tichatsanangura izvi.
Kushungurudza
Kutanga uye pamberi pezvese, iyo Fw inogadzirisa maitiro ekubhuroka. Kuitika uku kunosanganisira kubatanidza kwese kwese kwese kwemunhu ane chikwereti kuitira kubatsira vanobhadhara. Izvo zvine chekuita pamwe kugadzirisa. Kunyangwe mukana uripo nguva dzose kune vakweretesi kutsvaga kugadzirisa mumwe nemumwe kunze kwekubhuroka pahwaro hwezvakapihwa zveCode yeCivil Procedure (muDutch Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering kana kuti 'Rv'), iyi haisi nguva dzose inodiwa nevanhu.
Kana nzira yekubatanidza yekugadzirisa ikaiswa, inochengetedza maitiro mazhinji akasiyana ekuwana zita rinotemerwa uye kuteedzerwa kwaro. Mukuwedzera, zvinhu zvemukwereti zvakakamurwa zvakaringana pakati pevakweretesi, mukusiyana nekutora munhu, uko pasina kurongeka kwekutanga.
The mutemo zvinosanganisira huwandu hwezvirongwa zvemaitiro aya ekugadzirisa pamwe chete. Kana kubhuroka kukarairwa, ane chikwereti anorasikirwa nekurasa uye manejimendi emidziyo (iyo estate) yakavhurika kudzoreredzwa zvinoenderana neChinyorwa 23 Fw. Pamusoro pezvo, hazvichagoneki kuti vakweretesi vatsvage kugadzirisa mumwe nemumwe, uye zvese zvakabatanidzwa zvakaitwa kubhuroka kusati kwadzimwa (Chinyorwa 33 Fw).
Iyo chete mukana wevanokwereta mukubhuroka kuti vabhadharwe zvichemo zvavo kuendesa zvichemo izvi kuti zvionekwe (Chinyorwa 26 Fw). Mufambisi wekubhuroka anofarirwa anogadzwa uyo anosarudza pamusoro pekusimbisa uye anotonga nekugadzirisa estate kuitira kubatsira kwevanokwereta (Chinyorwa 68 Fw).
Kumiswa kwekubhadhara
Chechipiri, iyo FW inopa imwe nzira: kumiswa kwekubhadhara. Maitiro aya haana kuitirwa kugovera zviwanikwa zvemunhu ane chikwereti sekubhuroka, asi kuzvichengeta. Kana zvichiri kugoneka kubuda mutsvuku uye nekudaro kudzivisa kubhuroka, izvi zvinongogoneka kune ane chikwereti kana achinyatso chengetedza zvinhu zvake. Munhu ane chikwereti anogona kunyorera kumiswa kana asiri mumamiriro ezvinhu akamira kubhadhara zvikwereti zvake, asi kana kufanoona kuti achange ari mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro mune ramangwana (Chinyorwa 214 Fw).
Kana chikumbiro chekumisa chikabvumidzwa, mukwereti haagone kumanikidzwa kubhadhara zvichemo zvakavharwa nekumisa, kuvharirwa kunomiswa, uye zvese zvakabatanidzwa (precautionary and enforceable) zvinodzimwa. Pfungwa iri shure kweizvi ndeyekuti nekubvisa kudzvanywa, pane nzvimbo yekuronga patsva.
Nekudaro, kazhinji izvi hazvibudiriri, nekuti zvichiri kugoneka kuteedzera zvichemo izvo zvinokosheswa zvakanamirwa (semuenzaniso kana iri kodzero yekuchengeta kana kodzero yekuvimbisa kana mbavha). Chikumbiro chekumisikidzwa chinogona kuridza mabhero kune vakwereti ava nekudaro kuvakurudzira kuti varambe vachibhadhara. Mukuwedzera, zvinongobvira kusvika pamwero wakaganhurirwa kuti mukwereti arongezve vashandi vake.
Kugadziriswa kwechikwereti kwevanhu chaivo
Maitiro echitatu muFw, kugadzirisa chikwereti kune vanhu venyama, zvakafanana nehurongwa hwekubhuroka. Nekuti makambani anoputswa kuburikidza nekumiswa kwemaitiro ekubhuroka, vakweretesi havasisina chikwereti uye havagone kuwana mari yavo. Izvi, hongu, hazvisi izvo zvemunhu chaiye, zvinoreva kuti vamwe vakweretesi vanogona kuteedzerwa nevanokweretesa kwehupenyu hwavo hwese. Ndokusaka, mushure mekubudirira mhedzisiro, mukweretesi anogona kutanga nesipo yakachena nemaitiro ekugadzirisa chikwereti.
Slate yakachena zvinoreva kuti zvikwereti zvisina kubhadharwa zvemunhu ane chikwereti zvinoshandurwa kuita zvisungo zvechisikigo (Chinyorwa 358 Fw). Izvi hazvimanikidzwe nemutemo, saka zvinogona kuonekwa sekungosungirwa kwetsika. Kuti uwane iyi slate yakachena, zvakakosha kuti uyo ane chikwereti aite nesimba rakawanda sezvinobvira panguva yechirongwa chekuunganidza mari yakawanda sezvinobvira. Chikamu chakakura chezvinhu izvi chinobva chadzimwa, senge mune maitiro ekubhuroka.
Chikumbiro chekugadzirisa chikwereti chinongopihwa chete kana munhu ane chikwereti akaita mukutendeka kwakanaka mumakore mashanu apfuura chikumbiro. Mamiriro ezvinhu mazhinji anotorwa mukutariswa mune ino ongororo, kusanganisira kana zvikwereti kana kutadza kubhadhara zvine mhosva uye nekuyedza kwekuedza kubhadhara zvikwereti izvi. Kutenda kwakanaka kwakakoshawo panguva uye mushure mekutongwa. Kana paine kushomeka kwekutenda kwakanaka panguva yekutongwa, maitiro acho anogona kumiswa (Chinyorwa 350 ndima 3 Fw). Kutenda kwakanaka kumagumo uye mushure mekufamba kwacho zvakare chikonzero chekupa nekuchengetedza yakachena slate.
Muchinyorwa chino takapa tsananguro pfupi yemaitirwo akasiyana muFw. Kune rimwe divi kune maitiro ekuvharisa: iyo general bankruptcy maitiro uye hurongwa hwekugadzirisa chikwereti hunongoshanda kune vanhu chaivo. Mukuita uku midziyo yemukwereti inovharwa pamwe chete kuti vabatsirwe nevanokwereta.
Nekune rimwe divi, pane kumiswa kwemaitiro ekubhadhara uko, ne'kumbomira' zvisungo zvekubhadhara kune vakweretesi vasina kuchengetedzwa, zvinogona kugonesa mukwereti kuti agadzirise zvinhu zvake uye nokudaro kudzivirira kubhuroka kunobvira. Iwe une chero mibvunzo nezve Fw uye maitiro ainopa? Ndokumbirawo ubate Law & More. Magweta edu ane hunyanzvi mukusavimbika mutemo uye vanofara kukubatsira!